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Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043

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Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Behavior of T-shaped reinforced concrete beams partially conned


by structural steel
Bilal Hamad a,*, Adnan Masri b, Hisham Basha b, Oussama Baalbaki b
a
b

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Civil Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 22 December 2009
Received in revised form 20 April 2010
Accepted 19 June 2010
Available online 24 July 2010
Keywords:
Reinforced concrete
T-beams
Structural steel
Partial composite sections
Partial connement
Strengthening
Flexural behavior

a b s t r a c t
External connement of reinforced concrete (R/C) members with structural steel sections or ber reinforcing wraps is commonly used to improve the exural behavior of structural members. Flexural
strengthening of R/C beams by external steel members is among the most effective and convenient techniques. A study is presented in this paper investigating the exural behavior of R/C beams having T crosssections partially conned (P/C) by a combination of various steel members connected together by intermittent batten plates. Four R/C specimens, representing dropped beams in solid slabs, were tested. One
control beam had no connement whereas the three other beams had four steel angles simply wrapped
and tied around the stem by batten plates, two angles at the bottom corners of the stem and the other
two angles at the stem-ange junctions. Two plates were placed on the top surface of the ange and connected by studs to the two angles at the bottom of the ange. The resulting P/C beams are categorized as
partial composite beams because no shear connectors were used between the R/C beam and the jacketing
bottom-tension steel angles as in the case of conventional composite beams. All specimens were tested in
positive bending under two points loading. Test results revealed an enhancement in the exural behavior,
particularly in the post-yield range of loading, and ductility due to the proposed strengthening and partial
composite effect. The number and spacing of the intermittent battens played a signicant role in the
behavior of the strengthened specimens. Analytical values of loads and deformations at yield and ultimate loading showed good agreement with the measured values.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction and objectives


It has been well established that structural connement of weak
reinforced concrete (R/C) members considerably improves member exural response in terms of strength, stiffness, and ductility.
Several techniques are used for conning structural members in
building frames and bridges. The commonly used techniques are
the structural steel jackets and the ber-reinforced polymer
(FRP) wraps. Conning by structural steel jackets has proved to
be an effective and low-cost worldwide technique in many engineering applications [1,2]. The steel jackets can be attached to
the R/C member in several forms depending on the shape of the
member and the required level of strengthening [3,4]. The structural characteristics of the R/C member: strength, stiffness, and
ductility, are signicantly upgraded by application of steel jackets
[2,5,6].
On the other hand, FRP wraps for strengthening R/C members
has also been used extensively in the last decade in different con* Corresponding author. Tel.: +961 3 333580; fax: +961 1 744462.
E-mail addresses: bhamad@aub.edu.lb, bhamad@code-lb.com (B. Hamad).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.075

gurations to ensure long service life of the structures [7,8].


Although this method is relatively simple in application and does
not require extensive labor effort in comparison to steel jackets,
the aimed structural performance, the anchorage mode of failure
[9], cross-sectional shape and re-resistance level of the strengthened R/C member drive for the use of steel jacketing.
In one popular scheme, longitudinal jacketing steel usually
made of angles and plate sections is simply wrapped around the
R/C member, and tied together by transversal intermittent batten
plates; i.e., strapping of the R/C member. Thus, there is no shear
transfer between the steel members and the R/C member because
no shear connectors or bonding material are used between the two
materials, resulting a partial composite behavior between the bare
R/C member and the steel members [2]. Accordingly, the level of
connement reached is less than being fully conned and thus referred to in this paper as Partial Connement (P/C).
An experimental study is presented in this paper carried on a
set of one-fourth scale reinforced concrete T-shaped beam specimens conned by steel angles and plates. A total of four specimens
were tested. The rst beam was used as a control specimen and
had no external steel jacket for connement. Each of the remaining

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043

1. How does the structural steel improve the moment capacity of


the R/C beam?
2. How does the spacing of the batten plates affect the response of
the P/C beam?
3. How does the proposed strengthening scheme contribute to
ductility characteristics and enhance the failure mode?
4. How does the moment capacity of the P/C beam compare with
the sum of the moment capacities of its two components; i.e.,
the R/C beam and the steel jacket?

