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ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTORS
3.1.1 COPPER
COPPER is obtained impurely by scorching sulphurous minerals that contain it
and at high levels of purity by electrolytic procedures REQUIRES RE-WORDING.
Making use of its high flexibility, it can be manufactured into very fine wires. This
process hardens the copper and limits its flexibility, which is then recovered by
subjecting the copper conductor to an annealing process.
The conductor stretching operation is called wire drawing, and a number of wires
or bunches of wires are wound around a central one to form a conductor referred
to as a cord. The flexibility of the cord will depend on the fineness of the wires.
The total cross-section is the sum of the areas of each one of the individual wires.
In spite of its numerous qualities, copper
does have a number of drawbacks,
such as its high density and cost,
which from time to time requires
its substitution by another metal
of lower density and cost in order
to reduce the cable material and
ultimately, the manufacturing
costs.
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3.1.2 ALUMINIUM
When coming into contact with air, ALUMINIUM is covered with a layer of oxide
called alumina, which protects it from subsequent oxidation. Nevertheless, this
has the drawback of being an insulator, and hinders their connection with
terminations. When in contact with harder metals, such as iron, copper or alloys,
and when in the presence of moisture, aluminium produces a galvanic reaction
which over a period of time, slowly corrodes resulting in total degeneration. In
spite of these drawbacks, which can also be avoided, the fact is that aluminium
has qualities that often make it irreplaceable for overhead power line cabling,
large sectioned cable for high or low voltage circuits, etc. Given its low density (a
third that of copper) and by establishing a relation between their corresponding
resistivities, one half of the weight in copper can be replaced by aluminium
without adversely altering the electrical resistance.
The mechanical properties of aluminium are substantially inferior to those of
copper, and as its resistance to traction is low, hence it is used in alloy or with steel
wires with the aim of endowing it with high tensile strength for overhead lines.
The standard resistivity of aluminium is:
1
35,38
E.g. Section of Cu
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R30
R 20
32,17
= -------------2,35
= 13,69 / Km a 30 C
RT
13,69
=------------------------------------ = -------------= 13,17 / Km a 20 C
[ 1 + 20 (T-20)]
1,0393
Cu = 0,00393
Al = 0,00403
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