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Parameters
Air Temperature
20 C
Ta
Liquid density
1000 kg m-3
4200 J kg K
-1
Liquid flowrate
Inlet liquid temperature
Time step
Space step
1
100
0.01
0.02
kg s
C
s
m
U
D
rho
-1
Cp
F
T0
dt
dx
-1
Distance x
Time t
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
99.70
99.41
99.15
98.90
98.67
98.45
98.25
98.07
97.89
97.73
97.58
97.44
97.30
97.18
97.07
96.96
96.86
96.77
96.68
96.60
96.52
96.45
96.39
96.33
96.27
96.22
96.17
96.12
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.50
98.21
97.93
97.65
97.38
97.12
96.87
96.62
96.38
96.15
95.92
95.71
95.50
95.30
95.10
94.92
94.74
94.57
94.40
94.25
94.10
93.95
93.82
93.68
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.19
97.89
97.60
97.31
97.02
96.73
96.45
96.17
95.89
95.62
95.35
95.08
94.82
94.57
94.32
94.07
93.83
93.60
93.37
93.15
92.93
92.72
92.51
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.19
97.89
97.59
97.30
97.01
96.71
96.42
96.13
95.84
95.56
95.27
94.99
94.71
94.43
94.16
93.89
93.62
93.35
93.09
92.83
92.57
92.32
92.07
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
96.08
96.04
96.00
95.97
95.93
95.90
95.87
95.85
95.82
95.80
95.78
95.76
95.74
95.72
95.71
95.69
95.68
95.66
95.65
95.64
95.63
95.62
95.61
95.60
95.59
95.59
95.58
95.57
95.57
95.56
95.56
95.55
95.55
95.54
95.54
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.53
95.52
95.52
95.52
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
95.51
93.56
93.44
93.32
93.22
93.11
93.01
92.92
92.83
92.74
92.66
92.59
92.51
92.44
92.38
92.31
92.25
92.20
92.14
92.09
92.05
92.00
91.96
91.92
91.88
91.84
91.81
91.77
91.74
91.71
91.69
91.66
91.63
91.61
91.59
91.57
91.55
91.53
91.51
91.49
91.48
91.46
91.45
91.44
91.42
91.41
91.40
91.39
91.38
92.31
92.11
91.92
91.74
91.56
91.38
91.22
91.05
90.90
90.74
90.60
90.45
90.32
90.18
90.06
89.93
89.81
89.70
89.59
89.48
89.38
89.29
89.19
89.10
89.01
88.93
88.85
88.78
88.70
88.63
88.57
88.50
88.44
88.38
88.32
88.27
88.22
88.17
88.12
88.08
88.04
87.99
87.96
87.92
87.88
87.85
87.82
87.79
91.82
91.58
91.34
91.10
90.87
90.65
90.42
90.21
89.99
89.78
89.58
89.38
89.18
88.99
88.80
88.62
88.44
88.27
88.10
87.94
87.78
87.62
87.47
87.32
87.18
87.04
86.90
86.77
86.65
86.52
86.40
86.29
86.18
86.07
85.96
85.86
85.77
85.67
85.58
85.49
85.41
85.33
85.25
85.17
85.10
85.03
84.96
84.89
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.50
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
95.49
91.37
91.36
91.35
91.35
91.34
91.33
91.33
91.32
91.31
91.31
91.30
91.30
91.29
91.29
91.29
91.28
91.28
91.27
91.27
91.27
91.27
91.26
91.26
91.26
87.76
87.73
87.70
87.68
87.65
87.63
87.61
87.59
87.57
87.55
87.53
87.51
87.50
87.48
87.47
87.45
87.44
87.43
87.41
87.40
87.39
87.38
87.37
87.36
84.83
84.77
84.71
84.65
84.60
84.55
84.50
84.45
84.41
84.36
84.32
84.28
84.24
84.20
84.17
84.13
