-A part of speech is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) which

have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of
speech generally display similar behavior in terms of syntaxthey play similar roles
within the grammatical structure of sentencesand sometimes in terms
ofmorphology, in that they undergo inflection for similar properties. Commonly
listed English parts of speech
are noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition,conjunction, interjection,
and sometimes article or determiner.
A part of speech particularly in more modern classifications, which often make
more precise distinctions than the traditional scheme does may also be called
aword class, lexical class, or lexical category, although the term lexical
category refers in some contexts to a particular type of syntactic category, and may
thus exclude parts of speech that are considered to be functional, such as pronouns.
The term form class is also used, although this has various conflicting definitions.
[1]Word classes may be classified as open or closed: open classes (like nouns, verbs
and adjectives) acquire new members constantly, while closed classes (such as
pronouns and conjunctions) acquire new members infrequently, if at all.
Almost all languages have the word classes noun and verb, but beyond these there
are significant variations in different languages.[2] For example, Japanese has as
many as three classes of adjectives where English has one; Chinese, Korean and
Japanese have a class of nominal classifiers; many languages lack a distinction
between adjectives and adverbs, or between adjectives and verbs (see stative
verbs). This variation in the number of categories and their identifying properties
means that analysis needs to be done for each individual language. Nevertheless,
the labels for each category are assigned on the basis of universal criteria.[2]
1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things,
animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of
speech, which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school.
Examples:
Tom Hanks is very versatile.
Dogs can be extremely cute.
It is my birthday.
There are different types of nouns namely:
Proper proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names
of persons, places, or things.
Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakeys Pizza, Game of Thrones
Common common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic
names of persons, things, or places.
Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series

Concrete this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five
senses.
Examples: folder, sand, board
Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you cant perceive
through your five senses.
Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery
Count it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
Examples: kitten, video, ball
Mass this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable
nouns, and they need to have counters to quantify them.
Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter
Collective refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.
Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of
lions)
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some
examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentences:
Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to
stop.
The largest slice is mine.
We are number one.
3. Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can
specify the quality, the size, and the number of nouns or pronouns.
Sample Sentences:
The carvings are intricate.
I have two hamsters.
Wow! That doughnut is huge!
4. Verb

This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would
not exist. Simply put, this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or
state of being of the subject in a sentence.
Examples of State of Being Verbs : am, is, was, are, and were
Sample Sentences:
As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.
They are always prepared in emergencies.
5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is
that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
The different types of adverbs are:
Adverb of Manner this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
Example: Annie danced gracefully.
Adverb of Time- this states when something happens or when it is done.
Example: She came yesterday.
Adverb of Place this tells something about where something happens or where
something is done.
Example: Of course, I looked everywhere!
Adverb of Degree this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing
happens or is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
6. Preposition
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in
time.
Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before,
near, and since
Sample Sentences:
Micah is hiding under the bed.
During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses
together.

Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample Sentences:
This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.
Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didnt follow the professors
instructions.
Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didnt have the guts to audition.
8. Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections
are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an
exclamation point.
Examples of Interjections: gosh!, ouch!, yeah!, oh!, hey!, wow!, opps!
Sample Sentences:
Ouch! That must have hurt.
Hurray, we won!
Hey! I said enough!

Synecdoche is a rhetorical trope and a type of figurative speech similar to metonymya figure of speech
in which a term that denotes one thing is used to refer to a related thing. Indeed, synecdoche is sometimes
considered a subclass of metonymy.

The word bread refers to food or money as in Writing is my bread and butter or sole
breadwinner.
The phrase gray beard refers to an old man.
The word sails refers to a whole ship.
The word suits refers to businessmen.
The word boots usually refers to soldiers.
The term coke is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.
Pentagon is a synecdoche when it refers to a few decision makers.
The word glasses refers to spectacles.
Coppers often refers to coins.

A paradox is a statement that apparently contradicts itself and yet might be true (or wrong at the same
time).

Your enemys friend is your enemy.

I am nobody.

What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. George Bernard Shaw

Wise fool

Truth is honey which is bitter.

I can resist anything but temptation. Oscar Wilde

Oxymoron, plural oxymora, is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an
effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with
contrasting meanings e.g. cruel kindness or living death. However, the contrasting words/phrases are
not always glued together. The contrasting ideas may be spaced out in a sentence e.g. In order to lead,
you must walk behind.

Open secret

Tragic comedy

Seriously funny

Awfully pretty

Foolish wisdom

Original copies

Liquid gas

Assonance takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but
start with different consonant sounds.

