toothpaste - pasta de dente

steam - vapor
fog - neblina
wheat - trigo
weather - tempo
VOCABULARY
mood - clima
throad - inflamao
mining engineering - engenharia de minas
oil gas engineering - engenharia de petroleo
rice-arroz
vacancies - vagas
bet - apostar
shallow - engolir
hear - ouvir
listen - escutar
see - ver
laugh - rir
east >
west <
bible
purse - bolsa
pocket - bolso
half a dozen, dozen (dzia)
fix - arrumar
answer/reply - responder
beg - pedir
deny - negar
lately - ultimamente
taste - gosto. esse bolo tem gosto de chocolate
tasting - experimentar
wise - sbio
thin - magro

MUCH/MANY
many - countable nouns
much - uncountable nouns
few/less
few - countable nouns
less - uncountable nouns

a lot of, a lot of the

A/AN
a - proxima palavra comear com consoante
an - proxima palavra comear com vogal a e i o u
an antes de "H" mudo - an hour, an honor
a antes de "U" e "EU"- a european, a university, a unit
want/wanna
i invited a client for lunch
the - o os a as
the more,the merrier

both - ambos
it is the nicest and richest purse that you have
to come from
to go to
i am going to church is diferent than i am going to the churc
FIRST/SECOND/THIRD
TIME
1/5 one fifth
7:00 its seven o'clock
3:15 its three fifteen
5:45 its five forty-five
noon/midday
a.m.(ante meridiem)
p.m.(post meridiem)
days
sunday
monday
tuesday
wednesday
thursday
friday
saturday
EQUATIONS
2+2=4
2 plus 2 equals 4
2 and 2 are 4
9-3=6
9 minus 3 equal 6

9 take away 3 equal 6

3 from 9 equals 6
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
I
you
he she it
we you they
my your his her its our your their

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

OBJECT PRONOUNS
me you him her it us uou them
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
this/these - este/esta,isto
that/those - aquele/aquela/aquilo

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
i dress myself
he dresses himself
they dress themselves

GENDER OF NOUNS
masculino,feminino,neutro
bachelor maid - homem solteiro
spinster maid - mulher solteira
bull - touro
cock/rooster - galo
hen - galinha
nephew - sobrinho
niece - sobrinha
uncle - tio
aunt - tia
god - deus / goddess - deusa
heir - herdeiro / heiress - herdeira
terminao ESS - terminao feminina
my hearths beating fast

ONE/ONES/SOME
I have a dog. Kevin has one, too.
I think his best songs are the lastest ones.
I need some rice and Jane needs some.
which - quais
other - outro/outra(s)
another- adio a um outro j mencionado

VERB TO BE
I am
You are
he/she/it is
we/you/they are
am I?
are we/you/they?
is he/she/it?
{NO USAR CONTRACTED FORMS NAS PERGUNTAS CURTAS AFIRMATIVAS}

SIMPLE PAST
I/he/she/it WAS
You/we/They WERE

VERB TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT (AES HABITUAIS)
do/does - auxiliares
go/goes
buzz/buzzes
fiz/fixes
play/plays
say/says
cry/cries
reply/replies
study/studies
I get up at 7:00a.m.
My mother works in a bank.
I bet you were nervous before your driving test.

SIMPLE PAST
did - auxiliar
beg(begged)
prefferred(preferir)
reffered(referir)
deny(negar)
did the telephone ring?
who opened the door?
IRREGULAR VERBS

