'iJLQ

FIRST LESSONS
IN

URDU
BY
GEORGE

J.

DANN,

Baptist Missionary, Bankipore.

CALCUTTA

PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS,

1911.

PREFACE.
THIS

book, like

little

my

''First Lessons in Hindi/' has

been written to supply a need. It is intended to help

those who have to study Urdu in the Persian character
from the beginning, and, for this reason, in the Exercises,
Vocabularies, and Grammatical Notes, that character has
been used

a transliteration into

Roman

characters being

added, as such a transliteration will be found useful to

beginners. At the same time those who wish, at this
stage, to learn to use only
useful.

Roman-Urdu

will find the

book

The Grammatical Notes are only introductory and

ele-

hoped that the student of this book

will go forward to more extensive and profounder works.
"
They will, it is to be hoped, lead up to Platts's Hindu"
stani Grammar," Kempson's
Syntax and Idioms of
and
a
other
works
of
more advanced characHindustani/'
mentary, as

it is

ter.

The Vocabulary used is that of the simplest kind of

Urdu, such as will be found helpful in acquiring the
language of everyday life.
Having laid a foundation of this kind, the student will
find himself able to begin speaking the language, a most
important factor in acquiring a sound and accurate knowledge of Urdu. Reading, writing and speaking should

be cultivated simultaneously, or the student will perhaps

find himself able to read intelligently, to discuss points of
Grammar, and yet be unable to express his thoughts with

fluency

and accuracy.

A Munshi
with

facility

will be

and

found invaluable for teaching

correctness,

and

to write

for correcting his pupil's

2068080

IV

PREFACE.

pronunciation, and pointing out errors in speaking and

writing, but not for teaching grammar and vocabulary.

The student is, therefore, advised to master this little book

at the outset, using the Munshi for help in writing, and
Ifc has been found
spelling, and correcting pronunciation.
a very useful plan to take a book like one of the Gospels,
of which the general meaning will be familiar to the

student, and, deferring translation

till

the First Lessons

have been mastered, hearing the Munshi read over slowly

and distinctly, verse by verse, or paragraph by paragraph,
then to read it after him, while he corrects errors in
pronunciation.
Then by the time this book has been digested, the
student will have learnt to use his Dictionary and his

Grammar, he will have got over the early difficulties of

reading and pronunciation, and will find translation and
speaking come easily. It is advisable to continue reading
aloud to the Munshi, who should be given plainly to
understand that he is expected to perfect his pupil in
pronunciation and idiom. These are properly his busiIf the student expects more from him, he will be
ness.
disappointed. Faithful work with Dictionary and Gram-

and persistent practice in speaking, are indispensable

one wishes to learn a modern language thoroughly, and

mai'j
if

the best works of this kind are, in the end, the cheapest.
This little book will help the student to make a begin-

he does not find all he wants in it, he may

be
asked to bear in mind that it is a very small
perhaps
and elementary work, and has therefore been made as

ning.

If

simple as possible.
G. J. DANN.

BANKIPDR

August, 1911.

CONTENTS.
LESSON

Page
Reading Exercise

Transliteration Exercise

4
5

IV.
V.

The Nominative Case, Gender and Number

The Verb, Principal parts, The Imperfect Participle
and its Tenses

VI.

Intransitive Verbs, Tenses from the Perfect Participle

Transitive Verbs, Tenses from the Perfect Participle,

12

I.

II.

III.

. .

VII.

. .

Agent and Accusative Cases

..16

The Genitive Case

22
..
..25
IX. The Imperative, The Dative Case
X. The Aorist and Future Tenses
28
31
XI. The Ablative Case
XII. The Locative Case
34
XIII. The Conjunctive Participle
36
XIV. The Aorist Tense
39
XV. The Vocative Case, The Imperative, Relative and
VIII.

. .

Correlative

XVI.
XVII.

The

Infinitive

. .

and

Compound Verbs,
tinuative

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

its

. .

. .

. .

Compounds
Completive,

. .

. .

43
48

. .

Potential,

Compound Verbs, Frequentative and

Compound Verbs, Intensive
Past Conditional Noun of Agency

Con-

51
55

Desiderative

. .

59
63
66

. .

XXI. Nominal Verbs

XXII. Direct Narration, Prepositions or Postpositions
XXIII. The Passive, The Particle of Similitude

. .

XXIV.

..

..77

. .

81

. .

85

. .

Conjunctions

XXV. The
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.

..

. .

..

and Imperfect Participles

Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
.
Numerals
Presumptive and Conditional Forms
Perfect

Table of Declension
Table of Conjugation
Vocabularies
.

. .

..

70
74

91

. .

97

. .

. .

..

..

102
103

104

First Lessons in Urdu.

The Urdu consonants are

Name.

as follows

Name.

Combined with consonants

ba

bu

hi

bd

bu

bl

bai

be

J ai

sa

su

-va

/a

&w

Aa

^*

thi

thu

thd

thl

-sv

tha

The mark
sonant

over

<

bau

lo
,

5*

sa

se

sfi

kai

Are

thu

the

J au

so

kau

ko

thai

sau

tho

than

called jazm or sukun signifies that the con-

which

it

written

is

not vocalized,

is

as

narm, sard,

sust, gir,

pj

^-

the consonant over which

- c:

it

is

>

-jf

Tashdid * doubles

written, as quwwat, tatll,

Oyi

(j&

%vill

be dealt with in notes to the exercises, as the need

Other orthographical signs, occasionally used,

for explanation

may

arise.

LESSON

I.

READING EXERCISE.
Note.

no vowel

Short a
is

t-

written

will not usually be written.

to be understood.

it is

Where

4
y

^^O

c//
f

J
9

^^-^^

^r*i

JLe

^J

J-J

j.j'LJ

LESSON

J*"

J*

Ji

J/

II.

EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION.

The following words are

to be transliterated
into the Persian character
1

Roman
Din,
kar,

ba

from the

rat, j!,

'aql,

git, bat, bat, chiz, roz,

d, bura, bara, ada,

murg, shakk,

fajr,

waqt, bai*as,
zabh, qaul,
'

Iiaqq, sham, bina, marz, aj, zan, sir, hil, mila, all, Khuda,
hai, he, bil, nief, khass, bhun, jhil, fil, him, Vaz, bish, nan.

LESSON
The following words are

Roman
-

ei?.*.ci

character
-

._^ v^^

^,1^.

to

III.

be transliterated into the

^l*.)

fX\

/jtiLe
-

o^Ja*

JXJb

c_>Lsa*u
-

Iksv^)

d^Jj

Transliterate into the Persian character

vayi

^.*j>

Ganga, larka, mez, nanga, sawab, hisab, rikab, talib,

rukj^sat* sa'atf rahmat, nihal;- patthar, gustakh"
liyaqat, ganwar, langur, banawat, andaz, musibat, jama at/
gulab,

<=^j ~l-*-~

haqiqat, galati, jhutha, 'aurat, riwaj.

In the following lessons the vowel-points will not be
written.
In Urdu literature they are very rarely written
and the student will therefore be compelled to learn to
read without them. In this book, in order to help the
student at this early stage, the Urdu, as romanized, is
printed beside the Urdu in the Persian character. The
student is advised to practise reading in the Persian
character, so as to gain facility in it, as romanized books
are comparatively few.

^
ti*t&\

-t

LESSON

IV.

THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

Gender and Number.
In Urdu, nouns signifying males are usually mascuand those which signify females feminine. To this
general rule thei-e are some exceptions, owing to the
gender of certain nouns following their form, rather than
line,

their signification.
(a o)
(a), $
speaking, nouns ending in
'
masculine.
are
Terminations
(a),
usually
'

Generally
)

(u

or

o)

^~

denoting the feminine are

(/),

&

(t),

and (J

(ish).

To these rules the exceptions are very numerous. For

the beginner the safest rule is to learn the gender of
each word when the word itself is learnt. For elaborate
lists of rules and exceptions, the student is referred to the
Standard Grammars of Urdu, especially that of Platts.
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant are
the same in the nominative singular and plural, as _^_
Plural.

1.

yhar, house or houses.

Masculines in

2.

a,

Feminine nouns

3.

or

the nominative plural, as

in

a,
,

larkd, boy,
~7~

<.$

/,

to *

change
-j^

larke, boys.

take the form

iydn in the plural nominative, as (^j) larkS,

in

e,

^J->

^ i>">'
!

girl,

larkiydn, girls.

Other feminine nouns terminate

4.

nominative

C5>

plui'al, as

o;
1

rat, night,

in

^^^

^ji

en, in

the

rdten, nights.

form their feminine

Adjectives

ending

in

as

Ij^M,

Kdld ghord, black horse, ^)j^(J^,

Singular and plural are the same

/;

kali ghort, black mare.

in form.

d,

All other adjectives are indeclinable.

in

Verbs agree with their nominatives

number and

in

person, excepting in the forms noted in Lesson VII, below.

EXERCISE.

&

1.

2.

JL-

3.

,jJt

4.

^yoT

y-^-

4r*?"

^y

*J

wu ^

^jW

9.

.jJfc

10.

,J^3

o.jjA-

v^5'^

^.jj

11.

<:

y*j>

U^y
^J^

*J

Translate into

Urdu

a man.

This

is

is

big.

4.

&tf mezeii hain.

l

kapre sufed

wuh

the.

i/t'/i

the.

larkiydn kail hain.

2/*^

a Tke chhote

ghoriydn kdU thin.

*i

\~)y& \y> <4

horse

ghoi'e hain.

*J

1.

wuh

^v?

8.

hai.

ih aura ten hain.

JVJy*

U^'ftlf

ddml

with

*j

6.

12.

yih mez hai.

^-)+4$

jjt,

7.

*)

z *J

.jJt

5.

Jj

j$*

chizen bari thin.

bard ghora hai.

u<w ^ 'aurat chhotl

th-i.

2.

Those

That thing
girls were

is

a table.

fair.

5.

3. This
These boys

This thing is small. 7. That is (a) white

(The) black cloths. 9. Large tables. 10. (The)
11.
This woman is small. 12, Those
cloths are white.
are black mares.
\vere dark.

table.

6.

8.

