CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Every community has different culture whether it is material or non material (Zanden, 1996)
which is unique to each other because the culture in one community cannot be found in
another community or they use different terms regarding the culture. Culture could be
manifested in many things, such as food as material culture or language as non-material
culture. Moreover, Humboldt in Hornby (1988) made a vital connection between language
and culture. He stated that language is an expression of both the culture and the individuality
of the speaker who perceives the world through language. In other words, culture could be
manifested through language.
It would be interesting to learn about folk art as part of culture from the novel or other literary
works written within the culture in some communities but if those literary works are written
in a language that we could not understand, a translator will be the bridge between the writer
and the reader coming from different cultures. The problem about culture in terms of
translation arises if the translator faces with some cultural terms or elements in the source
language (SL) text which are unknown in the target language (TL) since, as explained before,
culture is unique and the same culture could have different terms. That is why the translator
should be able to understand the culture of the TL as proposed by Vermeer in Hornby (1988)
that the translator needs not only proficiency in two languages, he must also be at home in
two cultures since language is an integral part of culture.
The translator will also need some strategies and techniques in translating cultural terms of
one language to another language in order to produce a comprehensive text for the target
reader so that he/she will understand the culture applied in the text. There are many
techniques or strategies of translation proposed by various researchers such as Newmark

(1988), Vinay and Darbelnet (2000), and the newest comes from Molina and Albir (2002)
who proposed eighteen translation techniques as used in this study. Those techniques of
translation can indicate the method of translation implemented by the translator (Brata, 2010:
46).
In analyzing the translation techniques employed by the translator, other theories from
different subjects are also needed as suggested by Hatim and Munday (2004: 9) since
translation is an interdisciplinary study. There are many approaches suggested by many
scholars but the most suggested is the linguistic approach. Since translation consists of
transferring meaning of the SL to TL, the study of meaning or semantics can be used as a
useful approach in translation as Brata (2010) also suggests that the semantic analysis could
be the best way to exchange the information about culture, knowledge, and technology
among nations in the world since a good translator should have knowledge about the meaning
analysis of culture not only the grammatical system of a language. The componential analysis
as part of semantic analysis is commonly used by some researchers while the frame semantic
analysis proposed by Fillmore (1982) is rarely used by the researcher. Both componential
analysis and frame semantic analysis can be used to explain the components of cultural terms
in different language. By applying the frame element analysis, the componential analysis can
be elaborated to explain the technique implemented by the translator.
From the background of the study previously described, it will be interesting to conduct
research in the translation of cultural terms, especially about the cultural terms related to
song and their translation equivalents in English. This study is trying to see how the
Indonesian cultural terms related to songs are translated into English. More specifically, the
semantic frame elements of each term are analyzed and compared, they are elaborated using
componential analysis. Then the translation techniques implemented in translating those
cultural terms are identified and the methods applied by the translator are indicated. This

thesis also aimed at identifying the factors determining the translation method applied by the
translator. Each cultural term is identified based on the categorization of foreign cultural
words proposed by Newmark (1988). The analysis of frame semantic and translation
techniques implemented in the translation of the cultural terms related to Song into English is
interesting to be discussed since the eastern culture is different from the western one. It is also
interesting to see how the writer translated the cultural terms related for the target reader who
is expected to be the foreigner.
1.2 Problems of the study
From the background of the study that has been described above, this study is limited to the
four problems as follows:
1. What errors that made by the students?
2. How they translate songs into Indonesia?
1.3 Aims of the Study
The aims of the study are divided into general and specific aims.
1.3.1 General Aims
Generally, this research aims at figuring out the translation of English into Indonesia.
1.3.2 Specific Aims
Specifically, this study aims at:
1. Categorizing the song that translate into indonesia.
2. Explaining the semantic idea of the song.
3. Describing the techniques implemented in the translation of song into indonesia.
4. Identifying errors of the translation method applied by the translator.
1.4 Significances of the Study
This study can give technical and practical contribution to the students of translation studies.

