Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING
This article
presents
the design,
validation, and
control of sterile
manufacturing
facilities;
discusses the
implementation
of risk
management,
and provides
an overview
of existing
regulations.
Introduction
www.ISPE.org/PE
Risk Management
Facilities
Most sterile manufacturing processes are performed in cleanrooms. A cleanroom can be defined as a room in which the
concentration of airborne particles and other environmental
conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and pressure, are
controlled.9
This type of environment is a requirement for the manufacturing of sterile products in order to minimize the risk of
microbiological, particle, and pyrogen contamination.2,3 The
air handling and the type of surface materials are examples
of important issues to be dealt with in the construction of a
cleanroom. The necessary space must be available in cleanrooms so all the operations and procedures can be performed
properly. Equipment and other items introduced in cleanrooms
should be considered since they can influence the cleanrooms
performance.4
The air that enters the cleanroom has to be filtered by
an adequate High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter,
in order to prevent contaminations from the outside. The
number of air changes has to be adequate to dilute contamination generated from the process; equipment and personnel
and airflow patterns inside the clean areas must prevent the
contamination of the critical areas, where sterile products
and other important items are manipulated. The pressure
differentials inside the aseptic facility must prevent airflows
from less clean areas to cleaner areas. When dealing with
potent parenteral products, the pressurization scheme also
must address containment issues.4
Cleanrooms can be divided in four types, according to the
airflow pattern:
Conventional
Unidirectional Flow
Mixed Flow
Isolators, RABS, or Microenvironments11
Cleanroom Classification
Regulatory documents and norms define tests and specifications to demonstrate the compliance of the cleanroom to
certain cleanliness classes. EU and FDA GMPs refer to ISO
Standards in what concerns detailed methods for classification of cleanrooms.2,3,4
Parameters that must be evaluated when testing a cleanroom involve:
0.1 2.08
N
Cn = 10 ______
D
Guideline
Grade
At Rest
In Operation
0.5 m
5.0 m
0.5 m
5.0 m
EU
A / B**
3 520
20 / 29
3 520
20
ISO*
5
3 520
29
3 520
29
FDA
100
---
---
3 520
--EU
---
---
---
---
--ISO*
6
35 200
293
35 200
293
FDA
1000
---
---
35 200
--EU
B***
---
---
352 000
2 900
ISO*
7
352 000
2 930
352 000
2 930
FDA
10 000
---
---
352 000
--EU
C
352 000
2 900
3 520 000
29 000
ISO*
8
3 520 000
29 300
3 520 000
29 300
FDA
100 000
---
---
3 520 000
--EU
D
3 520 000
29 000
Not defined
Not defined
ISO*
9
35 200 000
293 000
35 200 000
293 000
FDA
---
---
---
---
--*ISO designation should include the classification number and the occupancy state to which the classification applies as-built, at rest, and operational, as
there is no other discrimination in the limits.8
**Refers to grade B at rest.
***Refers to grade B in operation.
Table A. EU, ISO, and FDA maximum permitted number of particles per m3 for each grade.2,3,9
www.ISPE.org/PE
www.ISPE.org/PE
ToSettle
achieve
the required
classification
in a cleanroom,
Guideline
Grade**
Air Sample
Plates
Contact
Plates
Glove Point it is
3
(CFU/m )
diameter 90 mm
diameter 55 mm
5 fingers
(CFU/4 hours)
(CFU/plate)
(CFU/glove)
EU
A
<1
<1
<1
<1
FDA
100
1*
1*
---
--EU
---
---
---
---
--FDA
1000
7
3
---
--EU
B**
10
5
5
5
FDA
10 000
10
5
---
--EU
C
100
50
25
--FDA
100 000
100
50
---
--EU
D
200
100
50
--FDA
---
---
---
---
--*No microbial contamination is expected on samples from Class 100.
**The association between EU and FDA grades was performed assuming in operation values (view Table A).
Equipment
Utilities
All utilities supplied to sterile processes, like any other item
entering the processes, must guarantee that the required
conditions for each step of the process are not disturbed.1,2,3
Validation and monitoring of utilities is a critical issue.24
Examples of such utilities, besides the air introduced into the
cleanrooms, are water, steam, and gases (e.g., compressed air
or nitrogen). The quality required is increasingly demanding
when closer to the critical areas.
Water to be used in the critical steps of sterile manufacturing must comply with the requirements of Water for
Injection (WFI). Examples of such use are injectable product
preparations, preparation of injections, final rinse after cleaning equipment and components that come into contact with
injectable products, and final rinse of a washing process in
which no subsequent thermal or chemical depyrogenization
process is applied.26 The European Pharmacopoeia is more
demanding in what concerns production of WFI, as it only
considers acceptable distillation as a production process.27
The USP allows other type of production processes.28 The most
critical issues in the production and distribution of water for
pharmaceutical use, and particularly WFI, are related to microbiological and endotoxin contamination control, involving
March/april 2010 PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING Online Exclusive
Qualification
Minimum
Containers
Tested Per Run
Size of production
batch
5000 10 000
10 000
Maintaining Compliance
Control of the implemented processes is critical to assure the
maintenance of the installed conditions. A Routine Monitoring Program (RMP) of an aseptic process intends to evaluate
the aseptic processes performance; therefore, the parameters
tested and the information acquired in the performance qualification phase should be considered in the risk assessment
when developing this program.24,35
Regarding the referred parameters being monitored, a
RMP should include:
monitoring spots
frequency of monitoring
duration of sampling
when to sample
monitoring methods
alert and action levels
actions to be taken when limits are exceeded3,35
Conclusions
The design, validation, and control of sterile manufacturing facilities were reviewed considering the most relevant
regulatory guidelines, applicable ISO documents, and other
significant references. A reference regarding implementation
of risk management in the context of sterile manufacturing
was presented. The most important issues that must be
considered in this type of facilities were discussed, including
the types of cleanrooms, cleanroom classification, ventilation
and design, equipment, utilities, validation, qualification, and
maintenance. Although it is clear that the trend throughout
the world is to harmonize regulations, the main differences
concerning the EU and the FDA GMPs were highlighted.
References
1. PDA Technical Report No. 44, Quality Risk Management
for Aseptic Processes, PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical
Science and Technology, 62(S-1) Supplement, 2008.
2. EU Guidelines to Good Manufacturing Practice, Medicinal Products for Human and Veterinary Use, Revision
to Annex 1: Manufacture of Sterile Medicinal Products,
www.ISPE.org/PE
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledgment the National Innovation Agency (ADI) in Portugal for financial support (SFRH/
BDE/15520/2004) and Laboratrios Atral, SA for providing
the best possible conditions to carry out this work, including
financing and permission for its publication.
www.ISPE.org/PE
www.ISPE.org/PE