Psilocybesemilanceata

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Psilocybesemilanceata,commonlyknownastheliberty
cap,isapsychedelic(or"magic")mushroomthat
containsthepsychoactivecompoundspsilocybinand
baeocystin.Oftheworld'spsilocybinmushrooms,itis
themostcommoninnature,andoneofthemostpotent.
Themushroomshaveadistinctiveconicaltobellshaped
cap,upto2.5cm(1.0in)indiameter,withasmall
nipplelikeprotrusiononthetop.Theyareyellowto
brown,coveredwithradialgrooveswhenmoist,and
fadetoalightercolorastheymature.Theirstipestendto
beslenderandlong,andthesamecolororslightly
lighterthanthecap.Thegillattachmenttothestipeis
adnexed(narrowlyattached),andtheyareinitially
creamcoloredbeforetintingpurpleasthesporesmature.
Thesporesaredarkpurplishbrowninmass,ellipsoidin
shape,andmeasure10.515by6.58.5micrometers.
Themushroomgrowsinfields,grassymeadows,and
similarhabitats,particularlyinwet,northfacingfields
(southfacingforsouthernhemisphere)thatarewell
fertilizedbysheepandcattledung.Butunlike
P.cubensis,thefungusdoesnotgrowdirectlyondung
rather,itisasaprobicspeciesthatfeedsoffdecaying
grassroots.Itiswidelydistributedinthecooltemperate
andsubarcticregionsoftheNorthernHemisphere,
particularlyinEurope.However,ithasalsobeen
reportedoccasionallyfromwarmerlocationssuchas
India,SouthAmerica,andAustralasia.Theearliest
reliablehistoryofP.semilanceataintoxicationdates
backto1799inLondon,andinthe1960sthemushroom
wasthefirstEuropeanspeciesconfirmedtocontain
psilocybin.Furtherinvestigationsintothechemical
makeupofthefungusrevealedthepresenceofthe
substancesphenylethylamine,andthepsychotropic
tryptaminebaeocystin.Thepossessionorsaleof
psilocybinmushroomsisillegalinmanycountries.

Psilocybesemilanceata

Scientificclassification
Kingdom:

Fungi

Phylum:

Basidiomycota

Class:

Agaricomycetes

Order:

Agaricales

Family:

Hymenogastraceae

Genus:

Psilocybe

Species:

P.semilanceata
Binomialname

Psilocybesemilanceata
(Fr.)P.Kumm.(1871)

Contents
1Taxonomyandnaming
2Description
2.1Microscopiccharacteristics

Synonyms[1][2]

2.1Microscopiccharacteristics
2.2Otherforms
3Similarspecies
4Ecologyandhabitat
5Distribution
6Psychoactiveuse
6.1Properties
6.2Legalstatus
7Seealso
8References
8.1Citedtexts

AgaricussemilanceatusFr.(1838)
Geophilasemilanceata(Fr.)Qul.
(1886)

Panaeolussemilanceatus(Fr.)
J.E.Lange(1936)

Panaeolussemilanceatus(Fr.)
J.E.Lange(1939)

Psilocybesemilanceata
Mycologicalcharacteristics

Taxonomyandnaming
ThespecieswasfirstdescribedbyEliasMagnusFriesas
Agaricussemilanceatusinhis1838EpicrisisSystematis
Mycologici.[3]PaulKummertransferredittoPsilocybe
in1871whenheraisedmanyofFries'ssubgroupingsof
Agaricustothelevelofgenus.[4]Panaeolus
semilanceatus,namedbyJakobEmanuelLangeinboth
1936and1939publications,isasynonym.[5][6]
AccordingtothetaxonomicaldatabaseMycoBank,
severaltaxaonceconsideredvarietiesofP.semilanceata
aresynonymouswiththespeciesnowknownas
Psilocybestrictipes:[7]thecaerulescensvariety
describedbyPierAndreaSaccardoin1887(originally
namedAgaricussemilanceatusvar.coerulescensby
MordecaiCubittCookein1881),[8]themicrospora
varietydescribedbyRolfSingerin1969,[9]andthe
obtusatavarietydescribedbyMarcelBonin1985.[10]

