Polymeric Grids RM Presentation

REINFORCED MASONRY
WITH POLYMER GRIDS
Masonry Buildings without RC Members
Prof. Daniel STOICA
Great Natural Catastrophes
Number of Great Natural Catastrophes
Economic losses in billion dollars
Dynamics of the number and economic losses

along five decades of the last century
Number and economic losses in 2000
Long term effects of catastrophes
European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98

Grade 1: Slight damage
Grade 2: Moderate damage
Grade 3: Heavy damage

Grade 4:
Very heavy damage
Grade 5:
Destruction
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
9,000 years ago - PALESTINE: Brick Masonry
MASONRY: Brittle Brick + Ductile Mortar
Question:
How and Why masonry as a

construction material
was lasting so long?
Theory of Dislocation
The two models: one for force as vector (Newton)

and another for stress as tensor (Pascal)
Concentration of stresses around a fault
Variation of stress with area for a constant force:

Bernoullis Hyperbola
EUROCODE 2: Ductility
Typical stress-strain curve for

steel reinforcement
Answer:
Due to its ductility

masonry is endowed
with the capacity of
self-protection by
adaptation in time
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
CEMENT the
first discover of
Industrial
Revolution
against masonry
CORED BRICKS the second

discovery of Industrial
Revolution against masonry
Question:
Shall the factories
producing cement
and cored bricks
be closed?
Eurocode 8 Provisions :
1. Reinforcing with steel
reinforcement embeded
in cement mortars
2.Confining with RC
structural members
MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY
Prandtls Model - 1923
a. Vertical force P
b. Horizontal force Q
Limit state of tangential stresses
Relation between compression
and shear
where k is the maximum value of tangential stress
Shear compression diagram
Final solution of the state of stresses in the mortar layer
Normal stress x in x direction for y = 0
Normal stress x in x direction for y = b
Normal stress y in x direction
Variation of stresses on the thickness of

mortar layer
Force of expulsion and prevention measure
Bed joint reinforced with polymer grid
Reinforcement layout
Answer: No
By reinforcing masonry
with polymer grids its
original capacity of
self-protection is
entirely restored
BASIC CONCEPT OF REINFORCING MASONRY
Isometric view of masonry structural member

reinforced in horizontal layers

TENSAR
Polymer Grids of high

Strength and Density
with
Integrated Joints
Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001
Tensar process

N dA
A
N
f
A
A f= constant
p = bf = constant
Bernoullis equilateral hyperbola
Congruence of Bernoullis hyperbola
Geometry of mono-axial grids
Geometry of biaxial grids
Mechanism of stress transfer around integrated joints
Shear forces developed around integrated joints
Geometric Characteristics of Tensar SS Grids
Stress Strain Diagrams
STATIC TESTS
on 1D models of
Short Columns
and 2D models of
Wall Panels
EC Peco Project 1994/96
EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi
Short columns of plain and reinforced masonry
Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster

submitted to axial compression
Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster

submitted to diagonal tension
Short columns of reinforced and confined masonry

submitted to axial compression
Wall panels of confined masonry submitted to

axial compression and diagonal tension
SEISMIC TESTS
on 3D models of
Masonry Buildings
without RC members
EC Peco Project 1994/96
Shaking Table of ISMES Bergamo, Italy
3D model of a masonry building without RC

members before and after testing
3D model of a masonry building without RC members

confined by two belts of reinforced plaster
Test on the shaking table at 14 dB
Seismic response of the model before and after repair
PSEUDO-DYNAMIC
TESTS on 2D models
of Masonry Infills
without RC members
EUROQUAKE
EC Inco Copernicus Project 1997/99
Reaction Wall of ELSA JRC Ispra (Varese), Italy
Set up infill models of wall panels without openings
Layout of reinforced masonry infill without openings
The wall panel without openings prepared for testing
Damage pattern in the plain masonry infill without

openings after occurring the failure mechanism
Pseudo-dynamic test with a frequency of 5 Hz
Damage pattern in the reinforced masonry infill

without openings after the failure mechanism
Comparative hysteretic diagrams for wall panels

without openings of plain and reinforced masonry
Envelope curves for the wall panels without openings
Set up infill models of wall panels with two openings
Layout of reinforced masonry infill with two openings
Vertically perforated bricks and the polymer grid

used as reinforcement in the testing program
Reinforced masonry wall panel with openings confined

with polymer grids Tensar SS30 before plastering
Pseudo-dynamic test with a frequency of 5 Hz
Damage pattern in the plain masonry infill with