1.4.1 Technical Significance

Technically, this study may give contribution to the translation studies and a useful reference
for the students of translation studies especially about translating song.
1.4.2 Practical Significance
Practically, this study could be considered as a guide to the translator to understand the
techniques used to translate Indonesian cultural terms into English.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The unit of translation is important as a subject of translation studies, especially the analysis
of product of translation as stated by Newmark (1988: 66) that all lengths of language can, at
different moments and also simultaneously, be used as units of translation in the course of the
translation activity. There are many theories from the scholar who discussed about the unit of
translation. Baker (1992) in her book examines translation at different levels of equivalence,
at the level of the word, collocation and idiom, grammar, thematic and information structure,
cohesion and pragmatics.
The analysis is done by:
1. Observing, identifying, and categorizing the cultural terms related to Ronggeng found in
the text and their translation equivalents into English.
2. Analyzing the translation of cultural terms using semantic frame elements analysis and
elaborating it using componential analysis to support the translation techniques.
3. Identifying and analyzing the translation techniques implemented in translating those
cultural terms.
4. Explaining the method of translation indicated by the translation techniques implemented
by the translator.
5. Identifying the factors determining the translation method applied by the translator.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, AND
RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review

Since the research must be original, literature review is required to know what has already
been done by other researchers about this topic. Literature review can eliminate the
possibility of duplication since we can find, compare, and learn from the errors made by
others and avoid the possibility of duplication. There are some researches related to this topic,
which also analyze the translation of cultural terms. All of those researchers analyze the
translation of cultural terms from many aspects such as strategies, procedures, semantic
analysis, etc. There are three thesis, one journal article, and textbook reviewed related to the
topic of this study.
One of the thesis related to cultural terms is written by Nurlaili (2006). He studied about the
translation strategies in translating Indonesian cultural lexical terms into English. The data
source used in this study were the Indonesian novels Gadis Pantai (2003) and Jejak Langkah
(2006); both were written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the English translations are the
Girl from the Coast (2002) by Willem Samuels and Footsteps (1996) by Max Lane. The aim
of this research was to analyze the equivalent occurring in translating the Indonesian cultural
lexical items into English, the shift occurring in translating the Indonesian cultural lexical
items into English, and to describe the strategies used in translating the Indonesian cultural
lexical items into English. The result of this thesis shows that the equivalent occurs more than
shifts with the percentage of equivalent is 70% and shift is 30%. There are three subcategories of equivalents occurring in the translation; 30 or 15% transferences, 90 or 45%
cultural equivalents, and 20 or 10% descriptive equivalents. Shifts or transpositions also

occur in the translations, 12 or 6% class shifts, 34 or 17% unit shifts, and 14 or 7% intrasystem shifts. This study is relevant to this study since it focused on the Indonesian cultural
terms translated into English. It gives contribution in the form of the Indonesian cultural
terms translated into English on each category proposed by Newmark (1988). But it is
different from this study which aims at finding the translation techniques applied by the
translator in translating the cultural terms related to Ronggeng in Java into English. The
translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) are used as the theoretical
framework. The result of this study is shown in the number of the techniques implemented
which then indicate the method of translation applied by the translator. Instead of explaining
the shift, this study is focusing on the analysis of semantic frame elements of the cultural
terms and componential analysis is used to elaborate it.
Similar to Nurlaili, Pratama (2009) in his thesis analyzed the Balinese cultural terms with
Indonesian and English translation found in the book Tiga Satua Bali. Moreover, it focused
on what terms related to Balinese cultural terms found in the book. He aimed at seeing how
those terms were translated into Indonesian and English languages and to what extent the loss
or gain of meaning found in the translation. This study is qualitative research using literary
method. There are some theories used in this study; the meaning based translation by Larson
(1984), Nida about loss and gain, Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000) about translation
procedures, Newmark, and Scollon. The Balinese cultural terms in this study covered;
address terms indicating honorific caste system, God and belief, religious ceremony,
household and surrounding, traditional occupation, gambling, equipment, and daily activity.
The result of this thesis shows the frequency of procedures applied by the translator are as
follows: borrowing 10.4%, calque 0%, literal 6,3%, transference 14,6%, modulation 2,1%,
equivalent 62,5%, and adaptation 4,1%. This study is also relevant to this study since it
focused on the translation of cultural terms. It is interesting since it used three languages