three specimens was jacketed by four steel angles and two steel
plates. Intermittent batten plates and shear studs were used to
connect the steel members. All specimens were tested in positive
bending and were subjected to two-point quasi-static loads close
to mid-span in order to examine the enhancement of the exural
strength, stiffness and ductility, and to better understand the failure mode of the strengthened beams.
The primary objective of this study was to examine experimentally the proposed strengthening scheme and the behavior of this
type of members and understand the following inquiries:

The experimental program is discussed in Section 2 of the paper, a design procedure for the steel jacket is presented in Section
3, whereas test results and interpretation of these results are explained in Sections 4 and 5, respectively. Conclusions are made
in Section 6.

Upper Plate

Flange width (B)


Shear Stud

Flange thickness (ts)


Upper Angle
2. Experimental program

Web depth (h)


Intermittent Batten Plates
(equally spaced)
Fillet weld

Four reinforced concrete beams having T-shaped cross-sections were constructed. The length of each beam was 1700 mm. The ange and web dimensions
were 250  50 mm and 200  100 mm, respectively. The average 28-day compressive strength of concrete was 31 MPa. Each beam was longitudinally reinforced by
two 8 mm diameter Grade 40 reinforcing bars on the tension side and two 4 mm
bars on the top compression side. The clear concrete cover was 15 mm. Grade 24
stirrups, 6 mm diameter, were used in all specimens as transverse reinforcement
at 200 mm spacing. Tension tests performed on coupons of the longitudinal bars

Lower Angle
Web width (b)

Fig. 1. Strengthening scheme of the T-beam cross-section.

Studs 8mm @ smm

2PLs 3x60

2Ls 40x20x3

50mm

flange
web

RC
Beam

200mm

PLs 3x50@ smm

2Ls 30x30x3

mm

L = 1500
a. Longitudinal view
PL 3x60

250mm

Stud s 8mm

50mm
L 40x20x3
200mm
PL 3x50
Fillet weld s=3mm

L 30x30x3

100mm
b. Cross-section

Fig. 2. Views of the partially conned specimen.

Table 1
Details of the four specimens.
Specimen

Cross-section
h  bf  tw  tf (mm)

2 Steel plates
t  b  L (mm)

4 Steel angles
a  b  t  L (mm)

Batten plates
t  b-spacing (mm)

Studs U,
spacing (mm)

TS1
TS2

200  250  100  50


200  250  100  50

N/A
3  60  1500

N/A
3  50300

N/A
8300

TS3

200  250  100  50

3  60  1500

3  50250

8250

TS4

200  250  100  50

3  60  1500

N/A
2Ls 40  20  3  1500
2Ls 30  30  3  1500
2Ls 40  20  3  1500
2Ls 30  30  3  1500
2Ls 40  20  3  1500
2Ls 30  30  3  1500

3  50150

8150

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043


indicated average yield and ultimate strength values of 441 MPa and 689 MPa,
respectively. The yield and ultimate strength values for the transverse reinforcement were 251 MPa and 368 MPa, respectively.
Three of the R/C specimens were partially conned with structural steel members. Angles and plates proles were chosen for connement. The proposed
strengthening scheme is shown in Fig. 1. Two angles (30  30  3 mm) were placed
at the bottom corners of the R/C beam, and two angles (40  20  3 mm) were
placed at the bottom face of the ange at the stem-to-ange junction. The four angles were tied together around the stem of the R/C beam by three intermittent
transverse batten plates (3  50 mm) at a variable spacing. Fillet welding was used
to connect the steel angles and the batten plates. Additionally, two plates
(3  60 mm) were placed at the top face of the ange. Threaded studs were used
to connect the plates and the two angles through the ange at the same spacing
as the batten plates. Longitudinal and cross-sectional views of the conned specimen are shown in Fig. 2. The details of the four specimens are identied in Table 1.
Mild structural steel was used for the plates, angles and batten plates. Tension
tests indicated average yield and ultimate strength values of 246 MPa and 357 MPa,
respectively. Shear studs with average yield and ultimate strength values of
251 MPa and 363 MPa, respectively, were used.