VOCABULARY.
*j, yih, pron.

she,
j

it,

and

adj. pron. com. gen. sing,

and

wuh, pron. and adj. pron. com. gen. sing, and

she,

it,

pi.

he,

this, these.

that, those.

pi.

he

hai,
A
,

v. sing.

com. gen.,

hain, v. plur.

are.

thd,

v. sing.

m.

the,

v. pi.

m.

7w,

?ziez,

gen.,

v. sing. fern,

hm,v.

is.

was.

were.
gen., was.

were.

pi.

n. fern, table.

admi,

n.

masc. man.

aurat, n. fern,

woman.

'

ghord, n.

masc. horse.

ghori, n. fern. mare.

larkd, n. masc. boy.

10-'

L/^

larki, n. fern. girl.

otj mi, n. fern, night.

1>^ kaprd, n. masc. cloth.

J*\y.

c/ifz,

n. fern, thing.

bard, adj., large, big,

^^-

chhotd, adj.,

little,

tall.

small, short.

& kdla, adj., black, dark.

&**

In

sufed, adj., white.

Urdu

the verb

In
usually ends the sentence.
third personal pronouns and pronominal
adjectives have the same forms in the singular and plural.
In the older Urdu literature, as in Hindi, the plurals are
The student is advised not to
ye and we, respectively.
use these obsolete forms.

modern Urdu the

LESSON
THE VERB.

V.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

The Imperfect Participle and

1.

The
(1)

Urdu verb

principal parts of the

The Root, as^,

its Tenses.

are

come.

gir,

fall.

>j$

girna, to fall.

T,

a,

&\$

kah, say.
(2)

The

Infinitive, as

to come.
(3)

The Imperfect

-t

girtd, falling.

11

From

',

dtd,

^,

coming.

came.

dyd,

it

kahtd,

gird,

will

be seen

formed by adding

is

kdhd, said.

'^,

the above examples

that the Infinitive

the root

and,

(or Present) Participle, as

saying.
(4) The Perfect or Passive Participle, as !/
fallen.

kahnd, to say.

to

the Imperfect Participle by

and
the Perfect or Passive
adding\^,*jfi5>)
T
a, when the root
Participle by adding
lj

td

ends in a consonant, or ^

yd,

if it

ends in a

The final , d, is inflected to <^ i,

when the Infinitive, which is really a verbal

vowel.

noun, or the Participle,

2.

The Present Imperfect tense

in the feminine.

is

formed by adding

is

the Imperfect Participle the auxiliary verb

hai,

Singular.
1

^jj^y*

2.

3.

__

^j*:*

^
bjt *j

main

girtd hun.

tu girtd hai.

wuh

girtd hai.

Thou

He

am

falling.

art falling.
is

falling.

is,

to

10
Plural.

^A

f*

y* <L/

,.3

I_y

,_,**

u*

<_$

crjr (**

>

3.

the

is

ham

are falling.

You

are falling.
They are falling.

with girte hain.

as

l}

We

girte hain.

turn girte ho.

iJj

The feminine
ends in

ham

same except that the

^j>

*j

u-uh girti hai, she

we

girti hain,

The Past Imperfect

is

participle
is falling.

are falling.

formed by adding

to

the

Imperfect Participle the auxiliary U^, tha, was.

Singular.

4/ ^.< ma in,

1.

l*>

2.

^ ^/y

3.

UJ

>^, ?^M/I gfirfcZ

'*j*

was

falling.

Thou wast

falling.

girt a tha.

tu girtd tha.

He was

^a.

falling.

Plural.
1.

&i I_y*

(*A

2.

^L <L/

o.

^ L/

Feminine
*

*)

<^

>

were

falling.

You were

falling.

n-uh girte the.

They were

/t,vn girte the.

\J>

wnh

We

turn girte the.

<_;**

girti thin.

main

girt/' thi.

They were

falling.

was

falling.

EXERCISE.
1

<_ U

>&

2.

3.

(jL^

I^J

4.
5.

tfi_^

^.a>

,^3

^^

ghar girtd hai.

<Ly

/arA-e d^e fcaiw.

,v

-P'-*- (^
-

.&)}*

main jdtd

^ tw

thd.

idtl ho.

'auratenjdgti thin.

falling.

11

A&

6.

e)

bachche rote hain.

ghord chaltd hai.

7.

8.

soil hain.

,$&

9.

10.

t7

chalte the.

11.

ek 'aurat hansti hai.

12.

rfo

Translate into

A man

Urdu

ddmi

bolte the.

Two oxen

are going (movThose men were going

5. I am coming.
6. Two houses were falling.
(away).
9. Those
7. A horse is falling.
8. This girl is crying.
two men are waking (awake). 10. That horse is getting
11. Two black oxen were coming. 12. You (m.) were
up.
1.

3.

ing).

sleeping.
Note.
Note.

is

laughing.

That child

1.

Words

2.

There

is

2.

4.

sleeping.

in brackets are not to be translated.

no definite article in Urdu. Vari-

is

ous ways of expressing its meaning may be learned by

careful observation of the forms of the sentences given

and subsequent

in this

exercises.

VOCABULARY.

*T,

bolnd,

v.

girnd,

,,

and,

intransitive, to speak.
to fall.
,,

to come.
to

chalnd,

jdgnd,
rond,
sond,

,,

,,

,,

to

go away, depart.
go along, move.

to

awake, be awake.

to cry,

weep.

to sleep.

12

frjl

v. intransitive, to

uthnd,

\AJ hansnd,
n.

ghar,

u,

bachchd,

i:>,

bail,

rise.

house,

masc.

child, infant.

,,

ox.

ek,

',

one.

adj.

two.

do,

get up,

to laugh.

,,

LESSON

VI.

TENSES PROM THE PERFECT OR PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.

Intransitive

Verbs-.

1. The Past Indefinite is identical in form with the

Perfect Participle, which, in the case of intransitive verbs,
is inflected to agree in gender and number with its nomina-

tive, as:

Singular.
i

U* oi"

2.

I/

3.

ij* *j

main

-^

11

Thou

tu gird,

ivuh gird,

He

didst fall.
fell.

^.

Plural.
1.

__/ ^A

2.

<~&

p*

3.

<_/

Feminine

^^

ham

gire.

turn gire.

wuk

^i*

girm we fell, etc.

2, The
Present

gire.

maiw

We

fell.

You
They
girt,

fell.

fell.

fell.

^.^

ham

or

"

gvra, 1 tell.

Proximate Perfect

is

formed by

13

adding the auxiliary

and,
3.

hai, to the Perfect Participle,

The Past or Remote Perfect by adding

to

thd,

These constructions also are used

the Perfect Participle.

with intransitive verbs only.

PRESENT PERFECT.
Singular.
1.

uj^ !/ L^*

2.

<>

3.

A ]^ h

main gird

wuh

hiln.

gird hai.

tit

Thou

He

gird hai.

have

fallen.

hast fallen.

has fallen.

Plural.
1.

2.

3.

^A

<_y? p&

tJ f*

)&

^A

__/

ham

gire hain.

*j

wuh

Feminine 3 singular

^^

fallen.

fallen.

They have

gire hain.
__

have

You have

turn gire ho.

We

wuh

fallen.

giri hai, she

has

fallen, etc.

PAST PERFECT.
Singular.
1

2.

3.

^ ^j^ main gird thd. I had fallen.

^ |y>*j ^' r ^ ^^- Thou hadst fallen.
,

[yf

S*
r

k'i

u-wA

im

He had

^/ia.

fallen.

Plural.
1.

l ^-;^

2.

3.

^_^

&- <-.j

A
,

f*

pi
t>)

/iam

wuh

Feminine singular 3
fallen, etc.

We

gfire ^/ie.

gire the.

^^

had

You had

turn gire the.

fallen.

fallen.

They had fallen.

wuh giri thi, she had

14

The Indefinite Perfect is comparatively little used.

The Present and Past Perfect, or as they are called by
Indian grammarians, the Past Proximate and Past Remote,
divide most of the work between them, according as the
action, etc., of the verb is

regarded as having taken place

a shorter or longer time ago.

After a vowel, the terminations
Note.

i-

and

(ye

yi) are not fully written and pronounced, but the

and

hamza

_*L

orthographical sign
instead of <&} , liye.

used instead, as ^V

is

lie,

EXERCISE.
1.

'aurat boll.

,sV? ^)y*

2.
3.

,)Jt

4.

^3

<i

c.

,&

5.

6.

(+>

J-^j

^J^'

(j'vi

o^

-J/

vj'^

\*tf

(j^--:

8.

fi-:

i&&

9.

'-^

yih phal gire hain.

*J

wuh

,r-^

,,1^

do

J^

^4>

gay

the.

hain,

mdlik wahdn soya thd.

<^_$ll^

kapre yahan pare

naukar kahdn

r^y

J^

thd.

<U

.i3

7.

mard uthd

O-/

l$3 t^jf

Idl kitdben

yahdn

girni.

p/iwZ khile hain.

*a ^

bans phate

thr.

jj

10

^_^; ^.;
V

^>^

11.

^_ ^_/y /^

12.

<*

Translate into
1.

3.

(The)

Many

7.

Urdu
had

got

up.

bachche

<M^

jdmudr

royt- (roe}.

/iai.

bole the.

2. All (the) women wept.

5. (The)
(The) master fell.
(the) children have slept.

spoken.

split.

6. All
(The) oxen had fallen.

servants

w-ez

^- ^^

men had

clothes

fea/iwf.

4.

8.

book

is

lying (translate

15
9. Two red fruits
^Jj par no] here.
All (the) yellow flowers have bloomed.
12. (The) bamboo
11. All (the) servants have awaked.

with present perfect of

have

10.

fallen.

has been broken.

VOCABULARY.
,

khilnd, v. int.

to

bolnd,

to

.,

open

(flowers),

bloom.

utter a sound).
This
speak
word applies to animals and inanimate things as well as to
(to

human

beings, as, the cock crows,

the chair creaks, the man speaks ;
all are expressed by bolnd.

parna,

v. int.

to break,

pJiatnd,

,,

to split, to

mard,

n.

phal,

,,

>,
J

,,

servant.
,,

master.

fern.

book.

phul,

m.

flower.

bans,

,,

bamboo.