(Balinese, Indonesian, and English) as the data source of the study. It is different from this
study which uses two languages only as the data sources. This study is also configuring the
translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). Instead of focusing the result on
loss and gain as done in the study before, this study is focusing on the method of translation
applied. And to support the analysis, this study is using frame semantic analysis elaborated
using componential analysis.
Different from the previous research, Arifmulakmal (2008) focused his study on the analysis
either English or Indonesian words expressing cultural concepts. The data of this study were
taken from Introduction to Indonesian Language and Culture. The theories used in this study
include the translation procedures proposed by Bell (1991), the translation shift proposed by
Catford (1964), and cultural categories proposed by Newmark (1988). This study is also
relevant to this study since it focused on the Indonesian and English cultural terms. This
study also aimed at identifying the categories of the cultural terms proposed by Newmark
(1988). Although this study focused on the same topic but the result of this study is too
general since there were no specific conclusions about acceptability and less acceptability. It
seems that he did not analyze the whole text. But his study gives some contribution to this
study regarding the example of Indonesian cultural terms translated into English in each
category.
Regarding the frame semantics analysis, Lopez (2002) from University of Murcia, Spain, in
her article gives a practical example of applying frame semantics to translation. She
illustrated that the contribution of the semantic theory known as Frame Semantics to the
translation of cultural elements. The study starts by defining the objectives and basic concepts
constituting her model of analysis. Secondly, a typology of frames for the analysis of the
examples is proposed. Later on, this typology is applied to the analysis of a number of
examples extracted from David Lodges novel Small World and its translation into Spanish

El Mundo es un Pauelo. Her analysis of the translation of cultural elements takes Manuel de
Vegas typology of frames (1984). He outlines five types of frames, which have probably
been the most investigated in cognitive psychology: visual frames, situational frames or
scripts, domain frames, social frames and self-concept frames. This study is relevant to
this study since the topic of the study is similar to this study, which uses frame semantics as
the tool for analyzing the cultural terms. The difference is in the typology of frames. The
typology of frames used in this study are taken from the frame published in FrameNet
(Fillmore and Atkins 1994, Baker et al. 1998, Fillmore and Atkins 14 14 1998, Baker and
Fillmore 2001, Boas 2001, Boas 2002, Chang et.al 2002a, Chang et.al 2002b).
In accordance to the culture in translation, Katan (2004) in his book discussed about
translating culture. The core of the book provides a model for teaching culture to translators,
interpreters and other mediators. Katan introduces the reader to current understanding about
culture and aims to raise awareness of the fundamental role of culture in constructing,
perceiving and translating reality. He believes that culture is perceived throughout as a system
for orienting experience, and the basic presupposition is that the organization of experience is
not 'reality', but rather a simplified model and a 'distortion' which varies from culture to
culture. Each culture act as a frame within external signs or 'reality' is interpreted. He offered
authentic texts and translations to illustrate the various strategies that a cultural mediator can
adopt in order to make the different cultural frames he or she is mediating between more
explicit. This book is relevant to this study since it can give contribution about translating the
culture by framing concept. It gives example of strategies to translate culture from different
frame.
All of these studies are relevant to this study since they focused on the translation and culture.
They analyzed the cultural terms by using different method and theory. These studies give
contribution to this study about the example of the translation of cultural terms in each

category and the analysis of the cultural terms using frame semantics. In order to avoid the
possibility of duplication, this study is focusing on the cultural terms related to Ronggeng in
Java translated into English, especially the Javanese cultural terms. This study 15 15 also
aims at analyzing the translation techniques implemented in the translation of the cultural
terms proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). This study is using frame semantic analysis
proposed by Fillmore (1982) since recent studies used componential analysis to support their
analysis. Moreover, this study also aims at explaining the method applied by the translator as
indicated by the translation techniques applied.
2.2 Concepts
A concept is the abstract or the general idea of the study. There are some concepts to be
understood regarding this study. They are the concepts of componential analysis, cultural
terms, culture in translation, frame semantics, meaning, method, and technique.
2.2.1 Componential Analysis
Componential analysis is useful in analyze cultural terms translation. It can explain cultural
differences between one word with one common main component, but different secondary
components, in SL and TL (Newmark, 1988). For example the componential analysis
between sampur (Tohari, 2003: 16) translated into scarf (Lysloff, 2003: 12) in English.
From the componential analysis between sampur and scarf, it can be concluded that the
concept between sampur and scarf is different. Sampur is part of clothes that is worn by a
dancer, the main function is as a dance property, while scarf is not part of the dance properties
and the main function of scarf is for warmth or decoration.
2.2.4 Frame Semantics
Frame semantics is a theory about meaning which came from Fillmore (1982). The frame
semantics analysis is conducted in this study by comparing the semantic frame elements of
each term. According to Evans and Green (2006: 225), semantic frame is a knowledge