3. Design of the structural steel members


The behavior of a P/C beam with external structural steel is assumed to be partially-composite behavior rather than a fully-composite behavior. Although there is a full shear transfer between the
ange of the R/C beam and the steel plates laid at the top face
(compression side, in positive bending) of the beam due to the
use of shear studs, there is no such shear transfer between the steel
angles placed at the bottom face of the web (tension side, in positive bending) and the R/C beam mainly due to the absence of shear
studs.
Neglecting the effect of any binding action between the R/C
beam and the structural steel jacket, it is rational in the design of
this type of beams to consider that the nominal moment capacity
would be equal to the sum of the moment capacities of the R/C
beam and the steel jacket.

Mn P=C M n R=C M n ST

where (Mn)P/C is the moment capacity of the partially conned


beam, (Mn)R/C the moment capacity of the reinforced concrete
beam, and (Mn)ST is the moment capacity of the steel jacket.
The moment capacity of the R/C beam (Mn)R/C is accurately
determined using basic concepts for design of T-sections as stipulated in the ACI Building Code ACI 318-08 [10], (refer to Fig. 3).
The steel sections selected for jacketing of the R/C beam comprises the steel plates and angles at the top and bottom faces of
the beam, respectively, and batten plates with shear studs which
are used to connect between the steel plates and angles. Analysis
of the steel jacket is based on two possible failure mechanisms.
The rst failure mechanism is based on yielding in the bottom steel
angles and top steel plates due to tensile and compressive stresses
caused by exural bending. The second mechanism assumes yielding or fracture in the intermittent batten plates or in the shear
studs due to horizontal shear forces developed between the components of the steel jacket. Accordingly, the moment capacity of
the steel jacket (Mn)ST dened in Eq. (1) is taken as the minimum
of the two values computed from the two failure mechanisms as
illustrated later.
The axial compressive and tensile forces that would develop in
the upper plates and the lower angles greatly depend on the spacing and strength of both the batten plates and the studs. The role of
the battens is considered to be complementary to that of the studs.
The latter allow for shear transfer between the upper steel plates
and the two angles at the bottom face of the ange [11], whereas
the allow for shear transfer between the two angles at the underside of the ange and the other two angles at the bottom of the
web, as shown in Fig. 1. If the battens and studs are spaced closely
with sufcient shear resistance, the plates and angles would be
capable to reach their axial capacity in both tension and compression without buckling in any steel element. In the rst failure
mechanism, the moment capacity of the steel jacket is fully developed (refer to Fig. 4). Selecting approximately equal cross-sectional

B
0.85fc

PNA

C =0.851cBfc

hf
d h

Fy

Ar
b

T=ArFy

forces

stresses
Fig. 3. Determination of (Mn)R/C.

Mid-Span

Support

A1

A1

2 battens 2 studs
C= A 1 Fy

ts

Y1

PNA

PNA

A2 h

Y3

T= A 3 Fy
A3

Fig. 4. Determination of (Mn)ST based on yield mechanism of the steel jacket.

A3

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043

Max. Moment

Support
2 plates

2 battens

2 studs
C1

C2
V1

V1
C2 C1

T2 T1

V1

V1

T1
s

s/2

2 angles

T2

s/2

Fig. 5. Vierendeel structural system of the steel jacket.

Max. Moment

Support
A1

2 battens

2 studs

C= n Hb

ts

Hb
Hb

Hb
Hb

Hb
Hb

Hb
Hb
T= n Hb

s
A3

Fig. 6. Determination of (Mn)ST based on shear mechanism of the batten plates.

areas for the top plates (A1) and the lower angles (A3), and neglecting the effect of the angles at the bottom of the ange (A2) due to
its relatively small contribution in exure being close to the neutral axis position, the rst value of the moment capacity of the steel
jacket (Mn)ST is determined based on the yield resistance of the top
or bottom steel sections, and is calculated using Eq. (2).

the shear capacity of the batten plate determined from Eq. (4),
and Hs is the shear capacity of the stud determined from Eq. (5).