,,

animal.

adv.

here.

yahdn,

wahdn,

there.

kahdn,

where

sab,

all.

bahut,

pild,

zard,

fruit.

kitdb,

jdnwar,

Idl,

be torn.

mas. man, as distinguished from

>,mdlik,
,

be broken.

,,

naukar,

be lying.

to

lie,

(perfect participle of /ana) gone.

guy a,
tutnd,

to

adj.
,,

many.
yellow (Hindi).
,,

(Persian).

red (H.).
,

(P.).

woman.

16

marked " Hindi " or

"h"are usually those understood by all classes. The
Persian alternatives are usually employed in Urdu literature and are preferred by educated Mohammadans.
The words

in these vocabularies

LESSON
TRANSITIVE VERBS.

VII.

TENSES FORMED WITH THE

PARTICIPLE.

Agent and Accusative C<i>

There

1.

is

no Active Perfect Participle

The Perfect
really

*.

Participle, like
Passive Participle,

its

original in

and has that

Urdu.

in

Sanskrit,
title in

is

Urdu

f
In order to form the
(ism maf ul, Jj*** p~^ ).
Perfect tenses of the Transitive Verb a construction like
that of the English Passive is used. The Participle is
made to agree in gender and number with the object or
patient and not with the subject or agent of the verb, and
the doer of the action is signified by affixing the particle
L. , ne, the sign of the agent case, as it is called by

Grammar

European Grammarians.

The Perfect

auxiliaries agree with the object in

Participle

and

its

gender and number, ^

unless the object is constructed with the particle /> , ko,

which case the verbal forms are in the masculine singu

in

lar.

The following sentences

tion

will illustrate

this

construc-

17

bo

o
3
^

o
2
t*

c3

,-C

fl

pj
c3

05

S
o

^
S

&:

-Q
CD

EH

EH

EH

&C
CD

EH
'

EH

EH

"J

Si

"5i

*a-

a.

53

--J

.g

-v

^^
O

^
Xl

x
'

2. The
object of the verb or accusative is either
identical in form with the nominative, or the particle
,
The use, or otherwise, of this particle is
ko, is affixed.
one of the most delicate points of Urdu idiom. For the
ko,
present the learner is advised to confine the use of
In
to persons, as in the specimen sentences above given,
subsequent lessons further hints will be given.

3.

and

Before affixing any

inflected,
is

the particles (like L , ne,

relations, the noun is

of

which signify case

ko),

when capable

The

of inflection.

form

inflected

called the oblique or formative.

Norn. Sing.

Masc. inflected.

fc^

Fern, inflected.

ol?

Masc. uninflected.

elt?

Formative, Sing,
larke (k

larkd.
bat.

bat (ko).

bail.

bail (ko).

Nom. Plural.

Formative Plural.

Masc. inflected.

larke.

^O<j larkon

Fern, inflected.

bdteu.

y^,

Masc. uninflected.

bail.

4.

The pronouns are

inflected as follows

C
1st pers. Ji
-J
2nd
j.

'

Agent

/ 1 st

plural

<!,

,,

we,

ham

ne.

'i

us ne.

ne.

inhon ne, L.

3rd

hon ne.
(

1st

j
1

(2nd

pers.

turn ne.

v-

Ace. sing.

i<?

pers

2nd

(ko).

bailon (ko)

<
/

main

(ko).

tune.

.,

(.3rd

Agent

^rff

<

sing.

baton

y^*

{
(

<ft?

>

tx'

^
,

&-

ko.

mujhe.

ysJ

< <

mujh
U;'/i
.,

^w^ne.

fro.

un

19
c

Acc.

S ,ng.

~sl

gapers.

1st

iff

ham

r
^I

3rd

When

5.

ko.

hamen.

f
,,

<

^l

_yW

inhen.

j.

..

.,
I.

is

us ko.

Ace. plural J 2nd

ko,

f
,

un

KO,

unhen.

the pronouns are used adjectively the order

(1)

(2) The Noun qualified.

The
affixed
(3)
particle, as __ \^ L ^^T
is ddmt ne mdrd hai.
This man has struck.

Adjective pronoun.

>c

The student will be relieved to know that there are

the
six following verbs in Urdu which are irregular.
only
The irregularity is in the Perfect Participle and the tenses
6.

formed from
-y*>

hond,

it.

20
ilon ne

<-

5.

6.

l$3

7.

8.

blC> Ul$S <i_

tf

,0

ft".,

J
^.

Ithai hat.

^_^y larkinekhdndpakdydhai.

_^^"

^--

i/r'

ghds

if

"

"^ w

unhon

ar

^ ko kdtd thd.

ne

do bare qhar

U^J

..$

biddyd hai.

10.

t*

U"

'

<

tfc$ '*

yi/i

bdten

unJion ne kyd Idyd thd.

A-

11.
12.

1^3

UXj^

U^^^'

.c^*" ,riv* cy

13.

14.

,J^J

,<^L;
'

''-

rt-?^

^'

^
1

^ fk
3 ^"'

-^-"' <i-

i>

^ ftm we M?l
dekhd thd.
*'*

lo>!'ke

/'law

admion

ko

ne bat nahln NUIU.

we #a& kitdben pd,i

tin/in.

Translate into

Urdu

We

1. (The)
2.
have
boys have seen (the) house.
eaten (the) food. 3. (The) girls have cooked (the) bread
4. What had (the) man done?
5. (The) boy
(plur.).
snake. 6. You have bitten (the) bread.
killed (the)
7. (The) man said this word.
8. (The) men had read one
9. These women have called
book.
10. (The)
(the) girls.
boy gave (the) bread. 11. (The) man heard this word.
12. You had not received two bamboos.

VOCABULARY.
tiUj
,

banana,

v. trans, to

make, prepare, build.

IJ;!.*,

mdrnd,

to strike, kill.

UAJJJ

parhnd,

to read.

21

khdnd,

to eat.

v. trans,

to cook.

pakdnd,
kdtnd,

to cut, bite.

buldnd,

to call.

kahnd,

to say.

,,

to do.

karnd,

did, done.

kiyd,

p. part,

of

dend,

v. tr.

to give.

liy

p. part. masc. of &}& gave, given,

diyd,
fern,
(the
form, dl, is a contraction of di, *).
,

dekhnd,

v. tr.

xnnna,

uu

,,

to obtain, get, receive.

ghds,

n. fern,

grass, weeds.

khdnd,

n.

m.

food, dinner,

bdt,
roti,

n. fern,
,,

snake.

pronounced m, as samp, snake.

word, thing, matter.

is

bread,

tin,

adj.

three,

kyd,

pron.
adv.

what

nahm,
N.B.

to hear.

pdnd,

$dmp,
n before a labial

ur

to see.

When

no, not.

the negative particle ^jty nahm is used,

, hai, is not
necessary.
Philologists say

the auxiliary ^
that it is compounded of na

+ hai = is

not.

22

LESSON
THE
1.

The

relations

of

VIII.

GENITIVE.
etc.,

possession,

origin,

are

ex-

pressed in Urdu by affixing the particle K, kd, to tlie

formative of nouns, etc., ^ is inflected like an adjective,
to agree with the governing noun in gender and number,
as:

us fa ghord, his horse.

us ke ghore, his horses.

*\

us ke ghore kd, of his horse.

us ke ghoron kd, of his horses.

'

'

WtS

us

ghon, his mare.

ki

ghoriydn, his mares.

Tti

t ghori kd, of his mare.

1

2.

lows

The

/ ghorfyon kd, of his mares.

genitive of the personal pronouns

is

as

fol-

^~4

Singular t^

^a, or

merd, my.
,
iera, thy.
fc"r , ws ^a, his, hers, its.

Plural ';U* } hamdrd, our.

'j^ tumhdrd, your.
or ^>T inkd, unkd, their.

/-s

&l

3.

The

reflexive

the personal pi'Oiioun

apnd, takes the place of

the action of the verb refers

U->!

pronoun

when

to the subject of the sentence, as

apni

roti

contrary

^_

^^ ^^

^j!

khdtd hai, he eats his (own) bread.

_

^f

^j; i^*

would mean, he eats

*>

wuh uski

roti

*j

On

wnh
the

khdtd hai.

his (another person's) bread.

23
EXERCISE.

Lv wera

kj .$?

2. <*L I^JJ lj*i^

3.

J
|j

1^3

iH

6ara hai.

mai/-1 ne w*kd ghord dekha

,J*

.$f K ^] ^_

hai.

wm ?ie -unA-a gf/iar iora //ia.

*J

O^^y naukaron ne darwdze khole

&*_^~y^ <z)bj^ ^-

4.

gr/iar

the.

5. ^_^>JL.

<i

jj

<- ijfj ws ke bete ne

<^_

do samp

mare hain.
6.

.xfc

7.

<__j*J

.ji^^ *i

,-ii^-

^5^Vi

<i

^Jv^

^f-'

<

A ^ am y^ bdtenjdnte

^Jl^ 'aurat apne

hain.

Jcapre

thi.

chhota hai.

U5^* ^

9.

V^

^~$

V.T'

is

10.

l^

<*.

11.
12.

13.

*_

14. ^-

^r*?'

^b

^^

,*5 ^iJbjj

^y

bi!

^>

a r^ e ke bdp ne meri

jntiyanlanaihaw,

1;V>

_/j|

X_j

tumhdra Idgh chhota

tcuh

hai.

apni kitaben parhte

the.

uT^*

J U1/u ^

^ ^j^' ^- ^

me

topi Idyd hai.

baniye ne apni'
chhori hai.

dukdn

JX

&

15.

))

Translate into

cjl^J ^_

Urdu

He

4.

This boy's head

small.

6.

We

is

bazzdz ki dukdn dur hai.

raised his head.

the door of her house. 3.
1.

)\j>

2.

woman

(The)

Your son

very big.

saw that gentleman.

is
5.

has

opened

reading his book.

That man's hat is

7.

Your

letters

had

24
arrived.
9.