structure required in order to understand a particular word or related set of words. It is true
since sometime a same form of word could have different meaning depending on the
knowledge background of which the word had been said or written. For example, the word
interest is having different meaning indicated by finance frame and social frame. In finance
frame, interest generally means money while in social frame, interest means hobby.
2.2.5 Meaning
According to Rene Descartes as cited in Goddard (1997: 6), meaning is a natural or innate
property of the human mind, which are activated by experience but not wholly and solely
derived from it. It is true since meaning of a word depends on the experience of a person. For
example, the word teaching will have different meaning from the perspective of the teacher
and student. Teaching in the teachers perspective means transferring knowledge, while in
students perspective it means getting knowledge.
2.2.6 Translation Method
Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of
the translators objective (Molina and Albir, 2002). Method in this study refers to the
objective of the translator in translating a text. If a translator focuses on the reader or target
language, the method used is communicative method, while if a translator focuses on the
writer or source language, the method used is semantic translation (Newmark, 1988: 45)
2.2.7 Translation Techniques
Molina and Albir (2002) suggest that the procedures refer to the final results of translation
that should be called techniques rather than procedures. The technique in this study refers to
the way of a translator translating particular terms in the source language into the target
language.

2.3 Theoretical Frameworks

In performing the analysis, the researcher will need some theories proposed by some scholars
regarding the topic of the study to support his analysis. The theoretical framework in this
study includes the translation theory, theory of translation and culture, and linguistic theory of
translation.
2.3.1 Translation Theory
Larson (1998: 3) states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source
language into the receptor language. This process is achieved by going from the form of the
language to the form of a second language by means of semantic structure. It is emphasized
that the translation is basically a change of form. She divides the correspondence of the form
and possibilities (Larson, 1998: 181):
1. A THING or EVENT in onle language and culture may have the same FORM and the same
FUNCTION in another language. For example, eyes with the function of seeing are the same
in all cultures and languages.
2. The FORM may be the same but the FUNCTION may be different. For example, fried rice
for western people may only be served for breakfast, but for eastern people may be served for
lunch and dinner as well.
3. The same FORM does not occur, but another THING or EVENT with the same
FUNCTION does occur. For example, heart in SL expression broken heart, does not have the
same FORM in TL.
4. There may be no correspondence of FORM and FUNCTION at all. For example, sheep has
the function of being sacrifice for sin for certain culture. However, for a SL culture animal
sheep does not occur because of no comparable animal for a sacrifice for sin. There is no
correspondence of either form or function. In that case, the translation will need to use a
descriptive phrase for both FORM and FUNCTION.

Holmes (2000) describes translation studies as a discipline that is being concerned with the
complex of problems clustered around the phenomenon of translating and translation. It could
be said that the aim of translation studies is to describe translation phenomena and in some
cases try to establish the general principles (Hatim and Munday, 2004: 8). Holmes also made
a map of translation studies. He divided translation studies into two general branches. Those
are pure and applied. The objectives of the pure areas of research are:
1. The description of the phenomena of translation (descriptive translation theory).
2. The establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomena (translation
theory)
Pure area is divided again into two: theoretical and descriptive. Descriptive translation
studies (DTS) has three possible foci: examination of (1) the product, (2) the function, and (3)
the process (Munday, 2001: 11). This study belongs to descriptive translation studies since
this study examines the existing translation or the product of translation which involves the
description or analysis of a single ST (Indonesian) TT (English) pair.
2.3.2 Translation Techniques
Molina and Albir (2002) distinguished the translation method, strategies, and techniques. It is
assumed that many scholars proposed the same techniques with different terms such as
proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000). They defined seven basic procedures
which are divided into direct and literal translation, while Newmark (1988) proposed four
basic procedures namely recognized translation, functional equivalent, naturalization, and
translation label. Molina and Albir (2002) suggest that the procedures refer to the final result
of translation that should be called techniques rather than procedures. They proposed eighteen
techniques in translation, but there are fifteen techniques used in written translation.