Mn ST RAi Y i  F y  AF y  h t s

where Ab is the cross-sectional area of the batten plate, As the crosssectional area of the stud, Fvy the shear yield stress of the batten
plate, and Fvf is the shear fracture stress of the stud.
It is worth mentioning that the shear resistance of the stud, as
given by Eq. (5), excludes the concrete contribution around the
stud as commonly used in the design of the shear studs in composite design [11]. This assumption is conservative and it accounts for
the method used in putting these studs in the specimen by simply
drilling holes in the ange, then inserting the studs to connect the
steel plates and angles without any epoxy ller material.
The batten plates are sufciently welded at the connections to
the steel angles to prevent any failure due to bending moments.
This weld is designed to resist a shear force Hb given in Eq. (5),
and the in-plane moment Mb given in Eq. (6).

where Ai is the cross-sectional areas of the top plates (A1) or the bottom angles (A3), Yi the distances between the plastic neutral axis
and the centroids of the top plates (A1) or the bottom angles (A3),
Fy the yield strength of the steel sections, A the minimum of (A1)
and (A3), and (h + ts) is the total depth of the beam approximately
considered equal to the moment arm between the top and bottom
steel sections comprising the steel jacket.
In the second failure mechanism, the vierendeel structural system shown in Fig. 5 is used to determine the second value of the
moment capacity of the steel jacket (Mn)ST. Under simple bending,
the battens and studs act as vertical links between the top and bottom horizontal steel plates and angles, respectively. The top and
bottom steel members will be subjected to axial and shear forces
besides bending moments at the connections with the vertical
links. The batten plates will be mainly subjected to shear forces
in addition to bending moments at the connections with the horizontal steel members. If the spacing and strength of the batten
plates and studs are not adequate, the moment capacity of the steel
jacket (Mn)ST would be determined based on the shear strength of
either the batten plates or stud, as shown in Fig. 6.
The value of (Mn)ST is determined using Eq. (3).

Mn ST nH  h t s

where n is the total number of battens/studs between zero and


maximum moment sections, H the minimum of (Hb) and (Hs), Hb

Hb Ab  F vy

Hs As  F vf

Mb Hb  0:50h

4. Test results
All specimens are tested as simple beams under two point loads
250 mm apart, and a clear span of 1500 mm. Experimental results
for all specimens are presented in this section.
4.1. Control R/C specimen
The behavior of the control R/C specimen TS1 remained elastic
up to a load of 26 kN and a deection of 4.3 mm. After that, the

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043

stiffness degradation was very sharp as expected, and the


maximum measured load and the corresponding deection were
31 kN and 48 mm, respectively. The loaddeection relationship
of the specimen is shown in Fig. 7. The failure mode of this beam
is exural as shown in Fig. 8, where a plastic hinge is clearly observed at the mid-span section of the beam. A crack was rst initiated at the bottom surface of the maximum bending moment
section, at mid-span, and then propagated quickly into upper surfaces. Analytically, the yield load and corresponding deection of
the R/C beam were calculated and found to be equal to 27 kN
and 4.5 mm, respectively. The applied loads, required to attain
the section exural capacity and the shear capacity, were calculated and found to be equal to 30 and 71 kN, respectively.

4.2. Partially conned specimens


The elastic behavior of the partially conned specimens TS2,
TS3, and TS4 was almost identical. The yield load ranged between
44.2 and 52.7 kN, and the corresponding deection ranged between 7.2 mm and 8.1 mm. The elastic stiffness of the three specimens was almost equal to that of the control specimen TS1. In the
inelastic phase, the maximum measured loads and the corresponding maximum deections were: 78 kN and 70 mm for specimen
TS2; 81 kN and 80 mm for specimen TS3; and 100 kN and
105 mm for specimen TS4. It has been noticed that the strength
degradation in specimens TS2 and TS3 was faster than that of specimen TS4 due to fracture of several studs, resulting in weaker composite action. The loaddeection curves of the three specimens
are plotted along with that of the control specimen in one graph,
shown in Fig. 7. The failure mode of specimens TS2 and TS3 was
fracture in several studs close to the support, whereas the failure
mode of specimen TS4 was exural as yielding was observed in
the lower steel angles.
Table 2 provides a numerical comparison between the four
specimens regarding the conguration of the intermittent batten
plates, measured yield loads and deections, and maximum attained loads and corresponding deections. The failure modes of
the four specimens are shown in Fig. 8.
5. Interpretation of test results
The test results for all specimens reveal a dramatic enhancement in the exural behavior of the control R/C specimen due to

Fig. 7. Loaddeection curves of all tested specimens.