gillsonhymenium

capisconical
orumbonate

hymeniumisadnate
oradnexed
stipeisbare

sporeprintisbrown
topurple
ecologyissaprotrophic
edibility:psychoactive

Severalmolecularstudiespublishedinthe2000sdemonstratedthat
Psilocybe,asitwasdefinedthen,waspolyphyletic.[11][12][13]Thestudies
supportedtheideaofdividingthegenusintotwoclades,oneconsistingof
thebluing,hallucinogenicspeciesinthefamilyHymenogastraceae,and
theotherthenonbluing,nonhallucinogenicspeciesinthefamily
Strophariaceae.However,thegenerallyacceptedlectotype(aspecimen
laterselectedwhentheoriginalauthorofataxonnamedidnotdesignatea
type)ofthegenusasawholewasPsilocybemontana,whichisanon
Themushroomgetsits
bluing,nonhallucinogenicspecies.Ifthenonbluing,nonhallucinogenic
commonnamefromits
speciesinthestudyweretobesegregated,itwouldhaveleftthe
resemblancetothePhrygian
hallucinogeniccladewithoutavalidname.Toresolvethisdilemma,
cap.
severalmycologistsproposedina2005publicationtoconservethename
Psilocybe,withP.semilanceataasthetype.Astheyexplained,
conservingthenamePsilocybeinthiswaywouldpreventnomenclaturalchangestoawellknowngroupof

fungi,manyspeciesofwhichare"linkedtoarchaeology,anthropology,religion,alternatelifestyles,
forensicscience,lawenforcement,lawsandregulation".[14]Further,thenameP.semilanceatahad
historicallybeenacceptedasthelectotypebymanyauthorsintheperiod193868.Theproposalto
conservethenamePsilocybe,withP.semilanceataasthetypewasacceptedunanimouslybythe
NomenclatureCommitteeforFungiin2009.[15]
ThemushroomtakesitscommonnamefromthePhrygiancap,alsoknownasthe"libertycap",whichit
resembles[16]P.semilanceatasharesitscommonnamewithP.pelliculosa,[17]aspeciesfromwhichitis
moreorlessindistinguishableinappearance.[18]TheLatinwordforPhrygiancapispileus,nowadaysthe
technicalnameforwhatiscommonlyknownasthe"cap"ofafungalfruitbody.Inthe18thcentury
PhrygiancapswereplacedonLibertypoles,whichresemblethestipeofthemushroom.Thegenericname
isderivedfromtheAncientGreekpsilos()("smooth"or"bare")andtheByzantineGreekkub()
("head").[19][20]ThespecificepithetcomesfromtheLatinsemi("half")andlanceata,fromlanceolatus,
meaning"spearshaped".[21]

Description
ThecapofP.semilanceatais525mm(0.21.0in)indiameterand
622mm(0.240.87in)tall.Itvariesinshapefromsharplyconical
tobellshaped,oftenwithaprominentpapilla(anippleshaped
structure),anddoesnotchangeshapeconsiderablyasitages.The
capmarginisinitiallyrolledinwardbutunrollstobecomestraight
orevencurledupwardsinmaturity.Thecapishygrophanous,
meaningitassumesdifferentcolorsdependingonitsstateof
hydration.Whenitismoist,thecapisochraceoustopalebrownto
darkchestnutbrown,butdarkerinthecenter,oftenwithagreenish
bluetinge.Whenmoist,radialgrooves(striations)canbeseenon
AcollectionfromTheNetherlands
thecapthatcorrespondtothepositionsofthegillsunderneath.
Whenthecapisdry,itbecomesmuchpaler,alightyellowbrown
color.[2]Moistmushroomshavestickysurfacesthatresultfromathingelatinousfilmcalledapellicle.[22]
Thisfilmbecomesapparentifapieceofthecapisbrokenbybendingitbackandpeelingawaythepiece.
Whenthecapdriesfromexposuretothesun,thefilmturnswhitishandisnolongerpeelable.[23]
Ontheundersideofthemushroom'scap,therearebetween15and27individualnarrowgillsthatare
moderatelycrowdedtogether,andtheyhaveanarrowlyadnexedtoalmostfreeattachmenttothestipe.
Theircolorisinitiallypalebrown,butbecomesdarkgraytopurplebrownwithalighteredgeasthespores
mature.Theslenderyellowishbrownstipeis45140mm(1.85.5in)longby13.5mm(0.040.14in)
thick,andusuallyslightlythickertowardsthebase.[2]Themushroomhasathincobweblikepartialveilthat
doesnotlastlongbeforedisappearingsometimes,thepartialveilleavesanannularzoneonthestipethat
maybedarkenedbyspores.[22]Thefleshisthinandmembranelike,androughlythesamecolorasthe
surfacetissue.Ithasafarinaceous(similartofreshlygroundflour)odorandtaste.Allpartsofthe
mushroomwillstainabluishcolorifhandledorbruised,anditmaynaturallyturnbluewithage.[2]