1. Adaptation
Replacing a ST cultural element with one from the target culture, e.g., to change petak
umpet in Indonesian for hide and seek in a translation into English.
2. Amplification
Introducing details that are not formulated in the ST: information, explicative
paraphrasing, e.g., when translating from Indonesian (into English) to add the womens
Muslim wear to the noun Jilbab.
3. Borrowing
Taking a word or expression straight from another language. It can be pure (without any
change), e.g., to use the Indonesian word sampur in an English text.
4. Calque
Literal translation of a foreign word or phrase; it can be lexical or structural, e.g., the
English translation bamboo windmills for the Indonesian baling-baling bambu.
5. Compensation
Introducing a ST element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the TT
because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the ST, e.g., the tikar pandan in
Indonesian is translated into sleeping mat in English.
6. Description
Replacing a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function, e.g., to
translate the Indonesian sampur as a long scarf wore by the dancer in Java.
7. Discursive creation
Establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context, e.g., the
Indonesian translation of the book Sukreni Gadis Bali as The Rape of Sukreni.

8. Established equivalent
Using a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use) as an
equivalent in the TL, e.g., to translate the Indonesian expression buah tak akan jatuh jauh
dari pohonnya as like father, like son in English.
9. Generalization
Using a more general or neutral term, e.g., to translate the Indonesian kopiah as cap in
English.
10. Literal translation
To translate a word or an expression word for word, e.g., to translate the Indonesian
expression buah tak akan jatuh jauh dari pohonnya as the fruit never fall far from its tree
in English.
11. Modulation
To change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be
lexical or structural, e.g., to translate the Indonesian di luar kemampuan manusia as by the
will of God.
12. Particularization
To use a more precise or concrete term, e.g., to translate sawah in Indonesian as wet rice
fields in English. It is in opposition to generalization.
13. Reduction
To suppress a ST information item in the TT, e.g., upacara pembakaran mayat di Bali in
Indonesian in opposition to cremation when translating into English. It is in opposition to
amplification.

14. Transposition
To change a grammatical category, e.g., kerikil in Indonesian is translated into English as
pebble stones, changing the word for the phrase, instead of keeping the word and writing:
stones.
15. Variation
To change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of
linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, geographical dialect, etc.
For example by introducing or change dialectal indicators for characters when translating
for the theatre, changes in tone when adapting novels for children, etc.
2.3.3 Translation Methods
Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of
the translators objective (Molina and Albir, 2002). Newmark (1988) proposed some general
methods of translation.
If we relate this to the culture, this meant that if the translator applied the communicative
method, he would adapt the foreign cultural terms or elements into the culture known in the
target language to avoid the target reader from being confused about the culture in the source
language. While the translator applied the semantic method, he would keep the source
language cultural terms or elements to preserve the original culture for the target reader.
2.3.4 Theory of Translation and Culture
According to Newmark (1988: 7), translation has been instrumental in transmitting culture,
while Larson defines culture as a complex of beliefs, attitudes, values, and rules which a
group of people share (Larson 1984: 431). He notes that the translator needs to understand
beliefs, attitudes, values, and the rules of the SL audience in order to adequately understand
the ST and adequately translate it for people who have a different set of beliefs, attitudes,
values, and rules. It is similar to Vermeer (1986) who suggests that translation is primarily a

cross-cultural transfer, and in his view the translator should be bicultural, if not pluricultural,
which naturally involves a command of various languages, as language is an intrinsic part of
culture.
Nida confers equal importance to both linguistic and cultural differences between the SL and
the TL and concludes that "differences between cultures may cause more severe
complications for the translator than do differences in language structure" (Nida, 1964:130).
It is further explained that parallels in culture often provide a common understanding despite
significant formal shifts in the translation. The cultural implications for translation are thus of
significant importance as well as lexical concerns.
Adapting Nida, Newmark places "foreign cultural words" in several categories (Newmark
1988:95-102):
1. Ecology
Geographical and ecological features are perceived as cultural terms if they are unique to
their country of origin and have a degree of uniqueness (Newmark, 1988: 96). In translating
this group of items, Nida points out that certain geographical and ecological features where
they are irregular or unknown may not be understood denotatively or figuratively by the
target reader (Newmark, 1988).
2. Material culture
Food is the most sensitive and important expression of national culture for many countries
because food has the widest variety in translation procedures. Newmark (1988: 97) stated that
food is for many the most sensitive and important expression of national culture; food terms
are subject to the widest variety of translation procedures. It means material culture especially
food need to be translated appropriately because it is an expression of a national culture.
Someone can recommend for words with recognized equivalents and transference, plus a
neutral term for the readers in general.