We light fire on the mountain.

I feel depressed and restless.

Go and mow the lawn.

Johnny went here and there and everywhere.

The engineer held the steering to steer the vehicle.

Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two
things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between
them. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or
some common characteristics.

My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)

The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)

It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and
life is going to be without hardships)

The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the
coming times are going to be hard for him.)

Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning over-casting is a figure of speech, which involves an
exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech.
For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, Ages have passed since I last saw you.
You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word ages exaggerates
this statement to add emphasis to your wait. Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to
emphasize the real situation. Some other common Hyperbole examples are given below.

My grandmother is as old as the hills.

Your suitcase weighs a ton!

She is as heavy as an elephant!

I am dying of shame.

I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things.
Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words like or as. Therefore, it is a
direct comparison.

Our soldiers are as brave as lions.

Her cheeks are red like a rose.

He is as funny as a monkey.

The water well was as dry as a bone.

He is as cunning as a fox.

Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The
non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings.
For example, when we say, The sky weeps we are giving the sky the ability to cry, which is a human
quality. Thus, we can say that the sky has been personified in the given sentence.

Look at my car. She is a beauty, isnt it so?

The wind whispered through dry grass.

The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.

Time and tide waits for none.

The fire swallowed the entire forest.

Alliteration is derived from Latins Latira. It means letters of alphabet. It is a stylistic device in which
a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.

Dunkin Donuts

PayPal

Best Buy

Coca-Cola

Life Lock

Park Place

American Apparel

American Airlines

Chuckee Cheeses

Bed Bath & Beyond

Krispy Kreme

The Scotch and Sirloin

The DepEd Vision

We dream of Filipinos
who passionately love their country
and whose values and competencies
enable them to realize their full potential
and contribute meaningfully to building the
nation.

As a learner-centered public institution,

the Department of Education
continuously improves itself
to better serve its stakeholders.

The DepEd Mission

To protect and promote the right of every
Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-based,
and complete basic education where:

Students learn in a child-friendly, gender-

supportive environment for effective

sensitive, safe, and motivating environment.

Teachers facilitate learning and constantly

learning to happen.
Family, community, and other

nurture every learner.

Administrators and staf, as stewards of

stakeholders are actively engaged and

share responsibility for developing life-long

the institution, ensure an enabling and

learners.

Lakan Dula was the regnal name of the last Lakan (king or paramount ruler) of the precolonial Kingdom of Tondowhen the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in
what is now the Philippines in the 1570s.[2]
The firsthand account of Spanish Royal Notary Hernando Riquel[1]:13 says that he introduced himself
to the Spanish as "Bunao Lakandula", indicating that his given name was "Bunao".[3] He later
converted to Christianity and was baptisedCarlos Lakandula.[4] Another common variation of the
name is Gat Dula (alternatively spelled as a single word,Gatdula).[5] He is sometimes erroneously
referred to as Rajah Lakandula, but the terms "Rajah" and "Lakan" have the same meaning, and in
this domain the native Lakan title was used, making the use of both "Rajah" and "Lakandula" at the
same time redundant and erroneous.[2]
Along with Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman, he was one of three Rajahs who played significant
roles in the Spanish conquest of the kingdoms of the Pasig River delta during the earliest days of the
Philippines' Spanish Colonial Period.[3]
While it is unclear whether the entire name "Lakandula" represented a single titular name during his
own lifetime, a few of his descendants in the first few generations after his death came to refer to
themselves as the "Lakandula of Tondo", taking that name on as a noble title. [6]