Damage pattern in the reinforced masonry infill with

Comparative hysteretic diagrams for wall panels with

openings of plain and reinforced masonry
Envelope curves for the wall panels with two openings
SEISMIC TESTS on 3D
Models of Buildings
with RC frames and
Masonry infills
EUROQUAKE
EC Inco Copernicus Project 1997/99
Masonry infill reinforced in bed layers with polymer

grids Tensar SS20
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills

reinforced in bed layers before testing
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills

reinforced in bed layers before testing
Ground floor infill without openings
Cracks in the lower

joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the
reinforced masonry
infill
Cracks in the middle

joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the
reinforced masonry
infill
Cracks in the upper

joint of RC frame
No X cracks in the
reinforced masonry
infill
Deepening the bed joints
Plastic tubes for the fixing devices
Masonry wall prepared for installing the grids
Installing the grids over masonry infill and RC frame
Details of installed grids
The wall after installing the grids
Wrapping around the grids
Manual Plastering
3D model of a RC frame with masonry infills after

confining and before the second series of tests
Cracks in the middle joint of RC frame; no X cracks
Cracks in the upper joint of RC frame; no X cracks
NUMERICAL
VALIDATION
of the Tests on
Physical Models
Comparative Analysis SAP 2000
Comparative analysis SAP 2000
Reference model
The three models considered in comparative analysis
Maximum response displacements
Maximum response velocities and accelerations
Corresponding drifts and overturning moments
Time history of displacements at the first level of reference model
Time history of velocities at the first level of reference model
Time history of accelerations at the first level of reference model
Time history of kinetic energy at the first level of reference model
Time history of dissipated energy at the first level of reference model
Time history of potential energy at the first level of reference model
Influence of synthetic reinforcement on lateral deformation (a) and drift (b)
Inelastic response spectra of displacements for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of accelerations for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of velocities for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of input energy for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
Inelastic response spectra of kinetic energy for PGA=0.20 and r = QYB/QEB
SEISMIC TESTS
on 3D models of
Masonry Buildings
without RC members
ECOLEADER - Seriate 2001
The model of cored brick

masonry with a curved
wall without openings and
covered with a RC slab
without belt
Plan of the shaking table and basic steel frame
Plan of the model at levels 0.00 and 2480 mm
Plan of the model at level 510 mm
Plan of the model at the level 1500 mm
Center of Table:
CT (x=-140; y=0.00; z= -300)
Center of Gravity:
CG (x=0.00; y=61.0; z=1665)
Center of Rotation:
CR (x=0.00; y=1305; z=2000)
Coordinates of the three centers of reference
Shaking Table of
ISMES Bergamo,
Italy
Installing the model

of cored brick
masonry reinforced
in bed layers on the
shaking table
The model of cored brick masonry prepared for

testing program
Testing program of the model of cored brick masonry

reinforced only in bed layers
Shaking Table of
ISMES Bergamo,
Italy
The curved wall of the

model after test
The model after the first series of tests
Map of cracks on Western Front: outside-left; inside-right
Map of cracks on Southern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Map of cracks on Northern Front: outside-left; inside-right
Map of cracks on Eastern Front: outside-left; inside-right
The model of cored brick masonry after confining
Testing program of the model of cored brick masonry

after confining
The model of cored brick masonry after confining

prepared for testing program
Cracks on the outer walls of model
Cracks around the inner corner of curved wall
Crush of the cored bricks during tests while the

polymer grids remained integer
The model of solid brick

masonry with vaulted
openings and covered
with a wooden slab
without any RC belt
Plan of the shaking table and basic steel frame
Plan of the model at levels 0.00 and 2480 mm
Center of Table:
CT (x=-160; y= 140; z= -300)
Center of Gravity:
CG (x= 417; y=0.00; z= 1450)
Center of Rotation:
CR (x=1485; y=0.00; z= 870)
Coordinates of the three centers of reference
The model of solid brick masonry prepared for testing program
Testing program of the model of solid brick masonry

reinforced only in bed layers
The model after the first series of tests
Map of the outside cracks on Western Front
Map of the outside cracks on Southern-left and

Northern-right Fronts
Map of the outside cracks on Eastern Front
Shaking Table of ISMES