Specimen (TS1)

Specimen (TS2)

Specimen (TS3)

Specimen (TS4)

Fig. 8. Failure modes of the four specimens.

Table 2
Loads and deformations in the tested specimens.
Specimen

# of Battens
per face

% of Battens PLs
to beam length

Experimental values
Py (kN)

Dy (mm)

Pu (kN)

Du (mm)

Pu Py

Du Dy

% Strength increase

TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4

6
7
11

20
25
40

26.0
44.2
45.0
52.7

4.3
7.2
7.3
8.1

31
78
81
100

48
70
80
105

1.2
1.8
1.8
1.9

11.2
9.7
10.9
13.0

2.5
2.6
3.2

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043

jacketing. The crack patterns of the tested specimens, shown in


Fig. 8, indicate that the mode of failure of this type of semi-composite beams varied between shear-exural failure mode in
specimens TS2 and TS3 and exural failure mode in specimen
TS4. Flexural cracks were initiated at mid-span and propagated
gradually towards the supports. On the other hand, cracking of
the control R/C specimen was unfavorably localized at mid-span
of the beam resulting in premature and localized failure. Consequently, the exural behavior and failure modes of the P/C beams
are much favorable in terms of ductility and failure mode.

c < 0.002

0.4y

kd
(h + ts)

y
strains in RC beam

0.4y
strains in steel jacket

Fig. 9. Strain distribution for computation of (My).

Table 3
Computed versus experimental ultimate loads.
Specimen

TS2
TS3
TS4

Ultimate loads Eqs. (2) and (3)

Analytical

Experimental

Pu (kN) Yield in
angles

Pu (kN) Yield
in battens

Pu (kN)
(governing)

Pu (kN)

94
94
94

75
81
116

75
81
94

78
81
100

In the elastic range of loading, the R/C beam provided the


majority of the overall stiffness with minimal contribution from
the steel angles. Thus, the control as well as the P/C beams showed
almost equal elastic stiffness. The yield load of the strengthened
beams was greater than that of the R/C beam although of equal
stiffness. A logical interpretation for this result is that the curvature
of the R/C beam forced the lower steel angles, which were not directly connected to the concrete, to bend and enhance the strength
of the R/C beam. The steel jacket had in turn postponed cracking of
concrete and yielding of the reinforcing steel in the R/C beam. The
reinforcing steel in the control R/C beam had yielded at a load of
26 kN, while the attained yield load in the P/C specimens was equal
to 52.7 kN.
In the inelastic range, after cracking of concrete and yielding of
the reinforcing steel in the R/C beam, the stiffness of the P/C specimens was better than that of the R/C specimen, where the
strength degradation was slower indicating the onset of composite
action between the R/C beam and the steel jacket. Stiffness reduction gradually occurred in the three jacketed beams. The stiffness
was mainly supplied by the steel jacket which provided partial
connement to the R/C beam. A signicant observation is that
the number and spacing of the batten plates and shear studs
played a major role in attaining the improved behavior. The yield
capacity of the steel angles and plates has not been reached in
specimens TS2 and TS3, mainly due to the relatively large spacing
of the battens and studs causing premature failure in the studs due
to low shear resistance. However, the angles and plates in specimen TS4 had yielded because sufcient battens and studs were
used at closer spacing, thus providing adequate shear resistance.
Comparing the two P/C specimens TS2 and TS4, it is noticed that
increasing the ratio of intermittent batten plates to beam length
from 20% to 40%, lead to a 39% increase in ultimate strength. Also
to be mentioned is that the measured ultimate strength in specimens TS2 and TS3 were almost equal because failure in both specimens was due to fracture of several shear studs. The attained load

Fig. 10. Development of the analytical bi-linear model.

