LEARNING MODULE Cisco Labortar

LEARNING MODULE
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Computer College
Effectivity:
SY 2014-2015
Document Reference:
QR-AAD-013
Revision No: 00
Issue No: 01
Date Issued:
LEARNING MODULE TITLE

THE BASICS OF PLANNING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT
LEARNING MODULE RATIONALE

. This module is the study of the planning process , types of goals and plans to
accomplish the organizational goals so that the students will be able to apply the basic skills
in planning an organization. This learning will involve the various concepts required in the
understanding and concerns in the business environment.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Define Planning is
2. Understand why and how the managers plan
3. Identify the steps in planning
TEACHING STRATEGIES/LEARNING ACTIVITIES

-
Lecture
Discussion
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
E-FACULTY
Approved by:
RIVIERA G. GUIYAB
ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.
This is a controlled document. Revision of this document should undergo the standard procedure. The original copy of this document is located at the
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Document Reference:
QR-AAD-013
Revision No: 00
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Date Issued:
RESOURCES/MATERIALS
Management book, power point presentation
LEARNING CONCEPT
WHAT IS PLANNING
A primary managerial activity that specifies the objectives to be achieved in future and
selects the alternative course of action to reach defined objectives. Thus, involves:
Defining the organizations goals
Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals
Developing plans for organizational activities
It determines the future course of actions in advance and the blue print of action and
operation. Planning is intellectual process which is concerned with deciding in advance
what,when, why, how, and who shall do the work
WHY DO MANAGERSS PLAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Provides direction.
Reduces uncertainty.
Minimizes waste and redundancy
Sets the standards for controlling
BENEFITS OF PLANNING
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Goal Focus
Minimize Uncertainty
Improve efficiency
Facilitates to Control
Innovation and Creativity
Better Coordination
Ensures Commitment
Aid to Business Success
Brings Systematization
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Computer College
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Document Reference:
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HOW DO MANAGERs PLAN

GOALS
Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations which provide direction and
evaluation and Performance criteria
PLANS
These are documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished and describe how
resources are to be allocated and establish activity schedules
TYPES OF PLAN
1.
2.
3.
Tactical Plan
Operational Plan
Strategic Plan
A. STRATEGIC PLAN
A strategic plan is a high-level overview of the entire business, its vision, objectives, and
value. This plan is the foundational basis of the organization and will dictate decisions in the
long-term. The scope of the plan can be two, three, five or even ten years.
The crucial components of a strategic plan are:
1. Vision
2. Mission
3. Values
B. TACTICAL PLAN
A tactical plan describes the tactics the organization plans to use to achieve the
ambitions outlines in the strategic plan. It is a short range (i.e. with a scope of less than one
year). Creating tactical plans is usually handled by mid-level managers
The components of a tactical plan are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specific Goals with Fixed Deadlines

Budgets
Resources
Marketing, Funding, etc
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OPERATIONAL PLAN
The operational plan describes the day to day running of the company.
Types of Operational Plan:
- Single Use Plan
-
Ongoing Plans
Single Use Plan

A one-time plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation
Ongoing Plan
Ongoing plans provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly
TYPES OF ONGOING PLANS
Policy: A policy is a general document that dictates how managers should approach a
problem. It influences decision making at the micro level.
Rule: Rules are specific regulations according to which an organization functions. The rules
are meant to be hard coded and should be enforced stringently.
Procedure: A procedure describes a step-by-step process to accomplish a particular
objective
STEPS IN PLANNING
1. Being aware of opportunities
An awareness of opportunities in the external environment as well as within the
organization is the real starting point for planning. All managers should take a preliminary look
at possible future opportunities and see them clearly and completely know where company
stands in light of its strengths and weakness, understand what problems it has to solve and
why, and know what it gain to expect.
2. Establishing Objectives
The second step in planning is to establish objectives for the entire enterprise and then for
each subordinate work unit. This is to be done for a long term as well as for the short range.
Objectives specify the expected result and indicate the end points of what is to be done,
where the primary emphasis is to be placed. Enterprise objectives give direction to the major
plans, which buy reflecting these objectives of every major department. Major departmental
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objectives control the objectives of subordinate departments and so on the line. In other
words objectives from a hierarchy.
3. Developing Premises
Premises assumption about the environment in which the plan is to be carried out. It is
important for all managers involve in the plan to agree on the premises. The major Principle of
planning premises is his the more thoroughly individual charged with planning understand and
agree to utilize consistent planning premises, the more coordination enterprise planning will
be.
4. Determining Alternative Courses
The fourth step is planning for and examine alternative courses of action. The more
common problem is not finding alternatives but reducing the number of alternatives so that
the most promising may be analyzed. The planner must usually
make a preliminary examination to discover the most fruitful possibilities.
5. Evaluating Alternative Courses
After seeking our alternative courses and examining their strong and weak points, the next
step is to evaluate the alternatives by weighing them in light of premises and goals.
6. Selecting a courses
This is the point at which the plan is adopted the real point of decision making.
7. Formulating Derivative Plans
When a decision is made, planning is seldom complete. Derivative plans are almost
invariably required to support the basic plans
8. Qualifying Plans by Budgeting
After decisions are made and plans are set, the final step is to quantify them by
converting them in to budgets. Budget of an enterprise represents the sum total of income
and expenses, with resultant profit.
( Refer to Figure 1)
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ILLUSTRATIONS/EXAMPLES/FORMULAS
Figure 1 - STEPS IN PLANNING
REFERENCES
Robbins/Coulter.(2012) Management 7/e Prentice Hall, Inc.
Griffin, Ricky. Fundamentals of Management 3rd Edition
McGraw Dessler, Gary(2001), Management, Leading People and Organizations in the 21
Century, Prentice-Hall
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SELF-TEST
Multiple Choice
1. Manager must understand this context in order to develop which of the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Strategic goals and plans