3. Social culture
The translators should know the denotative and connotative meaning of every word in order
to produce an acceptable translation. Newmark (1988: 98) stated that in considering social
culture one has to distinguish between denotative and connotation problems of translation.
Connotative meaning in each country is different; a word may have a positive connotative
meaning in one culture but not in another. That is why the translator should pay attention and
be careful in translating it. Furthermore, Larson (1984: 131) explained that connotative
meaning is often culturally conditioned. A word which has a positive connotation in one
culture may actually have a negative connotation in another.
4. Organizations, customs, activities, procedures, and concepts
Concerning the translation of social organization terms, the translators should decide that the
term is recognized and understood by the readers. And the translators should pay attention on
the setting too. In translating social organization, first a translator should build a recognized
translation and secondly the translation should be understood by the readers and take an
appropriate setting. The translation process of cultural organization is also divided into two
categories; there are formal and informal informative (colloquial) texts. In formal informative
text, the translators should translate the cultural organization terms. Newmark (1988: 100)
stated that formal informative text, the name should be transferred, and a functional, culturefree equivalent given. On the contrary, if the text is informal informative text, it is not
necessary for the translators to translate the cultural organization. Newmark (1988: 100)
explained that if the informative text is informal or colloquial it may not be necessary to
transfer the organizations name.

5. Gestures and habits

Gestures and habits are symbolic actions of a country; they have meaning and function. It is
important for the translators to translate them appropriately because if these actions are
simply translated literally, they may make wrong meaning. Larson (1984: 138) stated that in
every culture, there will be certain actions which will be symbolic. Gestures and habits in the
form of an action sometimes have different function in the receptor language; that is why it is
sometimes difficult to translate gestures and habits. Newmark (1988: 102) also added that for
gestures and habits there are distinctions between description and function made where
necessary in ambiguous case.
2.3.5 Linguistic Theory of Translation
Catford (1965) stated that general linguistics is, primarily, a theory about how languages
work. It provides categories, drawn from generalizations based on observation of languages
and language-events. Since translation is an operation performed on languages, any theory of
translation must draw upon a theory of general linguistics (Catford, 1965: 1). General
linguistic has many branches of study. One of its branches is called semantics.
2.3.5.1 Semantics
The application of semantic theory in translation studies is based on the assumption that
meaning is the most important thing in translation studies as mentioned by Bell in Sutjiati
(2010). Most of translation studies use the componential analysis (CA) in analyzing the
meaning. The basic process is to compare a SL word with TL word which has a similar
meaning by demonstrating first their common and their differing sense components
(Newmark, 1988: 114). By applying the componential analysis, the components between the
cultural terms in SL and TL can be compared, for example the componential analysis of gong
tiup (Tohari, 2003: 12) in Indonesian which is translated into gong (Lysloff, 2003: 7) in
English.

From the componential analysis it can be concluded that gong tiup and gong are different.
Although both of them can produce similar sound, but the material and the way to play both
of the instruments are different.
2.3.5.2 Frame semantics
The term frame semantics refers to a wide variety of approaches to the systematic description
of natural language meanings. The one common feature of all these approaches which,
however, does not sufficiently distinguish frame semantics from other frameworks of
semantic description is the following slogan due to Charles Fillmore (1982): Meanings are
relativized to scenes. According to this slogan, meanings have internal structure which is
determined relative to a background frame or a scene.
Frames are conceptual structures that provide context for elements of interpretation; their
primary role in an account of text understanding is to explain how our text interpretations can
(validly) leap far beyond what the text literally says (Gawron, 2008). Strauss and Quinn
(1997), proposed that culture can be defined as a collection of shared understandings
represented by frames, or cultural models. Cultural models can differ cross-culturally, from
group to group, and even from individual to individual (Kovecses, 2006: 69). Semantic
frames can be used to analyze cross-cultural texts to indicate how writers of different cultures
may indicate different perspectives. As a theory of word meanings, frame semantics makes
the assumption that there is always some background knowledge relative to which a word
does some profiling/highlighting, and relative to which it is defined (Gawron, 2008: 8).
There are two central ideas:
1. A background concept.
2. A lexical set including all the words that utilize this conceptual background.
Two other important frame theoretic concepts are frame elements and profiling. A frame
element is simply a regular participant, feature, or attribute of the kinds of situation described

