IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm

Email: editoriijcs@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5992

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2015

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER AND

COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURE SENSORS TYPE
Ajay Kumar Dagar1, Siddharth Kumar Mishra2, Lalit Sharma3
Astt. Prof., Dept of ECE, World College of Technology& Management, Gurgaon (Haryana)
M.Tech Student, Dept of ECE, World College of Technology& Management, Gurgaon (Haryana)
Astt. Prof., Dept of ECE, World College of Technology& Management, Gurgaon (Haryana)

ABSTRACT
This temperature controller is designed keeping in mind the industry requirement of monitoring the applications depends on proper
regulation of temperature. This is done, using an assembly of various electronic components such as thermo couple, op-amps as
amplifier and comparator, transistor as switch to control the indicating instrument used. The goal of any temperature controller
design is to keep the temperature of the target device on the desired value defined by the user as accurately as possible and using as
little energy as possible. The very control of temperature can be achieved by causing heater power to be simply switched on and off
according to an under or over temperature condition respectively. Ultimately, the heater power will be regulated to achieve a desired
system temperature but refinement can be employed to enhance the control accuracy. In this paper we have study the comparison of
temperature sensor type.

Keywords: Thermocouple, Sensing, Comparator, Buzzer, Thermistor.

1. INTRODUCTION
A basic temperature control of industrial or laboratory heating and cooling processes. In closed loop control system, the
output temperature is measured continuously and manipulated to maintain a constant output at the desired temperature. The
performance of a temperature controller is assessed based on its response time or rise time, peak overshoot, oscillations and
Integral Absolute Error (IAE). Many physical properties of material including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma),
density, solubility, vapour pressure and electrical conductivity depends on the temperature. This is one reason why the
human body has several elaborate mechanisms for maintaining the temperature at 310 K. Temperature also control the
thermal radiation emitted from a surface.

2. FOLLOWING STAGES ARE INVOLVED IN BASIC TEMPERATURE MONITORING DEVICES

1. Sensing: through temperature sensors.
2. Amplification: to amplify the sensors output.
3. Comparison: comparing the measured temperature with predefined temperature level.
4. Alarm: Alarm circuit if temperature surpasses the safety/ set level.

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IPASJ International Journal of Computer Science (IIJCS)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJCS/IIJCS.htm
Email: editoriijcs@ipasj.org
ISSN 2321-5992

A Publisher for Research Motivation ........

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2015

3. SYSTEM PRINCIPLE

The most commonly used type of all the sensors is those which detect temperature or heat. All temperature measuring
instruments use some change in a material to indicate temperature. Some of the effects that are used to indicate temperature
are change in physical properties and altered physical dimensions. One of the most important physical properties used in
temperature-measuring instrument is the change in the length of a material in the form of expansion and contraction.
Various methods have been devised and instruments invented over a period of time that can detect and measure
temperature. These types of temperature sensors vary from simple ON/OFF thermostatic devices which control a domestic
hot water system to highly sensitive semiconductor types that can control complex process control plants. The movements of
molecules and atoms produces heat (kinetic energy) and the more movement, the more heat is generated. Temperature
sensors measure the amount of heat energy or even coldness that is generated by an object or system, and can sense or
detect any physical change to that temperature producing either an analogue or digital output.

4. TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER WORKING

Let us suppose that we have a system/device whose temperature is to be kept in control. It is required that our temperature
controller monitors the temperature of this system and raises an alarm in case the temperature of the system rises above a
predefined value tsoc..
In our mechanism we have employed a R type thermocouple to keep a continuous check on the system and any changes in
the temperature of the system is reflected through the output voltage of the thermocouple.
Since, the output voltage of the thermocouple is in the range of few mill volts we use an op-amp to amplify this voltage. IC
LM741 is used for amplification. The gain of the non-inverting differential amplifier is so set that now the output voltage is
in the range of few volts.
The resistances R1 and R2 are used to set some specific gain of the amplifier.
Let us assume that, at predefined safety temperature of tsoc. the output voltage is V-ref.
Now, we employ a comparator circuit. IC 393P is used for realization of comparator circuit. V-ref is set as the reference
voltage at the inverting terminal while we feed the output of amplifier at the non-inverting terminal. Let the input at noninverting terminal of comparator IC be Vi. Resistances R3 and R4 are used to set the reference voltage (V-ref) through
voltage divider circuit as shown in schematic diagram.
Furthermore, a switching circuit is connected after the comparator. Transistor BC 547 is used along with a buzzer to
make the alarm circuit, when the temperature of the system exceeds the predefined value tsoc.
Let instantaneous temperature of the system toc and the voltage generated at this temperature be Vi (which is also the input
of the comparator).
Case I: toc < tsoc
So, Vi < V-ref
therefore, comparator gives logical 0 at output transistor is in cut-off region and acts as an open switch buzzer remains off.
Case II: toc < tsoc
So, Vi > V-ref
therefore, comparator gives logical 1 at output transistor is in saturation region and acts as a closed switch buzzer sounds an
alarm.