Microscopiccharacteristics

Indeposit,thesporesareadeepreddishpurplebrowncolor.Theuseofalightmicroscopecanreveal
furtherdetails:thesporesareoblongwhenseeninsideview,andoblongtoovalinfrontalview,with
dimensionsof10.515by6.58.5m.Thebasidia(spore
bearingcellsofthehymenium),are2031by59m,four
spored,andhaveclampsattheirbasestherearenobasidia
foundonthesterilegilledge.Thecheilocystidia(cystidiaon
thegilledge)measure1530by47m,andareflaskshaped
withlongthinnecksthatare13.5mwide.P.semilanceata
doesnothavepleurocystidia(cystidiaonthegillface).Thecap
cuticleisupto90mthick,andismadeofatissuelayercalled
anixocutisagelatinizedlayerofhyphaelyingparalleltothe
capsurface.Thehyphaecomprisingtheixocutisarecylindrical,
hyaline,and13.5mwide.Immediatelyunderthecapcuticle
isthesubpellis,madeofhyphaethatare412mwidewith
Microscopiccharacteristics
yellowishbrownencrustedwalls.Thereareclampconnections
presentinthehyphaeofalltissues.[2]

Otherforms
TheanamorphicformofP.semilanceataisanasexualstageinthefungus'slifecycleinvolvedinthe
developmentofmitoticdiaspores(conidia).Inculture,growninapetridish,thefungusformsawhiteto
paleorangecottonyorfeltlikematofmycelia.Theconidiaformedarestraighttocurved,measuring2.0
8.0by1.12.0m,andmaycontainonetoseveralsmallintracellulardroplets.[24]Althoughlittleisknown
oftheanamorphicstageofP.semilanceatabeyondtheconfinesoflaboratoryculture,ingeneral,the
morphologyoftheasexualstructuresmaybeusedasclassicalcharactersinphylogeneticanalysestohelp
understandtheevolutionaryrelationshipsbetweenrelatedgroupsoffungi.[25]
ScottishmycologistRoyWatlingdescribedsequestrate(trufflelike)orsecotioidversionsof
P.semilanceatahefoundgrowinginassociationwithregularfruitbodies.Theseversionshadelongated
caps,2022cm(7.98.7in)longand0.81cm(0.30.4in)wideatthebase,withtheinwardcurved
marginscloselyhuggingthestipefromthedevelopmentofmembranousflanges.Theirgillswerenarrow,
closelycrowdedtogether,andanastomosed(fusedtogetherinaveinlikenetwork).Thecolorofthegills
wassepiawithabrownishvinaceous(redwinecolored)cast,andawhitemargin.Thestipesofthefruit
bodieswere56cm(2.02.4in)longby0.10.3cm(0.040.12in)thick,withabout2cm(0.8in)ofstipe
lengthcoveredbytheextendedcap.Thethickwalledellipsoidsporeswere12.513.5by6.57m.Despite
thesignificantdifferencesinmorphology,molecularanalysisshowedthesecotioidversiontobethesame
speciesasthetypicalmorphotype.[26]