He

is

8. The shop-keepers have

making a large garden.

built their
10. (The)
this thing.

own

shops.

men were

12. They
putting on their clothes. 11. I know
13. Cloth merchants were
have spoken these words.

looking (at) cloths. 14. He

have seen my black horse.

made

his

own

shoes.

15.

They

VOCABULARY.

UJU

IJJI ,

tornd,

v.

t.

to break,

kholnd.

v.

t.

to open.

jdnnd,

v.

t.

to

pahinnd,

v. t.

to put

likhnd,

v.

to write.

land,

v. int. to bring.

t.

know.
on

(clothes).

(This verb being a compound of le bringing, and and,

to come, is intransitive, meaning taking to come.)
t.

to leave, forsake, let go.

m.

door.

nrorsar,n. m.

head.

chhornd, v.

darwdza,

juti,

n.

25

LESSON

IX.

THE IMPERATIVE AND THE DATIVE.

1. The Imperative 2nd singular is identical in form
with the root, the 2nd plural is formed by adding o to the

root, as

La,

jd,

go thou, jL^ jdo, go

,

ye.

The Precative or Respectful Imperative is formed by

adding iye to the root as e=^jd,iye be pleased to go2.

is only used when disintended, except when used to a very near relation.
The 2nd plural is used in speaking to inferiors, and
occasionally when speaking to equals, but in addressing
equals it is best to use the respectful form, which must

3.

The 2nd singular Imperative

respect

is

always be used in speaking to superiors.

4.

The

particle

is

the sign of the Dative or indirect

object, as well as of the direct object or Accusative of the

verb.
The Dative sign indicates the recipient after
verbs of giving, the person on whom obligation rests, the
person who has need of anything, also place to which and
time at which.

ehdhiye of the verb LUU. chdhnd,

to wish, is used idiomatically to signify need or obligation,
as, usko Ititdb ehdhiye, he needs a book (literally, for him
a book is desirable or desired), and, usko karna chdhiye,
he ought to do so (lit. for him to do (it) is desirable or
5.

The Precative

**>{*

obligatory).
6.

meet.

Note the idiomatic use of the verb Ld*

With a

milnd, to

dative of the person concerned it means

j-t , usko roti milt,

to obtain, to find, to get, as,

he got bread.

^^ ^^

Perhaps the distinction between pdnd

with the nominative usne roti pd,i and milnd with the
dative usko roti milt is that pdnd implies a greater, and
milnd a less, degree of effort in obtaining the bread.

26
EXERCISE.
1.

5'

U^

2.

i^j

3.

("^

"

5^ "-^
^ <^l
r

<=

&
J

5.

6. *JfciJJ

yjKo v_T^'

cA* y^^-"!

<l

apne

<2~ 1U

yv|sc

A.,

ko

sdhib ko kurti do.

^/ wd/< ne bachche ko

its

pildyd hai.

d?7d/i

Ij^s"

diikan

^ kitdbeii hamko

7.

a,o.

Itapre pahino.

baniyd a-pni
jdfd hai.

^ v-.-~A.te

-***

,^j

.^

wahdnjd,o, yahdn

ghord mujh ko mild

y^

hai.
8.

<_ UJt

9.

^jh
1.)
S Jj

Uifso

lifla.

jj

.i^i

r^^

***'

SJ

'

^^^ ^ in

^0 'jdgtd aur rat

f
j
ko sola hai.
.

c_Ujt ham are

-,

naukar

ko

do

machhliydn dijiye.
10.

J^bU

<ib

^/

H^ ^

ir-1

^ ^

kuchh

chahiye.
.^
larkon ko jhitth
11. JkX&U. fvJUJ^j
J J
-^' A^j^a.
4 * J> vj.W
"L/*"*
f
/
7
nahin chahiye.
'

bolnd

12.

^-J

L_S^>'

UJ^ij^ ^

f*

um ne

'&Q ko rot i di

$t ari

hai.

13.

14

15.

<

^ A-<Jkv
>
$

&-

lUi^I
).|
- J J,J J'

*-*

UJL

.iyi

_vJ
*}

A^s^y

J(U.
*

,Jt

Zarfce aur do larkivdn

'-i-'
madrase kojate ha in.
%

c?ia?

haw ko kuchh

naht'n miltd

hai.

* See note at the end of the

Vocabular}- to this lesson.

27
Translate into Urdu:

man went

(The) girl came here.

We need four small
books.
5. I have got a big mare.
6. Men should not
8. Leave
tell lies.
7. She came to our house by day.
9. (Please) give me four fishes.
this house at night.
10. (Please) give bread and clothes to (the) poor.
11 Send
the boys and girls to school.
12. They got nothing.
1.

3.

(The)

Give

my

servant

there.

2.

horse.

(a)

4.

13. (The)

milk

putting on his clothes.

is

gentleman

him hot bread.

The poor woman

15.

is

14.

Give

giving her child

to drink.

VOCABULARY.
UJL

to cause to drink, give to drink.

pildnd,

v.

milnd,

v. int. to

t.

meet (with

dat. of person), to

get, obtain, find.

v. t.

to

burnt,

n.

f.

chair.

din,

n.

m.

rat,

n.

f.

night.

fish.

machhli, n.
pdni,

n.

jhuth,

n.

garib, adj.

for.

milk.

dudh,

cP

wish

chdhnd,

day.

water,

m.
and

n.

m.

lie.

m. poor, poor man.

school.

madrasa,

n.

aur,

conj.

and.

garm,

adj.

warm,

char,

ad j

four.

kuchh,

indef. pron.

hot.

and adv. some.

kuchh nahin, indef. pron. and adv. nothing.

Note.
In forming the Precative of verbs whose roots end
in* and e, a euphonic j is inserted between the root and
the affix as pyiyu, please drink, from pind. When the

28

vowel of the root is e this is changed to / as dijiye please

to give, from dend.
Hond to become and mama (perfect
participle mu,d) form the precatives hujiye and mujiye.

LESSON

X.

THE AORIST AND FUTURE TENSES.

1. The Aorist is formed from the root
by adding the
personal terminations.

Singular oj

1.

2.

un.

3.

Plural

1.

2.

<^,e.
^_ e.

^
j

en.

3.

These are the same for both genders.

EXAMPLE.
Singular.

uV^

1.

'-Hi*,

^y,

2.

<^~ 1^-

3.

mamjd,un.

(If) I go.

tujd,e.

(If)

wuhjd,e.

(If)

thou goest.
he goes.

Plural.

c^^

1-

p*

>

2. -jl^
^>,

3.
2.
!f

The Future

gd,

Jf

^ri-'k?-

if

gty

hamjden.

(If)

we

tumjd,o.

(If)

you

icuhjd,en.

(If)

they go.

go.
go.

formed from the

is

aorist

by adding

the subject of the verb is masculine singular, and

if the subject is feminine singular.
The plural

terminations are

the feminine, as

_
:

ye,

for the masculine

and J?

gi,

for

29

Masculine Singular.
1.

&JJP

2.

&y

3.

u^

j->

&jS

>

tii

*j

main

wuh

I will do.

karftnyd.

Thou

karegd.

He

karegd.

wilt do.

will do.

Masculine Plural.
1.

ham

*A

fi^i/f

will do.

Mm/i karenge.

They

will do.

3.

<A ^>

1.

Singular feminine,

*j

will do.

You

</j>y fJ

We

karenge.

turn karoge.

2.

^i/

*j

wuh

karegt, she will

do.
2.

Plural feminine

cs^

?im karogi,

^>,

you

will do.

3. The Aorist forms have been given in this place as

the Future forms are built upon them, but exercises on
them are deferred to a later lesson, when the student will
In this lesson exercises are confined to
find them easier.
the Future tense.
4.

The Future

suffix

is

yd,

a derivative from the

The
Sanskrit root which expresses the idea of going.
Urdu Future &j> *j , wuh karegd, therefore corresponds to
the English colloquial idiom, he

is

going to do

(it}.

EXERCISE.

^i^

1.

*&*-

2.
3.
^.

5.

6.

^>b S

KjX
}-)y

KjJU'

S ",4^

-^

i-

f^

i
-

imh khdnd

u. A.Le

i-?b
"
'

x.

khd,ega.

ham wahanjdenge.
bachchd rat ko so,egd.

Jo) Sj with apni

t_>il

*)

u^J

^b

^j*"
JojJk

^4$

larke ko

pain

dhib ko ek yhofd milegct.

wuh apne bdp

S
*
ja,ega.

ke ghar ko

30

madraxe

n ko

bhejo.

hamapnekapre pahinenge.

wuhhamko
f

o,uraten
-

itnt/i

ro/.t'

khildenye.

baehapne apne
j
j.

dekhenqi.

A;o

Mtt^

likhegd.

kojdgegd.
tiaukar

rott'

pakdegd.
fear/'

khdega.

naukar pdni
Translate into

men

Urdu

Idenge.

2. (The) servants will

(The)
will
write
letters.
3.
4. (The)
water.
(The)
boys
bring
servant will put ou his clothes. 5. (The) poor (man) will
7. (The) children
fall.
6. (The) horses will eat grass.
1.

will

eat bread.

be awake at night. 8. We will come at night.

10. (The) servants will gh-c
will go by (at) day.
11. She will write four letters.
the horses water to drink.
13. Where will he go ?
12. (The) girl will cook the food.
will

9.

They

14. (The) flowers will bloom.

will see him.

* This

may

also be written

pronounced madrase.

15. Fruit will fall.

JUjO>x, bat in either form

it

16. I

should be

31

LESSON

XI.

THK ABLATIVE CASE.

1. The ideas of separation from, means or instrument
with or by, comparison tcith, time or place from which, are
expressed in Urdu by the affix <i. se. It is added to the
formative of nouns and pronouns, as will be seen in the
sentences given in the following exercise.

EXERCISE.
1.

A-

^T

c^liS <L

<

IxaA. *j

Jumna

u-uh

ke kindre xe

dyd hai.

^^

2.

ts^ J <-

*->

*j

wu ^

se

-A-9

jdegd.
3.

-xfi>

dLl^ ^l^

<

"*^

hamchamchese bhdt khdte

(&
hain.

sm

se

kapre s

thin.

5.

6.