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Past Tense
Past Participle
abide (habitar) abode
abiden
arise (levantar-se) arose
arisen
awake (acordar) awoke*
awaked
bear (carregar, suportar) bore
borne
bear (produzir, dar luz) bore
born
beat (bater) beat
beaten
begin (comear, principar) began
begun
bend (dobrar, curvar) bent
bent
bereave (privar) bereft
bereft
beseech (suplicar, rogar) besought besought
bid (ordenar) bide, bade
bidden
bind (ligar, encadernar) bound
bound
bite (morder) bit
bitten
bleed (sangrar) bled
bled
bless (abenoar) blest
blest
blow (esperar) blew
blown
break (quebrar) broke broken
breed (criar) bred bred
bring (trazer) brought brought
build (edificar) built built
burn (queimar) burnt burnt
burst (arrebentar) burst burst
buy (comprar) bought bought
cast (lanar) cast cast
catch (apanhar, caar) caught caught
chose (escolher) chose chosen
cling (apegar-se) cling clung
clothe (vestir) clothed clad
come (vir) came come
cost (custar) cost cost
creep (engatinhar) crept crept
cut (cortar) cut cut
dare (desafiar) durst dared
deal (negociar) dealt dealt
die (morrer) died died
dig (cavar) dug dug
do (fazer) did done
dream (sonhar) dreamt dreamt
draw (desenhar, puxar) drew drawn
drink (beber) drank drunk
drive (levar, conduzir) drove driven
dwell (morar) dwelt* dwelt
eat (comer) ate eaten
fall (cair) fell fallen
feed (alimentar, comer) fed fed
feel (sentir) felt felt
fight (brigar, combater) fought fought
find (achar, encontrar) found found
flee (fugir) fled fled
fling (atirar) flung flung
fly (voar) flew flown
forsake (abandonar) forsook forsaken
freeze (gelar) froze frozen
get (conseguir, obter) got got ou gotten
gild (dourar) gilded gilded ou gilt
give (dar) gave given
go (ir, caminhar) went gone
grow (crescer) grew grown

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have (ter, haver) had had

hang (pendurar, enforcar) hung hung
hear (ouvir) heard heard
heave (levantar, alar) hove hoven
hew (decepar) hewed hewn
hide (esconder, ocultar) hid hidden
hold (segurar, conter) held held
hurt (maltratar, magoar) hurt hurt
kneel (ajoelhar-se) knelt knelt
keep (guardar, conservar) kept kept
know (saber, conhecer) knew known
lay (pr, colocar) laid laid
lead (conduzir, guiar) led led
leap (saltar, pular) leapt leapt
leave (deixar, partir) left left
lend (emprestar) lent lent
let (deixar, alugar) let let
lie (deitar-se) lay lain
load (carregar, navio) loaded loaded
lose (perder) lost lost
make (fazer) made made
meet (encontrar-se) met met
pay (pagar) paid paid
put (pr, colocar) put put
read (ler) read read
rend (rasgar, fender) rent rent
rid (livrar-se) rid rid
ride (andar a cavalo) rode ridden
ring (tocar sino*) rang rung
rise (levantar-se) rose risen
rive (rachar, fender) rived riven
run (correr) ran run
saw (serrar) sawed sawed ou sawn
see (ver, enxergar) saw seen
say (dizer) said said
seethe (ferver) sod sodden
seek (procurar) sought sought
sell (vender) sold sold
send (mandar, enviar) sent sent
set (colocar) set set
sew (coser) sewed sewn
shake (sacudir, abater) shook shaken
shave (fazer a barba) shaved shavenoushaved
shed (derramar) shed shed
shine (brilhar) shone shone
shoe (ferrar animais) shod shod
shoot (atirar, dar tiro) shot shot
show (mostrar) showed shown
shrink (encolher-se) shrank shrunk
shrive (confessar-se) shrove shriven
shut (fechar) shut shut
sing (cantar) sang sung
sink (afundar-se) sank sunk
sit (assentar-se) sat sat
slay (matar) slew slain
sleep (dormir) slept slept
slide (escorregar) slid slidden
slit (rachar, rasgar) slunk slunk
smell (cheirar) smelt smelt
smite (ferir, bater) smote smitten

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sow (semear) sowed sown

speak (falar) spoke spoken
speed (apressar-se) sped sped
spend (gastar) spent spent
spill (derramar) spilt spilt
spit (cuspir) spit spit
split (rachar) split split
spread (espalhar) spread spread
spring (pular, brotar) sprang sprung
stand (estar de p, parar) stood stood
steal (furtar, roubar) stole stolen
stick (pegar, colar) stuck stuck
sting (picar) stung stung
stink (feder) stank stunk
stride (andar a passo largo) strode stridden
strike (bater, ferir) struck struck
string (enfiar) strung strung
strive (esforar-se) strove striven
strew (juncar) strewed strewn
swear (jurar) swore swore
sweat (suar, transpirar) sweat sweat
swell (inchar) swelled swollen
swim (nadar) swam swum
swing (balanar) swung swung
take (tomar, levar) took taken
teach (ensinar) taught taught
tear (rasgar) tore torn
tell (contar, dizer) told told