Similarspecies
ThereareseveralotherPsilocybespeciesthatmaybeconfusedwithP.semilanceataduetosimilaritiesin
physicalappearance.P.strictipesisaslendergrasslandspeciesthatisdifferentiatedmacroscopicallyfrom
P.semilanceatabythelackofaprominentpapilla.P.mexicana,commonlyknownasthe"Mexicanliberty
cap",isalsosimilarinappearance,butisfoundinmanurerichsoilinsubtropicalgrasslandsinMexico.It
hassomewhatsmallersporesthanP.semilanceata,typically89.9by5.57.7m.[27]Anotherlookalike
speciesisP.samuiensis,foundinThailand,whereitgrowsinwellmanuredclaylikesoilsoramongrice

paddies.Thismushroom
canbedistinguishedfrom
P.semilanceatabyits
smallercap,upto1.5cm
(0.6in)indiameter,and
itsrhomboidshaped
spores.[28]P.pelliculosais
physicallysimilartosuch
adegreethatitmaybe
LookalikesincludeP.mexicana(left),P.pelliculosa(center),andP.strictipes
indistinguishableinthe
(right).
field.Itdiffersfrom
P.semilanceatabyvirtue
ofitssmallerspores,measuring913by57m.[18]
ThetoxicspeciesCortinariusrubellus(formerlyknownasC.orellanoides)[29]hasbeenconfusedwith
P.semilanceatabynovicecollectorslookingtoconsumethemushroomsforhallucinogeniceffects,
sometimeswithdrasticconsequences.[30]TheexpandedandbluntlyumbonatecapofC.rubellusisorange
brownwithalargerdiameterthanP.semilanceata,typicallyrangingfrom26cm(0.82.4in).Thegills
areadnatetosinuateinattachmenttothestipe,andcinnamonbrownincolor(ratherthandarkgrayto
purplebrown).Itsstipeisroughlythesamecolorasthecap,58cm(2.03.1in)longandmuchthicker
thanP.semilanceatausually0.61cm(0.20.4in),andsometimesbearslemonyellowbands.Itisa
mycorrhizalspeciesthatgrowsonacidicsoilamongmosses,usuallyinwetconiferousforests.[31]
P.semilanceatahasalsobeenconfusedwiththetoxicmuscarinecontainingspeciesInocybegeophylla,[32]
awhitishmushroomwithasilkycap,yellowishbrowntopalegrayishgills,andadullyellowishbrown
sporeprint.[33]

Ecologyandhabitat
Psilocybesemilanceataisasaprobicfungus,meaningitobtainsnutrientsby
breakingdownorganicmatter.Themushroomgrowssolitarilyoringroups
ontheground,typicallyinfieldsandpastures.Itisoftenfoundinfieldsthat
havebeenfertilizedwithsheeporcowdung,althoughitdoesnottypically
growdirectlyonthedung.Themushroomisalsoassociatedwithsedgesin
moistareasoffields,[22]anditisthoughttoliveonthedecayingroot
remains.[34][35]LikesomeothergrasslandspeciessuchasP.mexicana,
P.tampanensisandConocybecyanopus,P.semilanceatamayform
sclerotia,adormantformofthefungus,whichaffordsitsomeprotection
fromwildfiresandothernaturaldisasters.[36]
LaboratorytestshaveshownP.semilanceatatosuppressthegrowthofthe
soilbornewatermoldPhytophthoracinnamomi,avirulentplantpathogen
Psilocybesemilanceataisa
thatcausesthediseaserootrot.[37]Whengrownindualculturewithother
saprobicgrasslandspecies.
saprobicfungiisolatedfromtherhizosphereofgrassesfromitshabitat,
P.semilanceatasignificantlysuppressestheirgrowth.Thisantifungal
activity,whichcanbetracedatleastpartlytotwophenoliccompoundsitsecretes,helpsitcompete

successfullywithotherfungalspeciesintheintensecompetitionfornutrientsprovidedbydecayingplant
matter.[38]Usingstandardantimicrobialsusceptibilitytests,Psilocybesemilanceatawasshowntostrongly
inhibitthegrowthofthehumanpathogenmethicillinresistantStaphylococcusaureus(MRSA).Thesource
oftheantimicrobialactivityisunknown.[39]