84.10
84.07
84.04
84.01
83.98
83.95
83.93
83.90
Air at 20 oC
Liquid at
100 oC
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.19
97.89
97.59
97.30
97.00
96.71
96.42
96.13
95.84
95.55
95.26
94.98
94.69
94.41
94.13
93.85
93.57
93.29
93.02
92.74
92.47
92.20
91.93
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.19
97.89
97.59
97.30
97.00
96.71
96.42
96.13
95.84
95.55
95.26
94.97
94.69
94.40
94.12
93.84
93.56
93.28
93.00
92.72
92.45
92.17
91.90
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.19
97.89
97.59
97.30
97.00
96.71
96.42
96.13
95.84
95.55
95.26
94.97
94.69
94.40
94.12
93.84
93.56
93.28
93.00
92.72
92.44
92.17
91.89
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.53
99.14
98.76
98.38
98.02
97.66
97.30
96.95
96.60
96.26
95.93
95.60
95.27
94.94
94.62
94.31
93.99
93.68
93.38
93.07
92.77
92.48
92.18
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.31
99.00
98.68
98.36
98.04
97.72
97.40
97.07
96.75
96.43
96.10
95.78
95.46
95.14
94.82
94.50
94.19
93.87
93.56
93.25
92.94
92.63
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.81
97.50
97.20
96.90
96.60
96.29
95.99
95.69
95.39
95.08
94.78
94.48
94.18
93.87
93.57
93.27
92.97
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.63
96.34
96.04
95.75
95.46
95.17
94.88
94.58
94.29
94.00
93.71
93.42
93.13
91.67
91.40
91.14
90.88
90.63
90.37
90.12
89.88
89.63
89.39
89.15
88.91
88.68
88.45
88.22
88.00
87.78
87.57
87.35
87.14
86.94
86.74
86.54
86.35
86.15
85.97
85.78
85.61
85.43
85.26
85.09
84.93
84.77
84.61
84.46
84.31
84.16
84.02
83.88
83.74
83.61
83.48
83.36
83.24
83.12
83.01
82.89
82.79
91.63
91.36
91.09
90.82
90.56
90.29
90.03
89.77
89.51
89.25
89.00
88.74
88.49
88.24
88.00
87.75
87.51
87.27
87.03
86.80
86.57
86.34
86.11
85.88
85.66
85.44
85.23
85.01
84.80
84.60
84.39
84.19
83.99
83.80
83.61
83.42
83.23
83.05
82.87
82.70
82.53
82.36
82.19
82.03
81.87
81.71
81.56
81.41
91.62
91.35
91.08
90.81
90.54
90.27
90.00
89.74
89.47
89.21
88.95
88.69
88.43
88.18
87.92
87.67
87.41
87.16
86.91
86.67
86.42
86.18
85.94
85.70
85.46
85.22
84.99
84.75
84.52
84.30
84.07
83.85
83.63
83.41
83.19
82.98
82.76
82.56
82.35
82.14
81.94
81.74
81.55
81.35
81.16
80.98
80.79
80.61
91.89
91.60
91.31
91.02
90.74
90.45
90.17
89.90
89.62
89.35
89.07
88.80
88.53
88.27
88.00
87.74
87.47
87.21
86.95
86.70
86.44
86.19
85.93
85.68
85.43
85.18
84.94
84.69
84.45
84.21
83.97
83.73
83.50
83.26
83.03
82.80
82.57
82.35
82.12
81.90
81.68
81.46
81.25
81.03
80.82
80.61
80.40
80.20
92.33
92.02
91.72
91.42
91.12
90.83
90.53
90.24
89.95
89.67
89.38
89.10
88.81
88.53
88.26
87.98
87.70
87.43
87.16
86.89
86.62
86.36
86.10
85.83
85.57
85.31
85.06
84.80
84.55
84.30
84.05
83.80
83.55
83.30
83.06
82.82
82.58
82.34
82.10
81.87
81.63
81.40
81.17
80.94
80.72
80.49
80.27
80.05
92.67
92.37
92.07
91.78
91.48
91.19
90.89
90.60
90.31
90.02
89.73
89.44
89.15
88.87