TALAMBUHAY NI RAHA LAKAN DULA

Si Rah Lakn Dul ay is sa mgga lalongg bantg na namun sa Bayan ngg Tund. Siy ay is sa mgga
kasangggun ni Rah Matand, si Lakn Dul ay siyngg Pmumun ngg panahngg sin Legaspi ay
dumangg sa atingg lunsd, niyangg tangg 1571. Nangg sumapit si Legaspi sa atingg Lupan at lumunsd sa
Tund ay ntagpun niyngg dito'y naghahar angg kapayapaan, nammayan angg matatalinongg mgga bats,
at may matitbay na mug na panangggl sa manggagssisalakay.
Kinkilalangg Har rito si Lakn Dul ngg mgga kanugng na lupan, at angg kaniyngg nanggassakupan ay
bumbayad sa kany ngg bus at lagngg tapt sa kany, magngg sa kapayapan at magngg sa digm. Angg
mgga sasakyngg insk at Hapn na dumangg dito ay pawangg nagbbayad ngg buws kay Lakn Dul, bago
lumunsd at manggalakal sa tagarito.
Kinilala rin namn ni Legaspi angg kapanggyarihan ni Lakn Dul at gumaw sil ngg Sanggusapan at
pagkarn ngg ilngg panahn si Lakn Dul ay nagngg kakamp ngg Espaa. Tumulongg si Lakn Dul sa
pagttatag dito ngg mgga thanan ngg mgga kastil at pagkaran ngg ilngg panahn siy at angg kanyngg mgga
ank ay napabinyg na laht. Angg panggalangg iginawad kay Lakn Dul ay Carlos.
Niyangg tangg 1574 na angg lupangg it ay salakayin ni Limangg, isngg insk na tulisngg dagat, angg
Rahngg it at angg kanyangg mgga ank ay nakilabangg kakamp ngg mgga kastil sa mgga insk na
nagsisalakay. Napaurongg sin Limangg ngg mgga kampn ngg Rah Lakn Dul at angg mgga it ay nagtatag
ngg kanilngg kaharian sa Pangggasinn at do'y pingusig sil ngg hukb ni Lakn Dul hangggngg
npatayn sil ngg kay ramingg alagd at nitaboy sil sa labs ngg mgga lupangg sakop ngg Rahngg Tagalog
na it na nagpakita ngg gayn na lamangg tapangg.
Si Lakn Dul ay nagkaron ngg tatlngg ank na lalaki at siy at angg kanyngg mgga ank sa kapanahunan
ni Lavezares niyangg 1572 hangggngg 1575 ay patuloy silngg nagingg katkatulngg sa pagpapalaganap ngg
kakristianuhan sa Kagayn, Kamarines, at Zambales; angg kanyngg apngg si Makapagl ay is sa lumitw
sa tann niyangg mgga kamaganak. Si Makapagl sa kanyngg katpatan sa Espaa ay ginawngg Maestro
de Campo at pagkatapos non ay nagingg Heneral siya sa Apalit, Arayat at mgga kabundukan ngg
Zambales.
Nangg magkalt angg mgga kapampanggan at mgga pangggasinn ay d naapul, samantalangg hind
namagitan si Makapagl; at nangg mulngg sumalakay angg mgga insk sa kapanahunan ni Heneral Figueroa
ay hiningg angg tulongg ni Heneral Makapagl at it angg humaw sa nagsisisalakay.
Sa pagkilala sa dakilangg tulongg ni Heneral Makapagl sa Espaa ay sil'y tinimaw ngg mgga kastil sa an
mangg bayarin sa Pmahalan at angg laht ngg kanyngg kamaganakan ay gayn din. It'y namarati
hangggngg sumapit angg tangg 1883.

Si Rah Lakn Dul ay is sa mgga lalongg kilalangg har sa kapanahunangg yan ngg atingg kasaysayan.
Nagngg kakamp siy ngg mgga kastil sa pagk't naniwal siyngg angg mgga kastil ay magigingg tapat sa
ksunduan at panggak. Tumulongg siy sa pagsalas sa nagsisalakay na mgga nagnnasangg maghar rito
at sakupin angg kanyngg anggkn; at lag siyngg tumulongg sa pagapul ngg mgga himagsikan, sapagk't
inakal niyngg angg gayn ay nagguguh lamngg ngg kapayapan ngg kanyngg mgga sakop.
Kungg angg mgga kastil ay hind tumupd sa panggak at sumir sa sanggusapan, ay hind kasalanan ni
Lakn-Dul; kasalanan ngg kasakiman na naayos sa smulain ni Bismrk na angg malilit ay talagangg
kkanin ngg malalak.
Samantalangg hind naghahar angg pagkakapantypanty ngg mgga tao sa harp ngg katuwiran at angg
kawagasn ay isngg kabaitangg nsusulat lamngg at d gingampann ngg laht at bawa't is, talagngg angg
kapangganiban sa mgga malit na Bans ay lagingg nakabal.
It ang dakilangg gwain ngg mgga tao ngg Daigdigan.
It angg simulaingg nasangg pairalin ngg dakilaingg Wilson nangg siya'y mamagitan sa nagiinapy na digmaan
sa Europa.

PSALMS 23 (NIV)
1 The LORD is my shepherd, I shall not be in want.
2 He makes me lie down in green pastures, he leads me beside quiet waters,
3 he restores my soul. He guides me in paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
4 Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for you
are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me.
5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies. You anoint my head
with oil; my cup overflows.
6 Surely goodness and love will follow me all the days of my life, and I will dwell in the
house of the LORD forever.