5.COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR TYPES

The following table offers a comparison of the different characteristics of the various temperature sensor types.
Table: 1 (Comparison of Temperature Sensor Types)
Characteristic

Platinum RTD

Active Material
Platinum Wire
Changing Parameter Resistance
Temperature Range -200oC to 500oC

Thermistor

Thermocouple

Metal Oxide Ceramic Two Dissimilar Metal

Resistance
Voltage
-40oC to 260oC
-270oC to 1750oC

2 mV/oC

Accuracy

-45 to 100oC:
0 to 275oC:
+ 0.5oC; 100 to 500oC: -45 to 100oC:
+1.5oC to +4oC: 275 to o
+ 1.5oC; 500 to + 0.5oC; degrades
+2 C
1260oC:
1200oC:
rapidly over 100oC
o
o
+0.5 C to +0.75 C
+ 3o C
Excellent
Logarithmic, Poor
Moderate
Excellent

Volume 3 Issue 5 May 2015

0.05 mV/ oC

Silicon Transistors
Voltage or Current
-55oC to 150oC
~1 mV/oC or
~1 uA/ oC

Sensitivity

Linearity

40 mV/ oC

Temperature IC

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Response time
Stability
Base Value
Noise Susceptibility

2-5 s
Excellent
100 to 2K
Low

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1-2 s
2-5 s
Moderate
Poor
1k to 2M
< 10mV
Low
High
+/- 0.2 to 0.5oF per
Drift
+/- 0.01% for 5 years
1 to 2oF per year
year
Special Requirements Lead Compensation Linearization
Reference Junction
Device Cost
$60 - $215
$10 - $350
$20 - $235
Relative System Cost Moderate
Low to Moderate
Moderate

Excellent
Various
High
0.1oC per month
None
$5 - $235
Low

6. SUMMARIZE
Throughout the paper may simulations have been carried out to study the temperature controller and comparison of different
temperature sensors types. In this paper study the different temperature sensors in different parameters. The main factor of
temperature sensor is response time, stability, drift and base values. The aim of the comparison of different temperature
controller for the system to a desired temperature in the shortest possible time with minimum or no overshoot, short rise
time, small peak time and short settling time. Mathematical model was efficiently used for the design of the temperature
control system.

REFERENCES
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[5].
[6].

Evans J.R.: Lindway W.M., The Management and Control of Quality. South-western Ohio, 2002.
Melba Mary. P, Design of intelligent self-tuning temperature controller for water bath process 1J1SE, Vol.1.
W. Leonard, Introduction to Control Engineering and linear control system, Springer- Verlag Heildeberg, 1976.
K. Hangos and I. Cameron, Process Modelling and Model Analysis Process System Engineering.
J.A. Borrie, Modern Control System: A Manual of Design Methods Prentice Hall International Ltd., 1998.
Savanya M.; Pamela D. A real time IMC tuned PID controller for a DC motor. International Journal of recent
technology and engineering.
[7]. R.K. Bansal, A.K. Goel & M.K. Sharma Matlab and its applications in Engineering.

ABOUT AUTHOR
Siddharth Kumar Mishra received the B.Tech Degree in Electronics and Communication Engg. from Punjab Technical
University, Jalandhar. Recently, pursuing M.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engg. from MDU, Rohtak. He has
published more than five papers in international journal. Currently, he has working in Communication field

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