88.59
88.30
88.02
87.74
87.47
87.19
86.91
86.64
86.37
86.10
85.83
85.56
85.30
85.03
84.77
84.51
84.25
83.99
83.74
83.48
83.23
82.98
82.73
82.48
82.23
81.99
81.74
81.50
81.26
81.02
80.78
80.55
80.31
80.08
92.84
92.56
92.27
91.98
91.69
91.41
91.12
90.84
90.55
90.27
89.98
89.70
89.42
89.14
88.86
88.58
88.30
88.02
87.74
87.47
87.19
86.92
86.65
86.37
86.10
85.84
85.57
85.30
85.03
84.77
84.51
84.24
83.98
83.72
83.47
83.21
82.95
82.70
82.45
82.19
81.94
81.70
81.45
81.20
80.96
80.71
80.47
80.23
82.68
82.58
82.48
82.38
82.29
82.20
82.11
82.03
81.95
81.87
81.79
81.72
81.64
81.57
81.51
81.44
81.38
81.32
81.26
81.20
81.15
81.10
81.05
81.00
81.26
81.12
80.98
80.84
80.71
80.58
80.45
80.33
80.21
80.09
79.97
79.86
79.75
79.64
79.54
79.44
79.34
79.24
79.15
79.06
78.97
78.88
78.80
78.72
80.43
80.25
80.08
79.91
79.74
79.57
79.41
79.25
79.09
78.94
78.79
78.64
78.49
78.35
78.21
78.07
77.94
77.81
77.68
77.55
77.43
77.31
77.19
77.07
79.99
79.79
79.59
79.40
79.20
79.01
78.82
78.64
78.45
78.27
78.09
77.91
77.74
77.57
77.40
77.23
77.07
76.90
76.75
76.59
76.43
76.28
76.13
75.99
79.83
79.61
79.40
79.18
78.97
78.76
78.55
78.35
78.14
77.94
77.74
77.54
77.35
77.16
76.96
76.77
76.59
76.40
76.22
76.04
75.86
75.68
75.51
75.34
79.85
79.62
79.39
79.17
78.94
78.72
78.50
78.28
78.06
77.85
77.63
77.42
77.21
77.00
76.79
76.59
76.38
76.18
75.98
75.78
75.59
75.39
75.20
75.01
79.99
79.76
79.52
79.28
79.05
78.82
78.59
78.36
78.13
77.91
77.68
77.46
77.24
77.02
76.80
76.58
76.37
76.15
75.94
75.73
75.52
75.31
75.11
74.90
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.36
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.34
96.05
95.76
95.47
95.19
94.90
94.61
94.33
94.04
93.76
93.47
93.19
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.76
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.48
93.20
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
92.91
92.62
92.34
92.06
91.78
91.50
91.23
90.95
90.67
90.39
90.12
89.84
89.57
89.29
89.02
88.74
88.47
88.20
87.93
87.66
87.39
87.12
86.85
86.58
86.32
86.05
85.78
85.52
85.26
84.99
84.73
84.47
84.21
83.95
83.69
83.44
83.18
82.93
82.67
82.42
82.17
81.92
81.67
81.42
81.17
80.92
80.68
80.43
92.92
92.64
92.37
92.09
91.81
91.54
91.26
90.99
90.72
90.44
90.17
89.90
89.63
89.36
89.09
88.83
88.56
88.29
88.03
87.76
87.50
87.23
86.97
86.71
86.44
86.18
85.92
85.66
85.40
85.14
84.89
84.63
84.37
84.12
83.86
83.61
83.36
83.10
82.85
82.60
82.35
82.10
81.85
81.61
81.36
81.11
80.87
80.62
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.27
91.00
90.73
90.46
90.19
89.92
89.65
89.39
89.12
88.86
88.59
88.33
88.07
87.80
87.54
87.28
87.02
86.76
86.51
86.25
85.99
85.74
85.48
85.23
84.97
84.72
84.47
84.22
83.97
83.72
83.47
83.22
82.97
82.72
82.47
82.23
81.98
81.74
81.50
81.25
81.01
80.77
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.28
91.00
90.73
90.46
90.20
89.93