Bergamo, Italy
Installing the model of

solid brick masonry
after confining
on the shaking table
Testing program of the model of solid brick masonry

after confining
The model of solid brick masonry after confining

prepared for testing program
The model after the second series of tests
Failure pattern in Tensar SS20 after 18 dB = 1.96 g
NUMERICAL
VALIDATION
of the Tests on
Physical Models
Comparative Analysis SAP 2000
Model of cored brick

masonry reinforced
only in bed layers
July 2001
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers:

First mode of vibration
[kPa]
S11 (11) Front wall, Sidewall and Back wall
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers: Second

mode of vibration
[kPa]

Third mode of vibration
[kPa]
Model of cored brick

masonry reinforced in
bed layers and confined
November 2001
Model of cored brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined:

[kPa]

Second mode of vibration
[kPa]

[kPa]
Model of solid brick

masonry reinforced
only in bed layers
July 2001
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced only in bed layers:

[kPa]

S22 (22) Front wall, Sidewall; Back wall
[kPa]

[kPa]
Model of solid brick

masonry reinforced in
bed layers and confined
November 2001
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined:

[kPa]

[kPa]

[kPa]
Dissipated Energy
during
Seismic Excitation

Mass Damping Energy

Mass Damping Energy

Mass Damping Energy
Model of solid brick masonry reinforced in bed layers and confined:

Mass Damping Energy
Model of cored brick masonry:

increase of dissipation capacity after confining
Model of solid brick masonry:

increase of dissipation capacity after confining
Romanian Ministry of Public Works
TECHNICAL AGREEMENT
008 01/017 - 1999
Based on decision
Nr. 908016 / 8.12.1999
Study Cases
First Application:
Nuci, Ilfov County
Retrofitting a two story
building with RC frames
built in 1929
September 1999
First Application
1999
Preparing the
surfaces on
the front side
Preparing the surfaces
Preparing the surfaces on the lateral side
First Application
1999
Installing the
grids on the walls
of ground floor
with special care
for inner corner
First Application
1999
Installing the
grids on the walls
of ground floor
with special care
for inner corner
Reinforcing the wall under the opening for window
Second Application:
Bucharest
Str. Av. Gh. Stalpeanu 21
Retrofitting a two story building
without RC built in 1934
July 2001
Preparing the surfaces for installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Preparing the
surfaces for
installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Preparing the
surfaces for
Preparing the surfaces for installing the grids
Second Application
2001
Preparing the
surfaces for
Installing the grids over the round corner
Second Application
2001
Installing the grids

over the round
corner

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REINFORCED MASONRY

WITH POLYMER GRIDS

Masonry Buildings without RC Members

Prof. Daniel STOICA

Great Natural Catastrophes

Number of Great Natural Catastrophes

Great Natural Catastrophes

Economic losses in billion dollars

Great Natural Catastrophes

Dynamics of the number and economic losses

Great Natural Catastrophes

Number and economic losses in 2000

Great Natural Catastrophes

Long term effects of catastrophes

European Macroseismic Scale EMS-98

Grade 3: Heavy damage

MASONRY: Brittle Brick + Ductile Mortar

How and Why masonry as a

The two models: one for force as vector (Newton)

Concentration of stresses around a fault

Variation of stress with area for a constant force:

Typical stress-strain curve for

Due to its ductility

CORED BRICKS the second

MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY

Prandtls Model - 1923

Limit state of tangential stresses

Relation between compression

where k is the maximum value of tangential stress

Shear compression diagram

Final solution of the state of stresses in the mortar layer

Normal stress x in x direction for y = 0

Normal stress x in x direction for y = b

Normal stress y in x direction

MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY

MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PLASTICITY

Variation of stresses on the thickness of

Force of expulsion and prevention measure

Bed joint reinforced with polymer grid

BASIC CONCEPT OF REINFORCING MASONRY

Isometric view of masonry structural member

Polymer Grids of high

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Congruence of Bernoullis hyperbola

Geometry of mono-axial grids

Geometry of biaxial grids

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Mechanism of stress transfer around integrated joints

Shear forces developed around integrated joints

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Geometric Characteristics of Tensar SS Grids

Performances of TENSAR grids - Bucharest 2001

Stress Strain Diagrams

EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi

Short columns of plain and reinforced masonry

EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi

Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster

EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi

Wall panels of plain and reinforced masonry/plaster

EQ Engineering Laboratory of INCERC Iasi

Short columns of reinforced and confined masonry