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FagerstromToleranceScale

ReliabilityandValidity
PomerleauCS,CartonSM,LutzkeML,FlesslandKA,PomerleauOF.
ReliabilityoftheFagerstromToleranceQuestionnaireandtheFagerstromTestforNicotine
Dependence.AddictBehav.1994JanFeb;19(1):339.
ThepurposeofthisstudywastoassessthetestreteststabilityoftheFagerstromTolerance
Questionnaire(FTQ)intwosamples:(a)paidsubjectsinanAmericanlaboratory;datawere
collected via telephone screen and subsequently via questions embedded in a written
history; and (b) smokers hospitalized for depression in Paris; data were collected via a
writtenquestionnaireuponadmissionandagainafter3weeksoftreatmentfordepression.
ReliabilitydataarealsopresentedforarecentlyrevisedversionoftheFTQ,theFagerstrom
TestforNicotineDependence(FTND),andcomparedwithFTQdatacollectedinasubsample
ofsubjectsintheAmericandatabasewhoreceivedbothversionsofthequestionnaire.Both
the FTQ (in both samples) and the FTND proved to be highly reliable. The validity of the
scales, using cotinine, number of years smoked, and the "addictive" factor on the
Classification of Smoking by Motives questionnaire as criterion variables, was also
supported.NorelationshipbetweenFTQscoreandseverityofdepressionwasdetectedin
either sample. Internal consistency was somewhat higher for the FTND than for the FTQ,
replicatingpreviousfindingsintheliterature.
PMID:8197891

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SummaryStatistics

Thescaleconsistsofeightitems.Scoringperitemiseitheratwoorthreelevelresponsewith
values0,1,or2.Itemsaresummedandthepossiblescoresshouldrangefrom0to11,where7
suggestsphysicaldependenceonnicotine.

1.Howsoonafteryouawakedoyousmokeyourfirstcigarette?
0.After30minutes
1.Within30minutes
2.Doyoufinditdifficulttorefrainfromsmokinginplaceswhereitisforbidden,suchasthelibrary,
theater,ordoctors'office?
0.No
1.Yes
3.Whichofallthecigarettesyousmokeinadayisthemostsatisfying?
0.Anyotherthanthefirstoneinthemorning
1.Thefirstoneinthemorning
4.Howmanycigarettesadaydoyousmoke?
0.115
1.1625
2.Morethan26
5.Doyousmokemoreduringthemorningthanduringtherestoftheday?
0.No
1.Yes
6.Doyousmokewhenyouaresoillthatyouareinbedmostoftheday?
0.No
1.Yes

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7.Doesthebrandyousmokehavealow,medium,orhighnicotinecontent?
0.Low
1.Medium
2.High
8.Howoftendoyouinhalethesmokefromyourcigarette?
0.Never
1.Sometimes
2.Always

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Backgroundandreferences
References:
(noauthor).AppendixA:Fagerstromtestofnicotinedependence.In:OrleansCT;SladeJ(eds.)
NICOTINEADDICTION:PRINCIPLESANDMANAGEMENT.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1993,
pp.413.
BreslauN;JohnsonEO.Predictingsmokingcessationandmajordepressioninnicotinedependent
smokers.AmJPublicHealth2000;90(7):11221127.
ClarkeJG;SteinMD;McGarryKA;GogineniA.Interestinsmokingcessationamonginjectiondrug
users.AmJAddict2001;10(2):159166.
DijkstraA;TrompD.IstheFTNDameasureofphysicalaswellaspsychologicaltobaccodependence?J
SubstAbuseTreat2002;23(4):367374.
EtterJF;DucTV;PernegerTV.ValidityoftheFagerstromtestfornicotinedependenceandofthe
HeavinessofSmokingIndexamongrelativelylightsmokers.Addiction1999Feb;94(2):26981.
FagerstromKO;SchneiderNG.Measuringnicotinedependence:areviewoftheFagerstromTolerance
Questionnaire.JBehavMed1989;12(2):15982.
HaddockCK;LandoH;KlesgesRC;TalcottGW;RenaudEA.Astudyofthepsychometricandpredictive
propertiesoftheFagerstromTestforNicotineDependenceinapopulationofyoungsmokers.
NicotineTobaccoRes1999;1(1):5966.
HeathertonTF;KozlowskiLT;FreckerRC;FagerstromKO.TheFagerstromTestforNicotine
Dependence:arevisionoftheFagerstromToleranceQuestionnaire.BrJAddict1991
Sep;86(9):111927.
KozlowskiLT;PorterCQ;OrleansCT;PopeMA;HeathertonT.Predictingsmokingcessationwithself
reportedmeasuresofnicotinedependence:FTQ,FTND,andHSI.DrugAlcoholDepend1994
Feb;34(3):2116.
MoolchanET,RadziusA,EpsteinDH,UhlG,GorelickDA,CadetJL,HenningfieldJE.TheFagerstromTest
forNicotineDependenceandtheDiagnosticInterviewSchedule:dotheydiagnosethesame
smokers?AddictBehav2002JanFeb;27(1):10113.
PayneTJ;SmithPO;McCrackenLM;McSherryWC;AntonyMM.Assessingnicotinedependence:a
comparisonoftheFagerstromToleranceQuestionnaire(FTQ)withtheFagerstromTestfor
NicotineDependence(FTND)inaclinicalsample.AddictBehav1994MayJun;19(3):30717.
PerineJL;SchareML.Effectofcounselorandclienteducationinnicotineaddictiononsmokingin
substanceabusers.AddictBehav1999;24(3):443447.
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PomerleauCS;CartonSM;LutzkeML;FlesslandKA;PomerleauOF.ReliabilityoftheFagerstrom
ToleranceQuestionnaireandtheFagerstromTestforNicotineDependence.AddictBehav1994
JanFeb;19(1):339.
RadziusA,MoolchanET,HenningfieldJE,HeishmanSJ,GalloJJ.AfactoranalysisoftheFagerstrom
tolerancequestionnaire.AddictBehav2001MarApr;26(2):30310.
TateJC;SchmitzJM.AproposedrevisionoftheFagerstromToleranceQuestionnaire.AddictBehav
1993MarApr;18(2):13543.

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