Distribution
Psilocybesemilanceataisconsideredthemostcommonpsilocybincontainingmushroom.[32]InEurope,
P.semilanceatahasawidespreaddistribution,andisfoundinAustria,Belarus,Belgium,Bulgaria,the
ChannelIslands,Czechrepublic,Denmark,Estonia,theFaroeIslands,Finland,France,Germany,Georgia,
Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,theNetherlands,Norway,Poland,Romania,Russia,
Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.[40]Itisgenerallyagreedthatthespeciesis
nativetoEurope[41]Watlinghasdemonstratedthatthereexistslittledifferencebetweenspecimens
collectedfromSpainandScotland,atboththemorphologicalandgeneticlevel.[26]
ThemushroomalsohasawidespreaddistributioninNorthAmerica.InCanadaithasbeencollectedfrom
BritishColumbia,NewBrunswick,Newfoundland,NovaScotia,PrinceEdwardIslandandQuebec.[40]In
theUnitedStates,itismostcommoninthePacificNorthwest,westoftheCascadeMountains,whereit
fruitsabundantlyinautumnandearlywinterfruitinghasalsobeenreportedtooccurinfrequentlyduring
springmonths.[22]CharlesHortonPeckreportedthemushroomtooccurinNewYorkintheearly20th
century,andconsequently,muchliteraturepublishedsincethenhasreportedthespeciestobepresentinthe
easternUnitedStates.GastonGuzmanlaterexaminedPeck'sherbariumspecimen,andinhis
comprehensive1983monographonPsilocybe,concludedthatPeckhadmisidentifieditwiththespecies
nowknownasPanaeolinafoenisecii.[41][42]P.semilanceataismuchlesscommoninSouthAmerica,[41]
whereithasbeenrecordedfromsouthernBrazil,Argentina,UruguayandChile.[40]Itisalsoknownin
Australia(whereitmaybeanintroducedspecies)[26]andNewZealand,whereitgrowsinhighaltitude
grasslands.[43]In2000,itwasreportedfromGolaghat,intheIndianstateofAssam.[44]

Psychoactiveuse
ThefirstreliablydocumentedreportofPsilocybesemilanceataintoxicationinvolvedaBritishfamilyin
1799,whopreparedamealwithmushroomstheyhadpickedinLondon'sGreenPark.Accordingtothe
chemistAugustusEverardBrande,thefatherandhisfourchildrenexperiencedtypicalsymptoms
associatedwithingestion,includingpupildilation,spontaneouslaughteranddelirium.[45]Theidentification
ofthespeciesresponsiblewasmadepossiblebyJamesSowerby's1803bookColouredFiguresofEnglish
FungiorMushrooms,[46]whichincludedadescriptionofthefungus,thenknownasAgaricusglutinosus
(originallydescribedbyMosesAshleyCurtisin1780).AccordingtoGermanmycologistJochenGartz,the
descriptionofthespeciesis"fullycompatiblewithcurrentknowledgeaboutPsilocybesemilanceata."[47]
Intheearly1960s,theSwissscientistAlbertHofmannknownforthesynthesisofthepsychedelicdrug
LSDchemicallyanalyzedP.semilanceatafruitbodiescollectedinSwitzerlandandFrancebythebotanist
RogerHeim.Usingthetechniqueofpaperchromatography,Hofmannconfirmedthepresenceof0.25%(by
weight)psilocybinindriedsamples.Their1963publicationwasthefirstreportofpsilocybininaEuropean
mushroomspeciespreviously,ithadbeenknownonlyinPsilocybespeciesnativetoMexico,Asiaand

