English

Rules
1. Must
*Meaning:
-We use "must" to express obligations or orders. It is only used in the
Present tense. It means deber.
-Usamos must para expresar obligaciones u rdenes. Solamente es
usado en Presente. Significa deber
*Formula:
Subject + MUST + verb (base) + Predicate.

*Examples:
I must realize a test Yo debo realizar una prueba
She must train tomorrow Ella debe entrenar maana
Maria must collect a lot of money Maria debe reunir mucho dinero.
2. Must not - Mustnt
*Meaning:
-We use "mustnt" to express prohibitions. It is only used in the Present
tense. It means NO deber.
-Usamos mustnt para expresar prohibiciones. Solamente es usado en
Presente. Significa NO deber
*Formula:
Subject + MUSTNT + verb (base) + Predicate.

*Examples:
You mustnt give up T no debes rendirte
Luis mustnt eat much sugar Luis no debe comer mucha azcar
He mustnt cross the street l no debe cruzar la calle.
3. Have To

*Meaning:
-We use "have to" to express necessity. It shows you a possibility to
"choose". It means tener que...
-Usamos have to para expresar necesidad. Muestra la posibilidad de
elegir. Significa tener que...
*Formula Present Tense:
I/you/we/they + HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate
He/She/It + HAS TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Formula Past Tense

Subject + HAD TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Formula Future Tense

Subject + WILL HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Examples:
Bianca has to vacate the room Bianca tiene que desocupar la
habitacin
I have to be more respectful Tengo que ser ms respetuoso
We had to clean the classroom Nosotros tuvimos que limpiar la sala
4. Have to (Negative)
*Meaning:
-We use "have to (negative)" when we are referring to things that arent
necessary. It means no tener que...
-Usamos have to (negative) cuando nos referimos a cosas que no son
necesarias. Significa no tener que...
*Formula Present Tense:
I/you/we/they + DONT HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate
He/She/It + DOESN'T HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Formula Past Tense

Subject + DIDNT HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Formula Future Tense

Subject + WONT HAVE TO + verb (base) + Predicate

*Examples:

I dont have to help you anymore Yo no tengo que ayudarte ms

They didnt have to talk to me Ellos no tuvieron que hablarme
Gabriel wont have to travel with us Gabriel no tendr que viajar con
nosotros.
5. Can - Cant (Cannot)
*Meaning:
-We use Can - Cant to ask, give, have or deny permission of something.
It means poder - no poder
-Usamos Can - Cant para pedir, dar, tener o negar permiso de algo.
Significa poder - no poder
*Formula:
Subject + CAN + verb (base) + Predicate
Subject + CANT + verb (base) + Predicate

*Examples
I can come back home at twelve oclock Puedo volver a mi casa a las
doce.
My dog cant bark at night Mi perro no puede ladrar por la noche
Can I trust in you? No, you cant Puedo confiar en ti? No, no puedes.
6. Could - Couldnt (Could not)
*Meaning:
-We use Could - Couldnt as a past form of Can - Cant. It means poder
- no poder (en pasado).
-Usamos Could - Couldnt como una forma en pasado de Can - Cant.
Significa poder - no poder (en pasado)
*Formula:
Subject + COULD + verb (base) + Predicate
Subject + COULDNT + verb (base) + Predicate

*Examples
He couldnt travel without his mom l no me pudo viajar sin su mam.
Will could decorate the lounge Will pudo decorar el saln

I could be your friend, but you never considered me Pude ser tu amigo,
pero nunca me tomaste en cuenta.
7. Be allowed to
*Meaning:
-We use Be allowed to when we talk about permission and authorization.
It means tener permiso - tener permitido
-Usamos Be allowed to cuando hablamos de permiso y autorizacin.
Significa tener permiso - tener permitido
*Formula Present Tense:
Subject + TO BE + ALLOWED TO + verb (base) + Complement

*Formula Past Tense:

Subject + TO BE + ALLOWED TO + verb (base) + Complement}
TO BE (PRESENT TENSE)

TO BE (PAST TENSE)

I AM

I WAS

YOU ARE

HE WAS

WE ARE

SHE WAS

THEY ARE

IT WAS

HE IS

YOU WERE

SHE IS

WE WERE

IT IS

THEY WERE

*Examples:
I am allowed to participate in the contest Tengo permitido participar en
el concurso.
He was allowed to have a pet l tena permitido tener una mascota
You are allowed to keep in silence Tiene permitido guardar silencio
8. Be allowed to (negative)
*Meaning:
-We use Be allowed to (negative) when we talk about dont have
permission and authorization. It means tener permiso - tener permitido

-Usamos Be allowed to (negative) cuando hablamos de no tener permiso

y autorizacin. Significa no tener permiso - no tener permitido
*Formula Present Tense:
Subject + TO BE (negative) + ALLOWED TO + verb (base) + Complement