89.66
89.40
89.13
88.87
88.60
88.34
88.08
87.82
87.56
87.30
87.04
86.79
86.53
86.28
86.02
85.77
85.52
85.26
85.01
84.76
84.51
84.27
84.02
83.77
83.52
83.28
83.03
82.79
82.55
82.30
82.06
81.82
81.58
81.34
81.10
80.86
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.28
91.01
90.73
90.47
90.20
89.93
89.66
89.40
89.13
88.87
88.61
88.34
88.08
87.82
87.57
87.31
87.05
86.80
86.54
86.29
86.03
85.78
85.53
85.28
85.03
84.78
84.53
84.29
84.04
83.79
83.55
83.31
83.06
82.82
82.58
82.34
82.10
81.86
81.62
81.38
81.15
80.91
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.28
91.01
90.73
90.47
90.20
89.93
89.66
89.40
89.13
88.87
88.61
88.35
88.09
87.83
87.57
87.31
87.05
86.80
86.54
86.29
86.04
85.79
85.53
85.28
85.04
84.79
84.54
84.29
84.05
83.80
83.56
83.32
83.08
82.83
82.59
82.35
82.12
81.88
81.64
81.41
81.17
80.94
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.28
91.01
90.73
90.47
90.20
89.93
89.66
89.40
89.13
88.87
88.61
88.35
88.09
87.83
87.57
87.31
87.05
86.80
86.54
86.29
86.04
85.79
85.54
85.29
85.04
84.79
84.54
84.30
84.05
83.81
83.56
83.32
83.08
82.84
82.60
82.36
82.12
81.89
81.65
81.41
81.18
80.95
80.19
79.95
79.71
79.47
79.23
78.99
78.76
78.52
78.29
78.06
77.83
77.60
77.37
77.14
76.92
76.69
76.47
76.25
76.03
75.81
75.59
75.37
75.16
74.95
80.38
80.14
79.90
79.66
79.42
79.18
78.94
78.71
78.47
78.24
78.00
77.77
77.54
77.31
77.08
76.85
76.63
76.40
76.18
75.95
75.73
75.51
75.29
75.07
80.53
80.29
80.05
79.81
79.57
79.34
79.10
78.86
78.63
78.40
78.16
77.93
77.70
77.47
77.24
77.01
76.79
76.56
76.33
76.11
75.89
75.66
75.44
75.22
80.62
80.39
80.15
79.91
79.68
79.45
79.21
78.98
78.75
78.52
78.29
78.06
77.83
77.60
77.37
77.14
76.92
76.69
76.47
76.24
76.02
75.80
75.58
75.36
80.68
80.44
80.21
79.97
79.74
79.51
79.28
79.05
78.82
78.59
78.36
78.14
77.91
77.68
77.46
77.23
77.01
76.79
76.57
76.34
76.12
75.90
75.68
75.46
80.70
80.47
80.24
80.01
79.78
79.55
79.32
79.09
78.86
78.63
78.41
78.18
77.96
77.73
77.51
77.29
77.07
76.85
76.63
76.41
76.19
75.97
75.75
75.53
80.71
80.48
80.25
80.02
79.79
79.56
79.33
79.11
78.88
78.65
78.43
78.21
77.98
77.76
77.54
77.32
77.10
76.88
76.66
76.44
76.22
76.01
75.79
75.58
0.38
0.4
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
99.92
99.62
99.32
99.01
98.71
98.41
98.11
97.82
97.52
97.22
96.93
96.64
96.35
96.05
95.77
95.48
95.19
94.90
94.62
94.33
94.05
93.77
93.49
93.21
100.00
99.70
99.39
99.09
98.79
98.49
98.28
98.07
97.85
97.63
97.40
97.17
96.94
96.70
96.46
96.22
95.97
95.72
95.48
95.23
94.97
94.72
94.46
94.21
93.95
93.69
93.44
93.18
92.92
92.93
92.65
92.37
92.10
91.82
91.55
91.28
91.01
90.73
90.47
90.20
89.93
89.66
89.40
89.13
88.87
88.61
88.35
88.09
87.83
87.57
87.31
87.05
86.80
86.54
86.29
86.04
85.79
85.54
85.29
85.04
84.79
84.54
84.30
84.05
83.81
83.56
83.32
83.08
82.84
82.60
82.36
82.13
81.89
81.65
81.42
81.18
80.95
92.66
92.40
92.14
91.88