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B. Hamad et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 10371043


Table 4
Comparison between experimental and predicted analytical values.
Specimen

Experimental values

TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4

Analytical values

Py (kN)

Dy (mm)

Pu (kN)

Du (mm)

Py (kN)

Dy (mm)

Pu (kN)

Du (mm)

26.0
44.2
45.0
52.7

4.3
7.2
7.3
8.1

31
78
81
100

48
70
80
105

27
48
48
48

4.5
7.4
7.4
7.4

75
81
94

56
74
114

in the P/C specimens ranged between 2.5 and 3.2 times that of the
control specimen TS1.
5.1. Analytical prediction for estimating loads and deformation
Analytical values of the yielding moment and the corresponding
yield load of the P/C beam were calculated by assuming the strain
distribution shown in Fig. 9. The strain in the lower steel angles
(tension side) was assumed to be 40% of its yield value mainly
due to the lack of any binding effect between the R/C beam and
steel angles. On the other hand, the deection in the jacketed
beams corresponding to the yielding loads is determined from
elastic analysis of the simple beam using the cracked exural stiffness of the R/C beam (EcIcr). The cracked moment of inertia (Icr) was
computed assuming yielding of the reinforcing steel and performing balanced section equilibrium by iteration.
As was mentioned earlier in the paper, the ultimate load value
(Pu) is taken the least of two values which are based on the two
possible failure mechanisms in the steel jacket. Thus, one can predict the ultimate load value (Pu) from Eqs. (2) and (3). The ultimate
values (Pu) of the tested specimens were computed and shown in
Table 3. In order to estimate the deformation corresponding to
the load at ultimate, a bi-linear analytical load-deformation curve
was developed based on results obtained from this study. The proposed bi-linear model captures the elastic as well as the inelastic
points of interest such as values of Py, Dy, as well as Pu and Du.
The model comprises of two segments: the elastic segment, up to
a load of 1.25 Py, and the inelastic segment, up to the ultimate load
Pu. The model adopts a post-yield slope (k2) equal to 15% the elastic
slope (k1), as shown in Fig. 10. Thus, the ultimate deection that
corresponds to the nominal load can be calculated from:

Du Dy

0:25Py Pu  1:25Py

k1
0:15k1

3. The elastic stiffness of the R/C and the P/C beams were almost
equal. The yield load of the P/C beam was almost twice that
of the R/C beam.
4. The inelastic behavior of the P/C beams was better than that of
the R/C beam; characterized by higher strength, better stiffness
and improved ductility.
5. The spacing of the batten plates and studs signicantly affects
the behavior and failure mode of the P/C beam. According to
the results, a partial connement with a 40% ratio is recommended in order to reach full yielding in the steel jacket.
6. Analytical model and a developed relationship proposed in this
study will assist in predicting yield and ultimate values of load
and deection of P/C beams. The proposed design approach and
analytical model are rational for such type of semi-composite
beams. The analytical and experimental results were in good
agreement with an offset of approximately 10%.
The study shows the importance of the proposed strengthening
scheme for strengthening design of R/C beams by practicing engineers seeking out more strength and better ductility. The retrotting scheme can be practically implemented for upgrading of
girders in both buildings and bridge structures.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by a research grant from Conseil
National De La Recherche Scientique CNRS-Liban for two
consecutive years. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the administration staff at CNRS for their assistance and
encouragement.
References

A comparison between the experimental values, of loads and


deection, and the analytical nominal values predicted in the
study, showed a good agreement in the elastic (at yield) as well
as in the inelastic range (post-yield range) with tolerance of less
than 10%, as shown in Table 4.
6. Conclusions
The main conclusions that could be deduced from this experimental study are:
1. The overall behavior of the T-shaped R/C beams was signicantly improved by being partially conned with structural
steel. Connement resulted in better distribution of exural
cracks and higher ductility. The failure mode of the P/C beam
was much favorable to that of the control R/C beam.
2. The jacketing steel increased the load capacity of the three conned specimens between 2.5 and 3.2 times that of the control
R/C specimen, leading to higher moment and shear resistance
in the conned specimens.

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2001;98(3):30113.
[10] ACI Committee 318. Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and
commentary (ACI-318-08/ACI-318R-08), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Michigan; 2008.
[11] American Institute of Steel Construction. Load and resistance factor design
specications for structural steel buildings, AISC, Chicago; 2005.

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