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think (pensar, julgar) thought thought

thrive (prosperar) throve thriven
throw (lanar, atirar) threw thrown
thrust (empurrar) thrust thrust
tread (pisar) trod trodden

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wear (vestir, usar) wore worn

weave (tecer) wove woven
weep (chorar) wept wept
win (ganhar) won won
wind (serpentear) wound wound
work (trabalhar) worked worked
wring (torcer) wrung wrung
write (escrever) wrote written

REGULAR VERBS
to announce (anunciar)
to annoy (incomodar)
to answer (responder)
to appear (aparecer)
to applaud (aplaudir)
to appoint (nomear)
to approve (aprovar)
to argue (argir, discutir)
to arrange (arranjar, dispor)
to arrive (chegar)
to ask (perguntar)
to assassinate (assassinar)
to assemble (reunir-se)
to assist (assistir, ajudar)
to assure (assegurar)

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astonish (admirar)
attack (atacar)
attempt (tentar)
attract (atrair)
abandon (abandonar)
abstain (abster-se)
accept (aceitar)
accompany (acompanhar)
accuse (acusar)
accustom (acostumar)
acquire (adquirir)
add (acrescentar)
admire (admirar)
admit (admitir)
announce (anunciar)
annoy (incomodar)
answer (responder)
appear (aparecer)
applaud (aplaudir)
appoint (nomear)
approve (aprovar)
argue (argir, discutir)
arrange (arranjar, dispor)
arrive (chegar)
ask (perguntar)
assassinate (assassinar)
assemble (reunir-se)
assist (assistir, ajudar)
assure (assegurar)
astonish (admirar)
attack (atacar)
attempt (tentar)
attract (atrair)
adore (adorar)
advance (avanar)
advise (aconselhar)
affirm (afirmar)
agree (concordar)
allow (permitir)
alter (alterar)
amuse (divertir)
animate (animar)
avenge (vingar-se)
avoid (evitar)
baptise (batizar)
bark (ladrar)
bathe (banhar)
beg (pedir, rogar)
behave (comportar-se)
believe (acreditar)
belong (pertencer)
bet (apostar)
betray (trair)
bow (cumprimentar, curvar-se)
borrow (pedir emprestado)
breath (respirar)
brush (escovar)
bury (enterrar)
call (chamar)
care (importar-se)

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convince (convencer)
cook (cozinhar)
cover (cobrir)
cross (atravessar, cruzar)
cry (chorar)
cultivate (cultivar)
carry (carregar, levar)
celebrate (celebrar)
change (mudar, trocar, transformar)
charm (encantar)
civilize (civilizar)
claim (reclamar)
collect (reunir)
combine (combinar)
command (ordenar)
commence (comear)
communicate (comunicar)
compare (comparar)
compel (compelir, obrigar)
complain (queixar-se)
compliment (cumprimentar)
compose (compor)
comprehend (compreender)
conceal (ocultar)
cultivate (cultivar)
carry (carregar, levar)
celebrate (celebrar)
change (mudar, trocar, transformar)
charm (encantar)
civilize (civilizar)
claim (reclamar)
collect (reunir)
combine (combinar)
command (ordenar)
commence (comear)
communicate (comunicar)
compare (comparar)
compel (compelir, obrigar)
complain (queixar-se)
compliment (cumprimentar)
compose (compor)
comprehend (compreender)
conceal (ocultar)
concede (conceder)
conceive (conceber)
condemn (condenar)
conduct (conduzir)
concede (conceder)
conceive (conceber)
condemn (condenar)
conduct (conduzir)
confess (confessar)
confide (confiar)
confound (confundir)
conquer (conquistar)
consent (consentir)
consider (considerar)
consist (consistir)
console (consolar)
conspire (conspirar)

