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DOI 10.1007/s11274-005-4561-1
_
A. Karadeniz*, Ş.F. Topcuoğlu and S. Inan
Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
*Author for correspondence: Tel.: +90 242 310 24 01, Fax: +90 242 227 89 11, E-mail: asu@akdeniz.edu.tr
Summary
In this study, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), gibberellin, cytokinin (zeatin) and abscisic acid production were inves-
tigated in the culture medium of the bacteria Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus mega-
terium, B. cereus, Escherichia coli. To determine the levels of these plant growth regulators, high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) technique was used. Our findings show that the bacteria used in this study synthesized the
plant growth regulators, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin and abscisic acid.
Figure 1. Flow diagram outlining the extracts used in purification of IAA, GA3, zeatin and ABA for HPLC.
Bacterial production of plant hormones 1063
0.16
0.08
0.13
0.00
0,02
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.15
0.09 ± 0.00
0.09 ± 0.00
min. Hormones were quantified by reference to the peak
area obtained for the IAA (Sigma, I-2886), GA3 (Sigma,
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
G-7645), zeatin (Sigma, Z-0164) and ABA (Sigma,
1.87
0.73
2.60
0.36
0.76
1.12
0.40
0.02
0.42
9 hc
A-1049) standards.
a
0.06 ± 0.01
4 hb
Results and discussion
Table 1. Amounts of free, bound and total IAA, GA3, zeatin and ABA in culture medium samples of the bacteria used in this study in exponential and stationary growth phases.
17 hc
ABA) of plant growth hormones in 100 ml extracellular
Any plant growth hormone has been determined in the bacterial culture medium samples. bExponential stages of the growth. cStationary stages of the growth.
K. pneumoniae
The presence of IAA has been indicated in bacteria
by different researchers. For example, in a study, Fett
et al. (1987) have observed 0.03–6.37 lg/ml IAA in
6 hb
different Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines strains
0.44 a
cultured in liquid culture medium containing 0.05%
tryptophan. Costacurta et al. (1998) found 11.6–
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
55.3 lg IAA in 400 ml of MPI medium without the
15 hc
0.54
0.25
0.79
0.46
0.38
0.84
0.06
0.47
0.53
addition of tryptophan, in the late exponential phase of
a
a
a
the bacterial growth of the different strains of Xan-
0.02
0.02
0.05
1.88
1.84
0.04 ± 0.02
0.04 ± 0.02
0.03 ± 0.01
0.03 ± 0.01
thomonas axonopodis, pathogen to citrus. In another
B. cereus
±
±
±
±
±
study, obligate and facultative methylotropic bacteria
6 hb
0.18
0.18
0.48
3.03
3.51
were able to produce auxins, particularly IAA, in
a
amounts of 3–100 lg/ml (Ivanova et al. 2001). In a
0.26
0.09
0.35
0.20
0.13
0.22
0.08
1.18
1.15
0.01
0.00
0.00
different study on nitrogen-fixing bacteria and pro-
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
duction of IAA, Pedraza et al. (2004) found that 12 hc
1.49
0.66
2.15
0.75
0.85
1.60
0.89
1.32
2.21
0.04
0.03
0.07
Azospirillum strains produced the highest concentra-
B. megaterium
6.08
0.41
6.49
0.74
1.00
1.74
0.08
a
a
0.44 ± 0.02 a
sary to carry out more investigation into the ability of
1.47
0.11
1.59
0.15
0.21
0.35
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.02
4.75
0.59
5.34
1.29
1.01
2.30
0.07
0.01
0.08
0.44
GC–MS technique.
In another study, Taller & Wong (1989) determined
17 hc
4.20 ± 1.75 a
a
4.20 ± 1.75 a
2.04 ± 0.13
P. mirabilis
Bound-ABA a
Total-Zeatin
Free-Zeatin
Total-ABA
Total-GA3
Total-IAA
Free-ABA
hormones
Free-GA3
Free-IAA
Plant growth Forms of
ABA
GA3
IAA