*Formula Past Tense:

Subject + TO BE (negative) + ALLOWED TO + verb (base) + Complement}
TO BE (PRESENT TENSE)

TO BE (PAST TENSE)

I AM NOT IM NOT

I WAS NOT I WASNT

YOU ARE NOT YOU ARENT

HE WAS NOT HE WASNT

WE ARE NOT WE ARENT

SHE WAS NOT SHE WASNT

THEY ARE NOT THEY ARENT

IT WAS NOT IT WASNT

HE IS NOT HE ISNT

YOU WERE NOT YOU WERENT

SHE IS NOT SHE ISNT

WE WERE NOT WE WERENT

IT IS NOT IT ISNT

THEY WERE NOT THEY WERENT

*Examples:
Leo and Ana arent allowed to come together Leo y Ana no tienen
permitido venir juntos.
She wasnt allowed to visit me Ella no tuvo permiso de visitarme
We werent allowed to use the calculator Nosotros no tuvimos
permitido usar la calculadora.

Passive Voice Present Simple

9. Use of Passive Voice (Present and Past)
*We use the passive voice when we are referring to processes, focusing on
the action.
*Usamos la voz pasiva para referirse a procesos, centrndose en la
accin.
10. Active and Passive Sentences

*En una oracin activa, se resalta el sujeto, por sobre la accin que
realiza, por ejemplo:
Mario kicks the ball Mario patea la pelota.
Sujeto

Accin

Objeto

Mario

Kicks

The Ball

*Una oracin pasiva, en cambio, resalta la accin, mencionando al final al

sujeto (por medio de la palabra BY), es decir, se invierte el papel.
The ball is kicked by Mario La pelota es pateada por Mario.
Sujeto

Accin

Objeto

The ball

is kicked

by Mario

11. Verb in Past Participle

*El Verbo en Past Participle puede ser:
a) Irregular: Su forma base cambia, se encuentran en la 3
columna de la agenda. Buy - Bought , Write - Written , Make - Made
b) Regular: Si no est en la agenda, le agregas -ed.
Live - Lived , Love - Loved , Paint - Painted.
12. Formula: Passive Voice in Simple Present
Subject + To Be (am-are-is) + Verb in Past Participle + BY
a) The song is written by Alex La cancin es escrita por Alex
b) Three houses are painted by my neighbor Tres casas son
pintadas por mi vecino
c) Hector is killed by Aquiles Hctor es asesinado por Aquiles
d) Purchases are made by my mother Las compras son hechas
por mi madre.
e) The book is bought by Andrea El libro es comprado por
Andrea.
13. Examples (Active to Passive)
ACTIVE:
1) You dont rule the world No controlas el mundo
2) Vicente awaits the summary Vicente espera el resumen

3) I sing lots of satanic songs Yo canto muchas canciones

religiosas
PASSIVE:
1) The world isnt ruled by you El mundo no es controlado por t
2) The summary is awaited by Vicente El resumen es esperado
por Vicente
3) Lots of satanic songs are sung by me Muchas canciones
religiosas son cantadas por m.

Passive Voice Past Simple

14. Formula: Passive Voice in Simple Past
Positive
Subject + To Be (was - were) + Verb in Past Participle + BY
Negative
Subject + To Be (wasnt - werent) + Verb in P.Participle + BY
Interrogative
To Be (was - were) + Subject + Verb in P.Participle + BY?
a) The debt wasnt paid by me La deuda no fue pagada por m.
b) I was hurt by you Fui herido por t.
c) My dogs were found by my dad Mis perros fueron hallados
por mi pap.
d) The mirrors werent broken by the kids Los espejos no
fueron rotos por los nios.
e) Was music heard by our neighbourhood? La msica fue
oda por nuestro barrio?
15. Active - Passive
*La oracin activa, debe estar en Pasado Simple.
1) I really missed you You were really missed by me
Yo realmente te extra Fuiste realmente extraado por m
2) She forgot her homework Her homework was forgotten by her
Ella olvid su tarea Su tarea fue olvidada por ella
3) I didnt ride a horse A horse wasnt ridden by me

Yo no cabalgu un caballo Un caballo no fue cabalgado por m

4) People tore his heart His heart was torn by people
La gente destroz su corazn Su corazn fue destrozado por la gente
5) Did he buy three cars? Were three cars bought by him?
Compr tres autos? Tres autos fueron comprados por l?
16. Wh Questions
What?

Qu?

Who?

Quin?

When?

Cundo?

Why?

Por qu?

How?

Cmo?

Which?

Cul?

Where?

Dnde?

Wh + To be (was - were) + Subject + Verb in P.Participle + BY?

Where were you born? Dnde naciste?
*PD: Agregar BY luego de cada oracin pasiva no es, necesariamente,
una obligacin.