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construct (construir)
consult (consultar)
contain (conter)
continue (continuar)
dance (danar)
dare (atrever-se)
deceive (enganar)
decide (decidir)
declare (declarar)
defeat (derrotar)
defend (defender)
delay (demorar)
deliver (entregar)
denote (denotar)
deny (negar)
depart (partir, deixar algum)
derive (derivar)
describe (descrever)
deserve (merecer)
desire (desejar)
despise (desprezar)
destroy (destruir)
determine (determinar)
dictate (ditar)
diminish (diminuir)
dine (jantar)
dip (mergulhar)
dirty (sujar)
deny (negar)
depart (partir, deixar algum)
derive (derivar)
describe (descrever)
deserve (merecer)
desire (desejar)
despise (desprezar)
destroy (destruir)
determine (determinar)
dictate (ditar)
diminish (diminuir)
dine (jantar)
dip (mergulhar)
dirty (sujar)
dispose (dispor)
dispute (disputar)
distinguish (distinguir)
disturb (perturbar)
divert (divertir)
divide (dividir)
doubt (duvidar)
drag (arrastar)
dress (vestir)
dispose (dispor)
dispute (disputar)
distinguish (distinguir)
disturb (perturbar)
divert (divertir)
divide (dividir)
doubt (duvidar)
drag (arrastar)
dress (vestir)

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drop (deixar cair, gotejar)

drown (afogar)
effect (efetuar)
elapse (decorrer)
embark (embarcar)
embrace (abraar)
employ (empregar)
encounter (encontrar)
end (acabar, terminar)
endeavour (esforar-se)
enjoy (gozar)
entertain (entreter)
envy (invejar)
equal (igualar)
escape (escapar)
establish (estabelecer)
esteem (estimar)
examine (examinar)
exchange (trocar)
excite (excitar)
exclain (exclamar)
excuse (desculpar)
exist (existir)
favour (favorecer)
fear (temer)
fetch (ir buscar)
fill (encher)
finish (acabar)
fire (demitir, despedir)
fold (dobrar)
follow (seguir)
force (forar)
form (formar)
found (fundar)
free (livrar)
frighten (assustar)
furnish (fornecer)
fulfil (cumprir)
gallop (galopar)
glitter (brilhar)
grant (conceder)
guard (guardar)
guide (guiar)
happen (suceder)
hasten (apressar)
help (ajudar)
favour (favorecer)
fear (temer)
fetch (ir buscar)
fill (encher)
finish (acabar)
fire (demitir, despedir)
fold (dobrar)
follow (seguir)
force (forar)
form (formar)
found (fundar)
free (livrar)
frighten (assustar)
furnish (fornecer)

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fulfil (cumprir)
gallop (galopar)
glitter (brilhar)
grant (conceder)
guard (guardar)
guide (guiar)
happen (suceder)
hasten (apressar)
help (ajudar)
hope (esperar)
honour (honrar)
hurry (apressar)
idle (vadiar)
imagine (imaginar)
imitate (imitar)
implore (implorar)
impose (impor)
improve (melhorar)
impute (imputar)
incline (inclinar)
indicate (indicar)
inhabit (habitar)
injure (maltratar, prejudicar)
insist (insistir)
inspire (inspirar)
instruct (instruir)
insult (insultar)
intend (pretender)
interest (interessar)
interrupt (interromper)
join (juntar, unir)
joke (zombar, caoar)
judge (julgar)
jump (saltar, pular)
justify (justificar)
kick (dar coices ou pontap)
kill (matar)
kiss (beijar)
knock (bater)
labour (trabalhar)
lament (lamentar)
land (desembarcar, aterrissar)
last (durar)
laugh (rir-se)
lean (encostar)
leap (pular)
learn (aprender)
like (gostar)
listen (escutar)
live (morar)
love (amar)
march (marchar)
mark (marcar)
marry (casar-se)
mediate (meditar)
mention (mencionar)
miss (faltar, ter saudades)
mistake (enganar-se)
mount (montar)
move (mover)