NorthAmerica.[48]Thisfindingwasconfirmedinthelate1960swithspecimensfromScotlandand
England,[49][50]Czechoslovakia(1973),[51]Germany(1977),[52]Norway(1978),[34]andBelgiumand
Finland(1984).[53][54]In1965,forensiccharacterizationofpsilocybincontainingmushroomsseizedfrom
collegestudentsinBritishColumbiaidentifiedP.semilanceata[55]thefirstrecordedcaseofintentional
recreationaluseofthemushroominCanada.[56]Thepresenceofthepsilocybinanalogbaeocystinwas
confirmedin1977.[52]Severalstudiespublishedsincethensupporttheideathatthevariabilityofpsilocybin
contentinP.semilanceataislow,regardlessofcountryoforigin.[47][57]

Properties
Severalstudieshavequantifiedtheamountsofhallucinogeniccompoundsfoundinthefruitbodiesof
Psilocybesemilanceata.In1993,Gartzreportedanaverageof1%psilocybin(expressedasapercentageof
thedryweightofthefruitbodies),rangingfromaminimumof0.2%
toamaximumof2.37%,whichisthehighestpsilocybin
concentrationreportedforamushroom.[58]Inanearlieranalysis,
TjakkoStijveandThomKuyper(1985)foundahighconcentration
inasinglespecimen(1.7%)inadditiontoarelativelyhigh
concentrationofbaeocystin(0.36%).[59]Smallerspecimenstendto
havethehighestpercentconcentrationsofpsilocybin,butthe
absoluteamountishighestinlargermushrooms.[60]AFinnishstudy
assayedpsilocybinconcentrationsinoldherbariumspecimens,and
concludedthatalthoughpsilocybinconcentrationdecreasedlinearly
overtime,itwasrelativelystable.Theywereabletodetectthe
chemicalinspecimensthatwere115yearsold.[61]MichaelBeug
andJeremyBigwood,analyzingspecimensfromthePacific
NorthwestregionoftheUnitedStates,reportedpsilocybin
concentrationsrangingfrom0.62%to1.28%,averaging1.00.2%.
Theyconcludedthatthespecieswasoneofthemostpotent,aswell
asthemostconstantinpsilocybinlevels.[62]Ina1996publication,
PaulStametsdefineda"potencyratingscale"basedonthetotal
contentofpsychoactivecompounds(includingpsilocybin,psilocin,
andbaeocystin)in12speciesofPsilocybemushrooms.Although
1,2&3inthefigurearePsilocybe
therearecertaincaveatswiththistechniquesuchasthe
semilanceata,whichSowerby
unconfirmedassumptionthatthesecompoundscontributeequallyto
wronglythoughtwasthesameas
psychoactivepropertiesitservesasaroughcomparisonof
Strophariasemiglobata.
potencybetweenspecies.Despiteitssmallsize,Psilocybe
semilanceataisconsidereda"moderatelyactivetoextremely
potent"hallucinogenicmushroom(meaningthecombinedpercentageofpsychoactivecompoundsis
typicallybetween0.25%togreaterthan2%),[22]andofthe12mushroomscompared,only3weremore
potent:P.azurescens,P.baeocystis,andP.bohemica.[63]AccordingtoGartz(1995),P.semilanceatais
Europe'smostpopularpsychoactivespecies,[47]andPsilocybeauthorityGastnGuzmn,inhis1983
monographonpsilocybinmushrooms,claimeditistheworld'smostcommonpsychoactivemushroom.[42]

