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Spleen
Lymph Nodes
Filters lymph (fluid) before it is
returned to the blood
Defense cells within lymph nodes
Macrophages engulf and
destroy foreign substances
Lymphocytes provide immune
response to antigens
Some harmful materials that may
enter lymph vessels
Bacteria
Viruses
Cancer cells
Cell debris
Protists
Worms
Fungi
Lymphatic Characteristics
Lymph fluid carried by lymphatic vessels
Properties of lymphatic vessels
One way system toward the heart
No _____________
Lymph moves toward the heart
Squeezing motion of skeletal muscle
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
in vessel walls
Elephantiasis/filariasis
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph capillaries
Walls overlap to form
flap-like minivalves
Fluid leaks into lymph
capillaries
Capillaries are anchored
to connective tissue by
_____________
Higher pressure on the
inside closes minivalves
Fluid is forced along the
vessel
FILAMENTS
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic collecting
vessels
Collect lymph from
lymph capillaries
Carry lymph to and
away from lymph
nodes
Return fluid to
circulatory veins near
the heart
_____________
thoracic duct
Physical Barriers
Mucous membranes
_____________
URINE
Redness
_______
HEAT
Swelling
Pain
Results in a chain
of events leading to
protection and healing
Complex proteins/polysaccharides
Self-Tolerance
B and T cells do not attack normal cells of body
As cells develop in bone marrow and thymus, any that have antigen
receptors against normal body cells are destroyed by apoptosis
(_____________
cell death)
PROGAMMED
Autoimmune diseases caused by failure of self-tolerance
MHC molecules unique to individual person
Major histocompatibility complex=MHC
MHC marks body cells as self
Responsible for tissue/organ rejection
stimulates immune response to foreign
tissue
Role of B Lymphocytes
Third Line of Defense: B Cells & Humoral
Immunity
B lymphocyte exposure to antigen triggers clonal selection:
memory B cells + plasma cells
Memory B cells: _____________
Plasma cells:
Life span = 4-7 days (may be longer for some)
Secretes 2000 antibodies specific for antigen per second
Antibodies circulate several weeks binding/marking antigen
for destruction
May cause phagocytosis or complement-mediated lysis
YEARS
Primary Response
(initial encounter
with antigen)
B cells
Proliferation to
form a clone
Plasma
cells
Secreted
antibody
molecules
Antigen
Antigen binding
to a receptor on a
specific B cell
(lymphocyte)
(B cells with
non-complementary
receptors remain
inactive)
Memory
B cell
Subsequent challenge
by same antigen
Plasma
cells
Secreted
antibody
molecules
Memory
B cells
Antibodies
Antibody Functions:
Binds to specific antigen
Aids in inactivation or destruction
of antigen
Antibody structure
Four amino acid chains linked by
disulfide bonds
Two identical amino acid chains
are linked to form a heavy chain
The other two identical chains are
light chains
2 specific antigen-binding sites are
present
Constant region same within a
class of antibodies
_____________
region gives
VARIABLE
specificity to antigen-binding site
Antibodies
Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE)
All classes: neutralization and agglutination
IgM can activate _____________
COMPLEMENT
IgA found mainly in mucus
IgD important in activation of B cell
IgG can cross the placental barrier, activate complement and
NK cells, opsonization
IgE involved in allergies,
histamine release from mast
cells and basophils
Immunoglobin Classes
Antibodies: Neutralization
Binding of antibody to antigen blocks
activity of _____________
antigen
Antibodies: Agglutination
Many antibodies binding to pathogen cause clumping
for easy _____________ and identification
LOCALIZATION
Antibodies: Opsonization
Binding of antibodies enhances phagocytosis
Variable region of
antibody binds to antigen
Constant region of
antibody binds to
phagocytic cells
Enhances _____________
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Antibodies:
Enhanced Natural Killer Cell Activity
NK cells have receptors for
antibody tail
Antibodies mark cells for
destruction
NK cells produce pore in
membrane of cells causing
_____________
LYSIS
Antibody Function
Opsonization
_____________
cells
PLASMA
Cytotoxic T cells
Secondary immune response
Subsequent exposures to antigen
Takes 2-7 days to occur
Greater magnitude response and
prolonged
Occurs due to presence of
memory cells
more
This is not the same as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense!
Immunity
Active Immunity
Immune response to vaccine or
pathogen in individual gives immunity
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens
and produce antibodies
_____________
Immunity
PASSIVE
Ready-made antibodies administered
No memory cells, so no long-term
immunity
Immunization
_____________ = compromised microorganism or its
antigens in form not expected to cause disease
Induces immune response including production of memory
cells
VACCINE
Passive Immunity
Occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else
Conferred naturally from a mother to her fetus (naturally
acquired)
Passive immunity from mother to fetus/baby
IgG passes placenta
IgA passed in _____________
Conferred artificially from immune serum or gamma
globulin (artificially acquired)
Immunological memory does not occur
Protection provided by borrowed antibodies
BREAST MILK
Suppressor T
Immune Dysfunctions
Autoimmune Diseases
Allergy
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Stress and the Immune Response
Autoimmune Diseases
Inefficient lymphocyte programming
Cross-reaction of antibodies produced against foreign antigens with
self-antigens
The immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself
The body produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that
attack its _____________tissues
OWN
Disorders of Immunity:
Autoimmune Diseases
Immune system treats a part of self like pathogen
Immune response induced against that part of the body
Examples of autoimmune diseases
Multiple sclerosis: white matter of brain and myelin on nerves
are destroyed
Myasthenia gravis: impairs communication between nerves and
skeletal muscles
Type I diabetes mellitus: destroys pancreatic beta cells that
produce _____________
INSULIN
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE):
Affects kidney, heart, lung and skin
Rheumatoid arthritis: destroys joints
Vitiligo: affects pigmentation of skin
Autoimmune Diseases
Multiple sclerosis
Disorders of Immunity:
Allergies (Hypersensitivity)
Abnormal, vigorous immune responses
Triggered by release of histamine from
IgE binding to mast cells
_____________
shockdangerous,
ANAPHYLACTIC
systemic response
Anaphylactic Shock
Severe allergic reactions: massive release of histamine from
mast cells throughout body cause vasodilation decrease blood
pressure
Prophylactic = _____________ increases cardiac output and
blood pressure increasing blood pressure
EPINEPHRINE