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murder (assassinar)
name (nomear)
need (necessitar)
note (notar)
obey (obedecer)
oblige (obrigar)
observe (observar)
obtain (obter)
occupy (ocupar)
offend (ofender)
offer (oferecer)
omit (omitir)
open (abrir)
oppose (opor-se)
oppress (oprimir)
order (ordenar, encomendar)
own (reconhecer, possuir)
pain (doer)
paint (pintar)
pardon (perdoar)
part (apartar-se)
pass (passar)
penetrate (penetrar)
perish (perecer)
permit (permitir)
persecute (perseguir)
persuade (persuadir)
place (colocar)
plant (plantar)
play (brincar, jogar, tocar)
please (agradar)
point (apontar)
possess (possuir)
praise (louvar)
pray (orar)
prepare (preparar)
prevent (evitar)
promise (prometer)
produce (produzir)
prefer (preferir)
pronounce (pronunciar)
propose (propor)
protect (proteger)
prove (provar)
publish (publicar)
pull (puxar)
punish (punir)
purchase (comprar)
push (empurrar)
quarrel (disputar)
question (questionar)
rain (chover)
raise (levantar)
reach (alcanar, chegar)
receive (receber)
recognize (reconhecer)
recollect (recordar-se)
recover (recuperar)
refuse (recusar)
regulate (regular)

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rejoice (regozijar-se)
relate (relatar)
remain (ficar, permanecer)
remember (lembrar-se)
remove (mudar)
repeat (repetir)
reply (responder)
represent (representar)
request (pedir)
require (exigir)
resemble (assemelhar-se)
reside (residir, morar)
resist (resistir)
resolve (resolver)
respect (respeitar)
rest (descansar)
restore (restituir)
retire (retirar)
revenge (vingar)
reward (recompensar)
rub (esfregar)
ruin (arruinar)
satisfy (satisfazer)
save (salvar)
scratch (arranhar)
search (procurar)
seem (parecer)
separate (separar)
serve (servir)
shelter (abrigar)
shout (gritar)
sigh (suspirar)
sin (pecar)
smile (sorrir)
snow (nevar)
stop (parar)
struggle (lutar)
study (estudar)
succeed (suceder, prosperar)
suffer (sofrer)
sup (cear)
supply (fornecer)
support (sustentar)
suppose (supor)
surprise (surpreender)
surrender (entregar-se)
surround (cercar)
suspect (suspeitar)
talk (falar, conversar)
tame (amansar)
taste (provar)
tempt (tentar)
thank (agradecer)
tie (atar)
torment (tormentar)
torture (torturar)
touch (tocar, mexer)
translate (traduzir)
travel (viajar)
treat (tratar)

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trouble (incomodar)
try (experimentar)
turn (viajar)
undress (despir)
unite (unir)
use (usar)
value (avaliar)
vanish (desaparecer)
venture (aventurar)
violate (violar)
visit (visitar)
vow (fazer voto)
wait (esperar)
walk (andar, caminhar)
wander (viajar, vagar)
want (querer, precisar)
warm (aquentar)
warn (admoestar, prevenir)
wash (lavar)
waste (estragar, desperdiar)
watch (vigiar)
water (regar)
wave (flutuar, ondear)
welcome (acolher bem)
weigh (pesar)
wet (molhar)
whistle (assobiar, apitar)
wink (piscar o olho)
wonder (admirar)
worship (adorar)
wound (ferir)
yawn (bocejar)
yell (gritar, berrar)
yield (ceder, entregar)

SIMPLE FUTURE
will - auxiliar
won't - will not
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
am,are,is + verb(ing)
What are you doing?
Kate is arriving tomorrow at midday?
We are spending next summer in Australia
She is always helping people

SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT

have/has + past participle
Este tempo verbal sugere uma relao entre o passado e o futuro.
Relao indefinida
Resultado presente ou algo ocorrido no passado que afeta o presente
Aes no passado sem tempo definido

since, form, up to now, so far, just

Chris has been at home since 6 o'clock.
Mary just bought a new flat
I have lived here for a long time
I have been busy lately
Where have you been?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
have/has + been + ing form
I have been studying in this school for ten years.
Jenny is worried. She has been phoning Jim every thirty minutes.
Your eyes are red. You have been crying.

PAST CONTINUOUS
was/were + ing form.
I was working last night.
It was raining all the afternoon.
Aes que aconteceram enquanto outra acontecia:
While we acrossing the street yesterday, we heard the explosion
Jane met her husband while she was living in Spain.
While I was studying, my mother was cooking.

NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS
So verbos que no so utilizados no gerndio (ing). So verbos que
geralmente expressam estados, mas no aes.
know, believe, realize, fell, imagine, want, need, prefer, remember
forget, think*, suppose, recognize, understand, love, like, appreciate,
hate, dislike, mind, care, have*, OWN, belong, possess, taste*,smell*,
hear, see, seem, cost, owe, be, exist, look, appear, weigh.

THERE TO BE
there is/ there are

AUXILIARY VERBS
be, do, have, will

MODAL VERBS
can, could, may, might, must, ought, should, will, would
expressam necessidade, obrigao ou ainda possibilidade

TIME EXPRESSIONS
MONTHS

January janeiro
February fevereiro
March maro
April abril
May maio
June junho
July julho
August agosto
September setembro
October outubro
November novembro
December dezembro
DAYS
Sunday domingo
Monday segunda-feira
Tuesday tera-feira
Wednesday quarta-feira
Thursday quinta-feira
Friday sexta-feira
Saturday sbado
OTHER EXPRESSIONS
year ano
month ms
week semana
day dia
noon meio-dia
hour hora
minute minuto
second segundo
last ltimo
beginning princpio
middle meio
end fim
next prximo
the day before yesterday anteontem
yesterday morning ontem de manh
yesterday ontem
last evening ontem de tarde
last night ontem de noite
this morning hoje de manh
today hoje
this evening hoje de tarde
tonight hoje de noite
tomorrow morning amanh de manh
tomorrow amanh
tomorrow evening amanh tarde
tomorrow night amanh noite
daytime durante o dia
in the morning de manh
during the day de dia
in the evening de tarde
at night noite
in time pontualmente

ADJECTIVES
new (novo) old (velho)

sharp (afiado) blind (cego)

hard (duro) soft (mole, macio)
pretty (belo) ugly (feio)
young (jovem) old (idoso)
sweet (doce) salt (salgado), sour (amargo)
great (grande) little (pequeno)
large (grande) small (pequeno, mido)
tall (alto, para pessoas) short (baixo)
124 Gramtica da Lngua Inglesa
high (alto, para coisas) low (baixo)
loud (alto, para som) soft (baixo)
quiet (sossegado) noisy (barulhento)
quick (vivo, rpido) slow (vagaroso)
strong (forte) weak (fraco)
far (longe) near (perto)
good (bom) bad (mau)
well (bem de sade) ill (doente)
long (comprido) short (curto)
heavy (pesado) light (leve)
polite (polido) impolite (insolente)
happy (feliz, alegre) unhappy (infeliz), sad (triste)
innocent (inocente) guilty (criminoso)
pleasant (agradvel) unpleasant (desagradvel)
alive (vivo) dead (morto)
white (branco) dark (escuro), black (preto)
hot (quente) cold (frio)
rich (rico) poor (pobre)
early (cedo) late (tarde)
possible (possvel) impossible (impossvel)
useful (til) useless (intil)
dry (seco) wet (molhado)
cheap (barato) expensive (caro)
smart (hbil, inteligente) stupid (estpido)
proud (altivo) humble (humilde)
certain (certo) uncertain (incerto)
true (verdadeiro) false (falso)
present (presente) absent (ausente)
visible (visvel) invisible (invisvel)

COMPARATIVES
adjective + er
tall/taller(mais alto que)
wise/wiser(mais sbio que)
large/larger(maior que)
dry/drier
easy/easier
pretty/prettier
hot/hotter
thin/thinner
big/bigger
polite/ more polite than
intelligent/ more intelligent than

COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY
comparative + and + comparative
colder and colder
more and more colder
the easier the better
the more expensive the more difficult to buy

COMPARATIVE OF IGUALITY
as ... as
affirmative
not so ... as - negative
he is as poor as Job
it is not so far as you think

COMPARATIVE OF INFERIORITY
less(menos)
this book is less interesting than the first

SUPERLATIVES
adjective + est
tall/tallest
rich/richest
small/smallest
wise/wisest
dry/driest
intelligent / most intelligent than

PASSIVE VOICE
Voz passiva, quem ou o qu causa a ao no to importante, sendo s
vezes desconhecido.
a lot of money was stolen from the bank.
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