Tactical goals and plans
Organizational goals and plans
All of the above
2. Which of the following is not a purpose of goals

a.
b.
c.
d.
Provide guidance and a unified direction

States an organization fundamental purpose
Promote good planning
Serves as a source of motivation for employees
3. Goals can be set by which of the following

a.
b.
c.
d.
Level
Area
Time frame
All of the above
4. Long term means

a.
b.
c.
d.
strategic level
three years or longer
it varies depending on the level
all of the above
5. American West Airlines introduced tray-table advertising in 2004. This decision was
made by top and middle management and involved finding a way to get more revenue
for its flights. This is an example of which plan?
a. Tactical
b. Strategic
c. Operational
d. Long- range
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Document Reference:
QR-AAD-013
Revision No: 00
Issue No: 01
Date Issued:
6. The events of September 11, 2001 have led to far more businesses, than
ever before developing which plans
a.
b.
c.
d.
Contingency plans
Operational plans
Strategic plans
Tactical Plans
7. Executing tactical plans involves which of the following

a.
b.
c.
d.
Evaluate each course of action in light of its goals

Obtain and distribute information and resources
Monitor ongoing activities for goal achievement
All of the above
8. Opaque websites such as Priceline and Hotwire do not let customers know where they
will be staying until they have already paid for their hotel room. This is an example of
which of the following.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Program
Policy
Plan
Project
9. Which of the following is not a barrier to goal setting and planning.?

a.
b.
c.
d.
constraints
resistance to change
appropriate goals
improper reward system
10. Organizations can overcome barriers to goal setting and planning by doing which of the
following,
a.
b.
c.
d.
Understanding the purposes of goals and planning

Communicating and participating
Rewarding effectively
All of the above
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11 Planning includes :
a.
b.
c.
d.
Suggesting problems
Group consensus
Allocating responsibility
Strategizing
12. A factor, monetary or non-monetary, that motivates, individuals to pursue a particular

course of action is called a(n)
a.
b.
c.
d.
plan
corporate requirement
negative solution
incentive
13. It involves the organizations goals, overall strategy and developing a comprehensive
set of plans .
a.
b.
c.
d.
Goals
Planning
Formal planning
Informal Planning
14. It specifies the expected result and indicate the end points of what is to be done,
where the primary emphasis is to be placed.
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.
Objective
Planning
Policy
Rule
A plan which plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique

situation
a.
b.
c.
d.
Single Used Plan

Fixed Plan
Short term plan
Plan
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16. Plan that provides guidance for activities performed repeatedly and the procedure
describes a step-by-step process to accomplish a particular objective
a.
b.
c.
d.
Single Used Plan

On going plan
Short term plan
Plan
17. Documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished

a. Plan
b. On going plan
c. Short term plan
d. Goals
18 Desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations
a. Plan
b. Goals
c. Short term plan
d. Strategic Plan
19. Plan describes the day to day running of the company.
a. Operational Plan
b. Goals
c. Short term plan
d. Strategic Plan
20. A general document that dictates how managers should approach a problem. It
influences decision making at the micro level.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Rule
Policy
Plan
Procedure
Prepared by:
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10/
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LEARNING MODULE
Computer College
Effectivity:
SY 2014-2015
Document Reference:
QR-AAD-013
Prepared by:
Revision No: 00
Issue No: 01
Reviewed by:
E-FACULTY
Date Issued:
Approved by:
RIVIERA G. GUIYAB
11/
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LEARNING MODULE

LEARNING MODULE TITLE

LEARNING MODULE RATIONALE

TEACHING STRATEGIES/LEARNING ACTIVITIES

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

HOW DO MANAGERs PLAN

Specific Goals with Fixed Deadlines

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

Single Use Plan

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

Figure 1 - STEPS IN PLANNING

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

Strategic goals and plans

2. Which of the following is not a purpose of goals

Provide guidance and a unified direction

3. Goals can be set by which of the following

4. Long term means

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

7. Executing tactical plans involves which of the following

Evaluate each course of action in light of its goals

9. Which of the following is not a barrier to goal setting and planning.?

Understanding the purposes of goals and planning

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

12. A factor, monetary or non-monetary, that motivates, individuals to pursue a particular

A plan which plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique

Single Used Plan

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

Single Used Plan

17. Documents that outline how goals are to be accomplished

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

ALMA V. DELA CRUZ, Ph.D.

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