<_

J;^

1^3

.yr^

);)

kA. 4^

l^XJ

>is

v-s'^*

,i__

m ^*

khurpi aurphdwre
zamzn khodte hain.

Jli(j ustad ne qalam se' kliatt

Ukhd
.

^-

8.

<-

l**^-

<2L

9.

10.

11.

<-^^ c^lyxJ .^

)J.=>-

)y*>

<-

41

.j^--

<.J

^ ; J ^j-*-^

^^u

'

^s&**-'

g JL>|

o^
^^ ^!.

<-

./>)"'

se

thd.

-**

merd ghar tumhdre ghar

&y

larkd

se

chhotd hai.

hud

apm man

se

juda

hai.

^>^ Dehli yahdn

s>^S Kalkatte

se

dur hai

^)J^ darzism

se

dur

Agra

hai.

kitn^

se qamizst'tdhai.

32

&

12.

U*fc |p

<-

~ixf

\~)y^

ghord gadhe

se

bard hot a

hai.

13.
taultd hai.
*

J)|.jJ
J*

<.
^~

J^crJ^^T-h
J *~3;
t_.'

r 4? mistrf karni se dhcdr

f

banaega.
15. &_

^v ^- yjtli

^/i

^^

*i

y*^ ^'^& us kitdb

se

bar i

hai.

16.

JLU6iS

}p^
J*t

Translate into
1.

She

will

J J*J

Urdu

'i /

go from Dehli to Agra.

cut their bread with

rangata hai.

(a) knife.

3.

2.

(The) boys will

He had gone from

niy

house to (the) bank of the Jumna. 4. (The) orarderer

will dig the ground with his (garden) trowel and spade.
5. How far is it from Dehli to
Agra ? 6. (The) gentleman will go from your house to my house. 7. Your oxen
are bigger than theirs (their oxen).
8. (The) masons
9 (The)
were building (a) wall with their trowels.
gardener's garden-trowel is bigger than the mason's
trowel.
10. He gave the poor man bread with his (own)
hand. 11. Bring my shirt from the house. 12. Your
child is drinking milk with (a) spoon.
13. (The) man
sewed the book with (a) needle. 14. The dyer will dye
my cloth with (a) red colour. 15. The boys were writing
letters with (the) pen.
16. Our house is far from here.

sind,

khodnd,
hond.
UJ

taiilnd,

rang and,

Jumna.

33
Agra,

n.

m.

Agra.

Dehli,

n.

m.

Dehli.

m. Calcutta.

Kalkatta, n.

chamcha,
7

")

cfiamach)

> n.
j

m. spoon.

n.

m.

rice, (cooked).

n.

m.

gardener.

Tchurpi,

n.

f.

karnt,

n.

f.

phawrd,

(gardener's) trowel.

(mason's) trowel.

n.

m.

qalam,

spade, mattock.
n. m. or f. ? pen.

ustdd,

n.

m.

teacher.

n.

m.

tailor.

n.

m.

shirt.

gadhd,

n.

m.

ass,

tardzu,

n.

m.

scales.

n.

m.

grain.

n.

m.

workman, master workman.

andj,

listri, n.

diwdr,

rangrez,

n.

donkey.

m. mason.

wall.

f.

n.

m.

dyer.

n.

m.

dye, colour.

id, (p.) adj.

alag, (h.) adj.

and

inter, pron.,

kitnd,

adj.

kindrd,

n.

m.

edge, bank.

sui,

n.

f.

needle.

zamin,

n.

f.

earth, land.

how much

34

LESSON

XII.

THE LOCATIVE
The

CASE.

noun are expressed by

local relations of the

ing to the formative the postpositions <j*

jj

par,

on or upon,

<~&

tak,

men,

in,

affix-

into,

to.

up

EXERCISE.

A. Uf

1.

2.

<*_

3.
4.

13U.

t^5

>>* <UU;JL/

men gay a

hai.

madrase men jdtd

hai.

^L> is^'-^ ustdm palang par sotihai.

r->

Ulx> ^_^iJL>

u'uh shahr

JluJ ustdd

^"

-P*

*j

fifS*

<

<-

^jd \^y- bwhaj

lakri

se

palang

bandtd thd.

5.

&

<*J^T

6.

K*jk>

7^

ic*^

jj^J

pdnch rupaye tak dungd.

/iam tin din tak rote the.

jJ

,ji3

i^

J
'

^- 3^^ ^^^

9.

v^^-:

11.
12.

13.

1^3 |j.i

KjJbva-

*J

<

J?*

'^

&k

hante tak

d^ wew fcuchh kanJear

hai.

Jl

";M ^ ' aura t

.fi"

^y^J^

G-'~)I'

^*

do sipdhi yahdn tak denge.

^ ^;^
-^

y i_Jo
i

I**

'^

r*JI

)\r~

a7Uy gadhon par ladd thd.

7-

ow ^ sowar apne ghocepnr

charheyd.

J& mere

bag.

men

phul aur
fcotn.

malt

-ihal

lagdye

35

14

.**
LJ"

A.

15.
16.

i*>
WX

ki dawdton men
dt un larkon
7 X T 7

$
Va^5

siyahi bharo.

lJ

sahib kursijwrbaithdhai.

k.t^

*&>

*>(

ham

ne jangal

jdnwar mdrd

Translate into

Urdu

men

ek

thd.

2. We
1. They went from the city into the jungle.
gave as much as four rupees. 3. (The) girl cried till
4. Four constables and two mounted (policemen)
night.
went as far as that village. 5. (The) man broke his
6. We live in Dehli.
7. There are (small)
bedstead.
8. They had not eaten bread for
stones on this chair.
9. (The) teacher took the pens and
(from) two days.
inkstand and books into the school.
10. This school-mistress has written two books.
11. The boy will read for
12. (The) child's mother was sleeping
(up to) two hours.
on the bed, and her child fell from the bed on (to) the
ground. 13. We stayed in this house for (up to) four
14. (An) animal came from the jungle into the
days.
15. The donkey was laden with small stones
village.
16. (The)
(small stones were loaded on (the) donkey).
horsemen had mounted upon their horses.

VOCABULARY.

shdhr,

n.

m.

ustdd,

11.

m.

teacher.

list dni,

n.

f.

school-mistress.

city.

palang,

n.

m.

bedstead.

barhat,

n.

m.

carpenter.

n. f .
n.

m.

wood.
soldier, constable.

36
sawdr,

m.

n.

mounted

rider,

soldier or

police-

man.
4jj

c\0

>

Ui^,

Jb

J&Z

m.

a rupee.

rupiya,

n.

rupaye,

plural of above.

ghantd,

n.

m.

bell,

daZ,

n.

f.

pulse, lentils.

kankar,

n.

m.

pebbles or bits of brick, nodular

gdnw,
dawdt,

n.

m.

village.

n.

f.

inkstand.

hour.

limestone.
y'-S',

etji,

(^A^-, siyahi,

n. f.

<Jn* t jangal,

n.

lj>j

v. int. to stay, live.

ladnd,

v. int. to

UAJ^-

UIw

UK)

wood, uncultivated land.

rahna,

grta

forest,

L>4>J

^JW

ink, blackness.

m.

to

bharnd,

v.

pdnch,

ad j

chaihna,

v. int. to

t.

be loaded.
fill.

five.

mount upon, climb upon.

baifhnd, v. int. to sit.

to place, cause to touch, plant.
v. t.
lagand,

LESSON

XIII.

THB CONJUNCTIVE
1.

The Conjunctive

PARTICIPLE.

Participle

is

sometimes identical

in form with the root of the verb as ^- jd, but

formed by adding to the root the

or

-/

jd karke.

karke, as

,jd,

\*> ,jdke,

affixes

^V,

is

ke,

jtikar, or

It is used to express the action of

usually

kar,

^V

one or more

verbs preliminary or preparatory to that of the principal

37

as,^y^ ,jdkarkaho,= going, say,

verb in the sentence,

when you have

or having gone, say, or

and

gone, say, or go

say.

EXERCISE.
1.

2.
3.

& J^ kapre pahinkar bdhar jdo.

,5^ it** main rotikhdkar dyd hvii.

^j

jlew^jbU^

bl -$l^

jjyfc

y /J

ut-K" */!

/i

.,<,

t^y

r^^ ^- J^-l

U^

6.
7.

t^

8.

lj^

l4fJ

f^

5.

i/-t

_s\\w

rtr^

,.(\
"^r"

tf!

L"- ^j

S J^$

.-.I

^"

usne khatt likhkar ddk men

, ,
, ,
_
chhora tna.

<l-l

r^U^t J'^* yya. c/ior

le

gayd.

,ri-!^ kitdben

^_5>*jT

sjljj;^

waZ uthdkar

almdrl men rakhkar band karo.

A^ ^;^l

^^

naukar ko luldkar
yahdn bhejd hai.

M*W

1_

icuh

ddmi darwdza

khol-

kar kyd dekhtd hai.

9.

10.

11
12.

e&dj^jKjL
5%.

<>\A.
'

AxJIiA.^
^"

oj

chaldo.

-Jlj*

<^

^_
tj

13.

&

Jo^

/!

shikar khelenge.

3 JJ^
A_^r.
^ ajuj ^
j>

& .J <u*i;
' ^*

ham jangal men jdkar

X_

^ >S kauwe ghar par baithkar

boltethe.

us
.s-*^^ ^^
j
^*~*

ami

ne

ginkar mnjhko diya.

*.x>

cyL.

X^

wt7i

.vai

pa*se

kharidkar

ke

Idiid hai.

dm

38

Jy cM^ tx*^

r*

15.

.SU-

16.

IfciU*.
.

<L

<*^3L*

>*
"

fiH^-k baniye

.-it

^*^T

Jl&c>

Translate into

ne do ser
taulkar diye the.

2_

L^M.,J

Urdu

).*>
"

dhdn

ddmi ke sdth j'dkar

rdsta batdo.

rat>ra

dos

De/iZi wera

jd

My son went and stayed in Agra. 2. My friend

will eat (his) dinner and go out.
3. (The) boys went and
asked (the) teacher. 4. (The) gentlemen have gone to
the jungle and are hunting. 5. (The) thief, seeing the
6. (The) servant has
constable, went out of the house.
the
in
oxen
the
cart
and
yoked
gone to the village.
1.