91.62
91.36
91.10
90.84
90.58
90.32
90.06
89.80
89.55
89.29
89.03
88.78
88.52
88.26
88.01
87.76
87.50
87.25
87.00
86.74
86.49
86.24
85.99
85.75
85.50
85.25
85.00
84.76
84.51
84.27
84.03
83.78
83.54
83.30
83.06
82.82
82.59
82.35
82.11
81.88
81.64
81.41
81.17
80.94
80.72
80.49
80.26
80.03
79.80
79.57
79.34
79.11
78.89
78.66
78.44
78.22
77.99
77.77
77.55
77.33
77.11
76.89
76.68
76.46
76.24
76.03
75.81
75.60
80.71
80.48
80.25
80.02
79.79
79.56
79.34
79.11
78.89
78.66
78.44
78.22
77.99
77.77
77.55
77.33
77.12
76.90
76.68
76.46
76.25
76.03
75.82
75.61
Introduction
This article will develop a dynamic model of a cross-flow heat exchanger from first principles
If you just want the Excel implementation, then click here, but I enco
Consider liquid flowing (at mass flowrate F) through a length x of pipe (diameter D), subjec
As x and t tend to zero, we get the following parabolic partial differential equation
Equation 1
Equation 2
A backward difference approximation for the first of temperature with respect to space is
Equation 4
Equation 4
We only need to know the temperature of the bar at time t (on the RHS of Equation 4) to cal
Implementating in Excel
This is how Equation 4 will be implemented in Excel
Step 1 - Specify your parameters, including your chosen time and space step. I've named the
Step 2 - Create a column and row containing your space and time steps
Step 3 - Fill in your initial conditions at time t = 0 (this will be the inlet liquid temperature a
Step 4 - Insert your boundary conditions at distance x = 0 (this will be the inlet liquid temper
Step 5 - Implement Equation 4 into the first empty cell (at t = t and x = x)
Step 5 - Copy this formula to all other times and positions. For my implementation, I go up t
The techniques I've demonstrated above can be applied to many other challenges in science,
t Exchanger
w heat exchanger from first principles, and then discretize the governing partial differential equation with finite difference approximations. It will t
n, then click here, but I encourage you to read the rest of the article so you understand how the spreadsheet
ength x of pipe (diameter D), subject to cooling by cross-flow air (at temperature Ta and heat transfer coefficient U)
me t (on the RHS of Equation 4) to calculate the temperature at time t + t (on the LHS of Equation 4).
time and space step. I've named the cells in Column C with the names in Column E. I'll use named values when entering Equation 4.
0 (this will be the inlet liquid temperature - the same as the initial condition).
(at t = t and x = x)
to many other challenges in science, engineering and math. If you have any requests, then let me know.
te difference approximations. It will then demonstrate how this equation can be implemented in Excel (or indeed any other math tool)
n entering Equation 4.