by a frame (Gawron, 2008: 8). For example, the frame elements of CLOTHING frame will
include body location, creator, descriptor, garment, material, name, style, subregion, time of
creation, use, and wearer (http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/index.php?
option=com_wrapper&Itemid=118&anno=2936&)
This study tries to compare the semantic frame elements of the translation of cultural terms
related to Ronggeng in Java into English based on FrameNet. The Berkeley FrameNet project
is creating an on-line lexical resource for English, based on frame semantics supported by
corpus evidence. The aim is to document the range of semantic and syntactic combinatory
possibilities (valences) of each word in each of its senses, through computer-assisted
annotation of example sentences and automatic tabulation and display of the annotation
results. The major product of this work, the FrameNet lexical database, currently contains
more than 11,600 lexical units, more than 6,800 of which are fully annotated in more than
960 semantic frames, exemplified in more than 150,000 annotated sentences. It has gone
through five releases, and is now in use by hundreds of researchers, teachers, and students
around the world (Fillmore and Atkins 1994, Baker et al. 1998, Fillmore and Atkins 1998,
Baker and Fillmore 2001, Boas 2001, Boas 2002, Chang et.al 2002a, Chang et.al 2002b).
2.4 Research Model
The research model shows the model of the research in the form of chart to show the relation
between the topic, problem, theoretical framework, and the result of the analysis.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD
Research method signifies the method applied by the researcher in implementing the research
(Sudaryanto, 1993: 9). It is different from technique which means the way the research done
which is determined by the tools used in the research. Method is very important in a research
since method can guide the researcher to reach their aims based on problems of research
(Sudaryanto, 1988: 25). The research method in this study is focusing on five aspects namely:
research approach, data source, method and technique of collecting data, method and
technique of analyzing data, and method and technique of presenting the analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
The research was conducted by observing the English songs translate into indonesia. Those
cultural terms were categorized. Then from each categorization, the frame semantics analysis
was conducted by comparing the semantic frame elements of each term. From the frame
semantic analysis, the componential analysis of the cultural terms was elaborated. Then from
the componential analysis, the translation techniques were identified. The results were the
number of translation techniques implemented in each cultural words category. The results
were presented in form of number shown in a table. Those results indicated the translation
methods applied by the translator.
This research is combination between qualitative and quantitative research. According to
Bodgan and Biklen (1992: 2), qualitative research is characterized by observation and
description in forms of words or sentences. In this research, the qualitative research was done
by explaining the technique of translation applied by the translator supported with the frame
semantic analysis elaborated into componential analysis, while in quantitative research
statistics, tables and graphs are often used to present the results of these methods. In this
research, the quantitative research was done by quantified the translation technique
implemented by the translator. Qualitative methods might be used to understand the meaning

of the numbers produced by quantitative methods. In this research, the meaning of number of
translation technique implemented was explained by using qualitative method which resulted
in the method of translation applied by the translator. Using quantitative methods, it is
possible to give precise and testable expression to qualitative ideas. This combination of
quantitative and qualitative data gathering is often referred to as mixed-methods research
(Creswell, 1994)
3.2 Data Source
In accordance with the need of analysis, the data were taken from the songs that translate
from English into Indonesia. Moreover, the book is regarded a good reference of Indonesian
literary works. It is proved by many researches of different topics regarding the
characterization, semiotic aspects, psychological aspects and so forth.
3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting the Data
The data were collected by translate and known the idea that they translate.
According to Sudaryanto (1993), this kind of method of collecting data can be called
observation done by observing the use of language which is called by note taking technique.
3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The data were analyzed by categorizing the cultural the songs and their translation
equivalents in English and from those categorizations, the frame semantic analysis was
conducted by comparing the semantic frame elements of each specific cultural item before
elaborating them using componential analysis. From the componential analysis, the
translation techniques were identified. The method of translation was explained based on the
translation techniques implemented by the translator.

3.5 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analysis

Since this study is a combination between qualitative and quantitative research, the frame
semantic analysis was elaborated into componential analysis and identification of translation
techniques were presented both in Indonesian (source language) and English (target
language) in form of descriptions. The number of cultural terms in each category and
translation techniques implemented were presented in form of number in a table. These
results indicated the translation method applied by the translator. Based on Sudaryanto (1993:
145), this method of presenting the analysis can be called formal and informal method since
the analysis is presented with words and number.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ERRORS IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH SONGS MADE BY

SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI I KUPANG

BY:
YANDRI S. NDUN