7.

Load

here.

(the)

goods on (the) donkey and bring (them)

not go and tell him that. 9. My master

8. I will

10. (The)
(a) letter and sent it to Calcutta.
weigh seven ser(s) rice and give it to me.
11. (The) master counted five pice and gave to (the)
servant.
12. My mother cried when she heard this word.

has written
will

baniya

The money

shut in the cupboard (being

shut
14. He brought a
placed
cupboard
up).
letter from the post and read (it).
15. The boy came
with me and showed me the way to (of) Dehli. 16. Open
the door of the house and look out.
13.

(rupees)

in the

is

is

VOCABULARY.
bhejnd,

v.

puchhnd,v.

to send.

t.

int. to

ask (a question).

uthdnd,

v.

t.

to take up,

rakhnd,

v.

t.

to place, put, hold.

band karnd,

v.

t.

to

shikar khelnd, v.

jotnd,

v.

t.

make

t.

lift.

fast, shut.

to hunt,

to yoke.

go shooting.

39
chaldnd, v.

M,

ginnd,

t.

to cause to go, drive.

40
rians have objected to the statement that this tense denotes
a future action, and Indian grammarians and authors have
claimed that " the Aorist contains in it the ideas both of
the present and future." These are, however, niceties
which need not be discussed at this early stage. Contin-

gency is expressed by such conjunctions as, if, although,

etc., and the use of such particles u>ually indicates the
necessity for using this form of the verb.
3. The student will not fail to notice that the sentences
in the following exercise are balanced.
This balanced
style is characteristic of the Indo-Aryan vernaculars, of
which Urdu is one. In a conditional, local or temporal
complex sentence the protasis, or clause in which the condition, place, time, etc., is stated, comes first; then follows
the apodosis, or principal clause, introduced by its appro-

priate particle.

The following
\

**/(

*'

go> go ki,

*r3

C5#y

hdl-dn-ki, although,

,y

_**.

even

tab, to,

1^3^3

then

to

agarchi, although,

Jk^

*O* J*
J3

if

agar,

particles should be noticed

if.

p*&

j*-,

j+

nevertheless.

tail bhi,

fa

ham, nevertheless.

jab, jo,

if

when,

if

then.
tab tak s until

jab tak

or so long

till

then.

EXERCISE.
t

1.

2.

ISuJtj
'

8. *

4i.

.H-!

jt^Jf

Vx^

\y*

L
i)u

y f_ 3

y ^.

*=pj

0^4.

Xj

y
/I

A^saiJ^U ob./l
'
wJJ I^XjJ

ir-f ^~?~

agar baehcha gire

to

usko

uthd,o.

a 9 ar
saza
a 9 ar

peg

wuh

mujh

se

b <*t

^ne,

to

kaho.

job us ne dekhd, tab yih

cMz *
pat.

41
5.

6.

,$

<=

US
"*

*'

*_^=>- ,/

ww ^

a&

dekhen, to khtib

roen.

Jf

'

i^Jki 8

t_J2k.

.>.

U*J>

J
-/

bhukha

WM/I
o
7.7
/care

Ji U,*> tj V_~~A. ./a&

J

"

ffa

UJbL*.

j>,J

>,

A^r^l aqarchi
"

wuhnaMn

7 7

ho,

to

chdhtd,

taubhi fcarega.

Jb *^rJ^
x

U*i
'

-7

-^

A*>.f)
*"'

f%

9.

5^-

**

v_s<H

x -?

dawd karwt
agarchi
/77'
ta^^bn^ piunga.

ho

^.^

*?y^' agarchi

wuh

bulde taubhi

najdo.
10.

>

11. ,jt^

12

iJ

l^* *,J

<w

'

ij^u

--I

^*

oh t

A>

.j^^

u u^5 ^"^

A^5U

J ^wm itnd

(&>

ham kyd

%_

we

ho.

khaen, Ityd pien,

hahdn soen
/la^/z-

d/ioo
*S

Ahdo, ki rat bhar

bhukhd na

jab
18.

.jtw
,

|t^ U3|

sabun

se is liye

bilkull saf ho

|ytj

>* ^^j-*^! \j*\ is

q

.j

admi
na dun

a 9 ar
to

ma

ko paisa dun yd
?

auzr mngun

fauran

mere

pas

raltho.

Translate into

What

Urdu

shall I say?
2. Where shall we
go? 3.
he saw the book then he took it up. 4. When
5. If
(a) man is hungry what (can) he do ? (use aorist).
my horse should fall, what will you do ? 6. If that
gentleman calls you, go. 7. Although you should find
8. Although the
that fruit, nevertheless do not eat it.
medicine should be bitter, yet we will drink it. 9 Al1.

When

42

though he washed his hands with water yet they remained quite dirty. 10. Shall I give this poor man a
11. When he washes
rupee, or shall I not give (it) ?
(fut.) his clothes with water, then they will become quite
12. If that boy should obey my word, then tell
clean.

me

at once.

VOCABULARY.
sazd,

n. f

punishment.
to be punished.

lib

to mind, obey.
well.

hungry.
medicine.
bitter.

>/,

to drink.
adj.
n.

and adv.

full,

complete, whole.

m. soap.

adv.

entirely, completely, altogether.

clean, clear.
s.

m. (both sing, and

pi.)

tool, tools.

adv. at once, immediately.

The doubling

of the zabar over the alif in

called in Arabic tanwin or nunation, as it shows
It marks the Arabic
that the a is to be pronounced as an.
accusative.

Note.

fauran

is

LESSON XV.
THE VOCATIVE

THE IMPERATIVE.
CORRELATIVE SENTENCES.

CASE.

RELATIVE AND

1.
The? vocative is the formative of the noun with the
nasal sign omitted, as jJ ^, ai larke,
boy or ]} <^t,
!

ai larko,

boys

2.
There is no
and third persons.

special

form for the Imperative first

it, the Aorist forms are

Instead of

used.
3.

The following

useful

series

adverbs and pronouns should be noted

of
:

adjectives

and

45

Note again (see Lesson XIV.) that the Relative is used

in the protasis and has to be balanced by the correlative
in
the apodosis. If Shakespeare had been writing in

Urdu he would have written " who steals my purse,

he steals trash "jo mera batud chori kareya wuh kitra chori
karegd.

EXERCISE.
*

..a

*A.

jo hogd so hogd.
kis

ne tumko

buldyd hai ?
ai bhdtl jo hukm turn ne
diyd hai. usko us ne

mdnd
#>

4i.jj] J_j>

5.

clj

^J^

u^^- j^ V'
Jt(j U3f

6.
7.

jw*

lj

W wuh

.jj liia.

b t*Jj US ^i^" ^

hai.

t^l ab mdli bag. men by boe

aur darakht lagde.

^/")

log ab

yt'^wa a?eo#e

gharjden.

Una

pdoge.

ne jaisd kiyd waisa

pdyd.
jidhar dekhtd hun udhar
dsmdn ko sdf dekhtd
W6>

dhdn hotd hai

wuhdn pdm ki zarurat
fcoi.

tez usne apnd ghord

daurdyd utnd hi tez us

jiind

kedushmanne daurdyd.

L/**'

u^ ^^

*)

uM*" J a h<in wuh jdegd wahdn

us ki bahin bhijdegi.

46
10.

y^t v^J ^i$?^ 3&t

11.?

jj-^^

12. jj^J

g'HH

ustdd puchhegd
ws&o m'alum hogd.

ji

ic*^

ri

7*

U^ LV ^'

'ly^pl ^~J

tab

*-^*. jab

kyd main apni hetf

mdrun

ddmi

ko

yahan

rahe

aur

ghord ivahdn.
18. <2L Uy

LJ^ (A.)

ULLu L*xa.

7t-M/i

sitn^a

yais(*

(hai)

waisd kahtd hai.

Jka.

jaisd ustdd waisd shagird

hold hai.
yih ddmijdegd to

khet

qehun
NOTES

No. 5

ko

As

wuh

ii\t

boen.

often omitted in such locutions.

is

expressed in the first part of the

sentence it is not necessary to repeat it.
13 As the auxiliary occurs in both parts of the
sentence it is only necessary to write it with
the last verb.
12

Urdu

Translate into
1.

What

rafee is

has been, has been.

our horses and go to his house.

2.
3.

Come let us mount

(The) boys obeyed the
!

orders
gave (spoke). 4. He
(words) their teacher
received as much as he gave. 5. Let the women cook
6. As fast as he ran so fast did his enemy
their bread.
run.
7. Wherever they look they see (the) sky clear.
8. Where wheat grows (becomes) much
water is not
9. They speak as they hear.
10. The gardeners were sowing seed and planting trees.
11. Shall I
strike my son ?
12. Let the teacher read and the pupils

necessary.

listen.

13.

shall speak.

He

will

14.

know

When

(it

the

will

become known) when

man had gone away he

did

not come again. 15. Boys, go and play in the garden.

16. What did I say to you ?

47

VOCABULARY.
bhdt,

n.

m.

bahin,

n.

f.

huhni,

n.

m.

darakht, n. m.

fcy,
ZO<JT,

dsmdn,
or <J?^

brother.
sister.

command,

order.

tree,

n.

m.

seed.

n.

m.

people.

n.

m.

sky, heaven.

chdmral or chdwal,

n. m., rice,

husked for
1

cooking

&/i

zarurat,

n.

m.

rice,

n.

f.

need, necessity.

zarur,

adj.

jald,

adv.

dushman,

and

adv., necessary, necessarily.

quickly, swiftly.

n. m.,

enemy.

shdgird,

n.

m.

pupil, disciple.

khet,

n.

m.

field.

gehiin,

n.

m.

wheat.

A'i/a,

int.

6o?^a,

v.

daurnd,

pron.

t.

what? (introducing a

question).

to sow.

v. int., to

run, gallop.

daurdnd,

v. t.

to cause to run.

puchhnd,

v.

t.

to ask (a question), inquire.

mdngnd,

v.

t.

to

chahnd,

v.

t.

to wish for, desire, require.