Severalreportshavebeenpublishedintheliteraturedocumentingtheeffectsofconsumptionof
P.semilanceata.Typicalsymptomsincludevisualdistortionsofcolor,depth
andform,progressingtovisualhallucinations.Theeffectsaresimilartothe
experiencefollowingconsumptionofLSD,althoughmilder.[64]Commonside
effectsofmushroomingestionincludepupildilation,increasedheartrate,
unpleasantmood,andoverresponsivereflexes.Asistypicalofthesymptoms
associatedwithpsilocybinmushroomingestion,"theeffectonmoodin
particularisdependentonthesubject'spreexposurepersonalitytraits",and
"identicaldosesofpsilocybinmayhavewidelydifferingeffectsindifferent
Psilocybin
individuals."[65]Althoughmostcasesofintoxicationresolvewithoutincident,
therehavebeenisolatedcaseswithsevereconsequences,especiallyafter
higherdosagesorpersistentuse.InonecasereportedinPolandin1998,an18
yearoldmandevelopedWolffParkinsonWhitesyndrome,arrhythmia,and
sufferedmyocardialinfarctionafteringestingP.semilanceatafrequentlyover
theperiodofamonth.Thecardiacdamageandmyocardialinfarctionwas
suggestedtobearesultofeithercoronaryvasoconstriction,orbecauseof
platelethyperaggregationandocclusionofsmallcoronaryarteries.[66]
Baeocystin

In1998,astudyreportedthepresenceofthepharmacologicallyactivedrug
phenethylaminefromsamplescollectedinSweden.Theconcentrationofthe
compoundwashighlyvariableinthesamplestested,butinonecasewasas
highas146microgramspergramofmushroom(wetweight).[67]This
Phenethylamine
compound,adecarboxylatedproductoftheaminoacidphenylalanine,has
receivedconsiderableinterestinpsychiatricresearch,asitmaybea
neuromodulatorofaminergicsynapses(neuronsthatusemonoaminesasaneurotransmitter)andithasbeen
suggestedtoenhanceenergy,elevatemood,andpromoteaggression.[68]Theauthorsproposethattheremay
beaninteractionbetweenphenylethylamineandpsilocin(themetabolicbreakdownproductofpsilocybin)
throughcompetitiveinhibitionofmonoamineoxidaseenzymes.[67]
Onedangerofattemptingtoconsumehallucinogenicorotherwildmushrooms,especiallyfornovice
mushroomhunters,isthepossibilityofmisidentificationwithtoxicspecies.Inonenotedcase,anotherwise
healthyyoungAustrianmanmistookthepoisonousCortinariusrubellusforP.semilanceata.Asaresult,
hesufferedendstagerenalfailure,andrequiredakidneytransplant.[30]Inanotherinstance,ayoungman
developedcardiacabnormalitiessimilartothoseseeninTakotsubocardiomyopathy,characterizedbya
suddentemporaryweakeningofthemyocardium.[69]Apolymerasechainreactionbasedtesttospecifically
identityP.semilanceatawasreportedbyPolishscientistsin2007.[70]

Legalstatus
Thelegalstatusofpsilocybinmushroomsvariesworldwide.PsilocybinandpsilocinarelistedasClassA
(UnitedKingdom)orScheduleI(US)drugsundertheUnitedNations1971ConventiononPsychotropic
Substances.[71]Thepossessionanduseofpsilocybinmushrooms,includingP.semilanceata,istherefore
prohibitedbyextension.AlthoughmanyEuropeancountriesremainedopentotheuseandpossessionof
hallucinogenicmushroomsaftertheUSban,startinginthe2000s(decade)therehasbeenatighteningof

lawsandenforcements.InTheNetherlands,wherethedrugwasonceroutinelysoldinlicensedcannabis
coffeeshopsandsmartshops,lawswereinstitutedinOctober2008toprohibitthepossessionorsaleof
psychedelicmushroomsthefinalEuropeancountrytodoso.[72]

Seealso
ListofPsilocybespecies
Mushroomhunting

WikimediaCommonshas
mediarelatedtoPsilocybe
semilanceata.
Wikispecieshasinformation
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semilanceata

References
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Citedtexts
BresinskyA,BeslH.(1989).AColourAtlasofPoisonousFungi:aHandbookforPharmacists,
Doctors,andBiologists.London,UK:MansonPublishingLtd.ISBN0723415765.
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Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psilocybe_semilanceata&oldid=665314334"
Categories: Entheogens Fungidescribedin1838 FungiofAsia FungiofAustralia FungiofEurope
FungiofNewZealand FungiofNorthAmerica FungiofSouthAmerica Psilocybe
Psychedelictryptaminecarriers Psychoactivefungi
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