>

*
,

cooked.

md'lum hond,

ask for

v. int., to

(a thing), solicit.

become known.

48

LESSON XVI.
THE

INFINITIVE AND ITS COMPOUNDS.

Inceptive, Permissive, Acquisitive

and

Desiderative.

1. The Infinitive or Gerund, being a verbal noun, is

capable of inflection, but in the singular only. Its Dative
is used to express the purpose of the governing verb, as,
y Llg> j } wuh khane ko gayd hai, he has gone to
_

eat.
&*>))
2.

Instead of
.

the purposive phrases 2L -

ke liye, or

ke waste, are generally used.

By adding

to the inflected Infinitive the verb

lagnd, an Inceptive is formed; by adding li.^

Permissive by adding tilj pdnd, an Acquisitive.
LS& i-)) *j wuh rone lagi, she began to cry.

dena, a

Ija
L>

i_/ ^-1

L./

JJj ,

usne karne diyd, he allowed (him) to do

(it),

do

(it).

formed with the transitive verb

constructed accordingly lagnd and pdnd are

As the permissive
it is

to

or colloquially, he got

do

to

diyd,

(it).

wuh karne pdyd, he obtained permission

is

constructed as intransitive verbs.

Desiderative verbs can be formed by adding to the
chdhnd. The Infinitive can be
Infinitive the verb 1***$3.

used in the inflected form, but

liaU-

uninflected, as
_
is wishing to do (it),

IJ/ fy

^^

it is

or L.^

karne chdhd, he wished to do

preferable to use the

wuh karna chdhtd

^ ^t

hai,

he

usne karnd or

(it).

EXERCISE.
1.

<_ v^~MU^> U^
>
^

*$
L*J|
J '

turn ko aisd
.,

karnd muna-

sib hai.

^-~&"
*

gosht latne ke liye chhuri

zarur hai.

49
3-

&

{*>

4}*"

jjv*

cj+S

Sj

wuh kamre men

sone ko

gayd\hai.
4. v^~j** 3s*.\3

J^j J-ai

L-

*,

fc

am ya
A~Ae

* gait

6-Z <M-/me ke waste

ho jane lage.

men

sipdhi nej'dne

nahtn diva.
6.

^-j-u*

Jb

c^U

X- J^^jl J>i

aur & u l ke mdre

5 ^ or

sone

na pate

ham

the.

^Z Are
shagirdon ko
hoshydr hond chahive.

8.

^ i- i>

9. U-jJ

^^sxi

ej;lso

^XI ^j^j

^j.

J*y

*;

^w ^

shakhs tijdrat karne

Bagdad ko gayd

ke liye

ham ko qalam
nahm likhne detd.

jb j wwfc
Is

se

Madrase men shagird

6aras ^a

11. 5^

^J^

&- t-j** ^^ *&

munh
pdm

12.

13.

A^jiS^^^fcJ

4.U.

>

^ xL

^.ybj
.

<i!Aone

UfliU.
t

%e

c2%od

/to

karnd zarur hai.

>p UuJ *ju^; <Jt^.yUf w*^o

<-

&e

do.

kapre lejdne dijiye.

ais "

16.

Ido.

.^ji ^jybj dhoMJco gharjdne

15.

hdth dhone ke Uye

chhah rupaye dend

paregd.
ULu l,j
bimdr
dawd pind chdhtd
* XlUxi
"<f
.

50
Translate into Urdu:
2. Trowels are
1. It was fitting for them to do thus.
necessary to masons for building walls. 3. I do not wish
4. They began to go to the school
to sleep in (the) room.
5. This man has come from Bagdad to Agra to
to read.
6. (The) servant of such a master should be caretrade.
ful.
7. He
went to school for three years to learn
8. He brought water to wash the child's
arithmetic.
face.
9. Please let the washerman go home (to (his)

11. I shall have

10. You must do so.
house).
four pice.
12. (The) policemen do not allow the
go into this lane. 13.
began to eat (the)
14. They could not sleep for the noise and row.
16. The
will go to his field to see (the) crop.
went to cut the meat with a knife.

We

to give
men to

dinner.
15.

We

servant

VOCABULARY.
mundsid,

fitting, proper.

careful, wise.

meat,

flesh.

knife.

**

room, chamber.
harvest, crop.
lane.

phrase, by reason of
the smiting of)
.

person.
trade, commerce.

Bagdad.
arithmetic, account.

year.

M*

mouth,
hand.

face.

(lit.

by

51
dhobi,

bimdr,

n.

n.

m. washerman.
m. sick man, invalid,

patient.

take away.

lejd'a,d }

v. int. taking, to go, to

parna,

v. int. to fall, to fall to the lot of,

to

be

dat. of perto do.

necessary, (with
son), to

sikhnd,

v.

have

to learn.

t.

LESSON

XVII.

COMPOUND VERBS ; COMPLETIVE, POTENTIAL AND CONTINUATIVE.

1. If to the form of the conjunctive participle which is
the same as the root the verb U&- , chuknd, is added, a
completive, and by adding to the same form the verb lj~> ,

saknd, a potential compound is formed.

2. If to the same form the Perfect Participle of ti*>
rahnd, is added the compound is called a continuative.

3. Continuatives can also be formed by adding the

Imperfect Participle of LU; to the Imperfect Participle
of another verb.

Examples

Completive,

_^$-

finished doing
Potential,

\&>*>j

fy

wuh

Tear

chukd hai, he has

(it).
gj

wuh bar

saktd hai, he can do

(it).

Continuative,

>

fy

IA>

wuh

(now) in the act of doing

Continuative,

^_

goes on doing

Ua>j

it.

Uy

s}

bar rahd hai, he

is

(it).

wuh kartd rahtd

hai,

he

52
In the form of the continuative with the con-

Note.

junctive participle it will be noticed that although the

form l*j y, kar rahd, is that of the Present Perfect, the

sense

doing

is

that of the Present Imperfect

it,

but, he

Verbs

4.

tion,

is

now doing

not,

he has been

it.

of these classes are Intransitive in construc-

whatever the

verb of the compound

first

may happen

to be.
5.

The Honorific Pronoun ^1

" Your

dp,

Honour,"

constructed with the 3rd person plural, as J&ij yf

is

dp

Your Honour will do (it). The words jr^* * huzur,

^lis-, jandb, and other titles of respect, meaning Your
Honour, Your Worship, etc., are all constructed with the
1

karenge,

3rd person plural.

EXERCISE.
1.

'

J^

t****

<

"~'r^ ^?^

sj^U.
f

v^5*

->T

J>
v-5

LJ.

3 *~"
^U.

<dL$
V^

JL>
*"

l3

^
*

KJ
*

y^

chiriyd pinj re se na/nn

nikal sakti.

'i^

v>Jjj
dp lei chdddr gula* rangrez
T >
bi ranga sakega.

-Jy

g.

SjUjfc

.c>^
-*J
t

*^

rbii
\~?/S

^s^-J^.
^5^>'

darzl hamdre kurte, pae/

f
7
7 x 7

chuha hai.

bawarchi
khichrt
chukd thd.

pakd

ma

daur

<- U

5.

<**

vj'^x*

e%

ghore

rahe hain.
7

v/Uj
^ ^
:

7^
*

^^i4$
"^

^5

dushman
,,
x

khet
7

chhor

o/inra ?*one the.

Tear

53

wuh
.

9. J^Uk.

10. .c

11. Uly

ujl t_5^

12

j* ^ )

&>}*

K^.

ij-0 *3>

to

\J\ (g

Tiam sarf o nahw parhne

chahte ham.

kyd dp ham ko Urdu aur

Farsi parhd sakenge.

A* Jfl*> Huzur

***~

ko

main beshakk dp

parM

sakwngd.

<$ y}^ gwdld gde duh chukd hai.

13.

j\

15. A^Xf;

_1^

oT

!*

L JjL^u^JjJ "^r^^
...

^.'.

sowdr
ghore
par
bdndhtd rahtd thd.

go-rib

daulatmand

mdng rahd

xe bh?'kh

thd.

sikhna mushkil hotd

hai.

Urdu
The boys are learning

Translate into
1.

arithmetic.

2.

Can the

have finished reading this

Urdu book. 4. When the tailor had finished sewing, he
went home. 5. The women's wrappers are pink. 6. Can
you teach me Urdu in one year ? 7. Sir when your head
aches (aor.) then please drink this medicine. 8. Let the
cowherd milk the cows. 9. The girl has finished cooking

dyer dye your cloth red

3. I

the

fish.

10.

We

will

certainly learn

Urdu Grammar.

boy goes on singing. 12. When the enemy

left the plain and fled, the soldiers began to sing.
13.
The horses were galloping on (in) the plain. 14. Let the
11.

The

little

54
15. I have finished learning the
bird go out of the cage.
16. Is it difficult to learn Persian ?
alphabet.

VOCABULARY.

bird.

chiriyd,

n. f .

pinjrd,

n.

chddar,

n. f

guldbz,

adj.

pdejdma,

n.

m.

pink, rose-colour.
drawers.

Jcurtd,

n.

m.

jacket.

m.

bciwarchi, n.

kMchr/,

n.

cage.
sheet, wrapper.

m. cook.
f.

dish consisting of
pulse mixed.

and

rice

m. plain, open field.

dushman,n. m. enemy.
n. m. an alphabet or spelling-book.
qaida,
maiddn,

n.

sarf-o-nahiv, n.

f.

grammar

(lit.

accidence and

syntax).
fdrst,
hiiziir,

11.

n.

f.

m.

be-shakk, adv.

duhnd,

z^X

Persian.

your Honour

v.

t.

to milk.

11.

m.

saddle.

daulatmand, adj. and

Vhi'kh,

n.

[lit.

n.

m.

rich, rich

m. alms.

mu-shkil, adj.

difficult.

nikalnd, v. int. to go out, escape.

dukhnd, v. int. to ache.

bhdgnd, v.

parhnd,

int. to flee,

v. t.

par-hand, v.

t.

(your)

ence.]
doubtless.

run away.

to read, learn.
to teach.

man.

Pres-

55
v.

bechnd,
iU
t

t.

to sell.
to bind.

bdndhnd,

v.

t.

bdzdr,

n.

m. market.

LESSON
COMPOUND VERBS.
1.

noun

By adding
in

FREQUENTATIVE AND DESIDERATIVE.

I*/ to

the Perfect Participle or verbal

a Frequentative compound is formed, as

wuh parhd kartd hai, he reads frequently,

d,

/,

XVIII.

$jt Ujj ),
he is in the habit of reading.
2. In addition to the form of the Desiderative given
in Lesson XVI, another Desiderative form is made by

adding

UaU.
3.

^^,
IAJJ s,

chahrui,

to

the

wuh parhd chahtd

Perfect
hai,

The form

j'dnd,

the

as

to read.

The Desiderative forms sometimes express the immi-

nence of the action of the leading verb, as,

ivuh khdyd chahtd hai, he is about to eat.
4.

Participle,

he wishes

of the Perfect

Participle of

li^U-

^^ *>

the verb

li^*-

used in the Frequentative and Desiderative is not

irregular form 1^, gdyd, but the regular form

common

bl^jdyd, as

Participle

of

l;l*> Jij, wuh jdyd kartd hai, he is in the

In like manner \j* mard, the regular

tf/

habit of going.
ly

marnd,

instead of the irregular

|y

used in these compounds

mud.

is

EXERCISE.
1. aiXLS^xf

L- j_

karne ke
i&feiiSjfl&ym sauddgar tijdrat
liye Kalkatte ko bardbar

jdyd kartd hai.

56

<- U&U. r

2.

3.

.yiAU.

4s,

<^ ^_*u

a ,b
<_
5. ^tl)

Ul^J

->T

*&.

>,j

XJ

V-A.

WW

^x

^ a^

^*r**y^9 mithai

naukar sone

&<*

se

jdgtd hai tab wuh afmi

'aurat
ko
gaU diyd
kartd hai.

b
,

^_|

u^i^

,_<J^*

mard

bechdrd harin

-oJb |lacu A* 2/*^

x>

i
>^-j)

>
>>3 kiy

mazdur

is

jaqah par apne

-L

apwe %/fc

Aro

7 17
rakhkar

sipdhi yahdn roz roz banduq chaldyd kart.e hain.

ITJ^

)%)'J,jb

xx>

a-

.-J^
r>>

X,
J

iruh kdrtus
c ^fe arra

^ 1^
v

8.

J>u*x>

-)

men bdrud aur

bhard

karte

Aaiw.

wsa.Le ^j-^y* Maulvi Sahib is

masjid

men namdz parhd

9. *& v^^-o^J jjl^j ^^-=>-

A
2-

10. Ujt

oI
(jp^

Dalian de tab
ko baithne kiijdzat

v^^^Le Sdhid jab

ham

J^i <^ c

-yisoL)

pinjre se nikalkar chifiyd

title of honour, the verb

Usne, in the apodosis, is understood.

Maulvi being a

karte

urna

is

chdht?' hai.

in the plural.

57

wuh

chhord jdega tab

harin Jeo daurkar

pakarega.

ham jane par

dp

is

18.

Ice

the tab

naukar ne dkar

lugat kv kitdb ki qvmat

'

15.

16.

^J

JL^ *!*.*

^U^

/ fU

.x* t^ltH'*

Translate into

Urdu

tfzt/i

^ U?^

sTiam

A-O

gewd

Awrifi fca*.

ko maiddn
khelne do.

Iwkon

men

(The) gentlemen are in the habit of playing ball

2. What is the price of
regularly in (at) the evening.
3. (The) Maulvis say their prayers in that
these birds?
4. (The) dogs
ran and caught (the) deer.
mosque.
5. When (the) servant was asleep (use rahnd) his wife
came and abused him. 6. Let the children eat sweetmeats.
7. When (the) pupils were about leaving (upon
leaving) the school, then the teacher told them your
Honour's order. 8. Fill the cartridges with powder and
shot (fill into the cartridges).
9. When the soldiers go
10. This
to the plain they let off (freq.) their guns.
1.

merchant goes regularly to Dehli for trading. 11. Let

the child go home, she wants to sleep.
12. The cow was
at the point of death.
13. Go and give my order to the
14. When he opened the cage, (the) bird
gardener.
began to go out and fly. 15. The dictionary was lying
on the table. 16. Put the spelling-book and the grammar-book (book of grammar) into the box.

58

VOCABULARY.
sauddgar,n. m.
bardbar, adv.

regularly, equally.

bechdrd, adj.

helpless, poor.

harin,

n.

mithdt,

n. f

gdlt,

n.

f.

mazdur,

n.

m.

jagah,

n. f.

>f>f,

55*-V,
',

m.
.

deer, antelope.

sweetmeats.
abuse, foul language.
hired labourer, coolie.
place.

&ojh,

n.

m.

load, burden.

dram,

n.

m.

rest.

banduq,

n.

f.

gun.

kdrttis,

n.

m.

bdrud,

n.

f.

chharrd, n. m.
,

merchant.

maulvt,

n.

m.

cartridge.

gunpowder.
shot.

(Mohammadan)

doctor

learned man.

*ajM

namdz,

n.

masyid,

n. f .

Uj$i
l*Jf ,

prayer.
place of prayer.

ijdzat,

n. f .

lug.at,

n.

f.

dictionary.

qimat,

n.

f.

price.

permission.

dam,

n.

m.

price.

sham,

n.

m.

evening.

gend,

n.

f.

ball.

m.

box, chest.

chaldnd, v.

t.

to cause to go, to let

bharn-d,

v.

t.

to

urnd,

v. int. to fly.

&***, sanduq,
U&$-

f.

n.

pakarnd, v.

t.

fill

(into or with).

to catch, to hold.

off.

of

law,

59
sundnd,

v.

roz roz,

adv.

t.

to cause to

be heard.

day by day.

LESSON XIX.
COMPOUND VERBS.

INTENSIVES.

Intensive Compound Verbs are formed by adding to

the root, (or rather, to the form of the Conjunctive Participle which is the same as the root) certain other verbs,
dend, ^*J, lend, ^13, ddlnd, Ula. , jdnd, etc. In
some cases the action of the leading verb is intensified,
in others it is so modified as to need an adverb or prepoas &,>

sition to

be added in order

to express

in English.

it

The

exercises will furnish examples.

EXERCISE.
1. ,j*)

-_ Uf yn-jLi. *&jjJ AJ

2.

Lf &JLw

3.

v.^u

.-!

^ yj JiU .-I
ly

J*

yih dudh kkarab ho gayd

hai, us&o phenk do.
u* gdfil naulcar ne pirich
piydle gird debar tor
dale hain.

sawdr
Ijj^ X j]j*u
is

Jca

ghord gir para

sabab

se

wuh mar

d hai.
shdddsh
sad

mere dachche ne

Icarwi

dawd pv

hai.

5.

IjUfe

1^,^-J) ^-j^Jl a/so* a/sos/ few^e hamdrd

khdnd sab khd qae hain.

60

* <*

6.

7. S^-**

8.

c/*Jf

&i*)

tx>

li"

khabarddr raho icarna chil

sab murgi ke bachchon
ko mar

l'*

v_5*^/

<*-&^

jy

Ujr*^*

jljl; ..^

mez,palang, hurst, almdri,

sab asbab pochh ddlo.
in wusdfiron ko bazar kd
rasta batd dij'iye.

tt^l

sahib!
fco

shdgirdon

wwA-e fard,iz

samjhd

dij'iye.

S^

10. -*J

^-

uT^

ww ^

(^5

larki gdrf ke niche

dabjdegt.

11. ^Jjkjla. -*

12. f g**f

5^1*1

^jla. i_5j

y^'

ct^ar

^ ir'ty j;^ P /i

a ^ ar

'

Xj ^j]

L jjlZ^i JL<^

Aswi
*^^

Ji
"
**^
* Ul
^^-u/t U5

18. u-w

14 ^^

'

M7H

^.
.y

yo
"

AraZ at/a
.

to

daurka-r

uthfio to

A- ./o musdjir

*'

dab jae

wit/i

mar
usko

kuchh nuqsdn

Peshawar

se de

'

thd usi shakjis

-

ib

JU v^

15. ./ c^y^)
'^ olx-,)

AJ

!/*

sa

ghar par pahunchd dijiye.

16. **i

>5b
^
*

AJ*

JL*.
^
*

f-b

/^"T US^T pas j'dkar yih

^^

bdten

61

Translate into
1.

Two men

Urdu
down under
:

fell

cart

(a)

and were crushed.

they were crushed under (a) cart they certainly died

3. (The) constables ran and seized (the)
intensive).
(use
4. The patients have drunk up all their medicine.
thieves.
6. The servants
5. The cows have eaten up all the grass.
went into the room and wiped down all the furniture.
8. The
7. I went and told them all your Honour's words.
table your Honour bought from the merchant, I have
brought it to the house. 9. The person who came to-day,
10. The travellers who came from
call him to me.
Peshawar yesterday have gone away to-day. 11. If you
12. Throw
cut the wheat to day there will be no loss.
2. If

13. The teacher will explain their

this dirty water.
14. The dogs have killed a chicken
duties to his pupils.
in the garden.
15. That woman will break the cups and
16. The man fell down and died.
saucers.

away

VOCABULARY.
khardb,

JiU,

gdfil,

piricht

piydld,
,

is

sabab

shabdsh

ofsos

huttd,

yUo,

se,
f

adj.

bad,

adj.

careless.

evil, spoilt,

n.

m. saucer.

n.

m. cup.

for this reason, because of this.

int.

bravo

int.

alas

n.

well done

m. dog.

khabarddr, adj.

careful.

warna,

conj.

and

n. f.

kite.

murgi,

n. f .

hen, fowl.

asbdb,

n.

m.

property, chattels, furniture.

musafir,

n.

m.

traveller.

if

not, else, otherwise.

62
pi. of /arz, n.

faraiz,

niche,

nuqsdn,

Peshawar,
f,

j"

#;',

adv.

today.

A-aZ,

adv.

to-morrow, yesterday.

sab,

adv.

all,

t.

to

v.

t.

to

for ddlnd,

v.

t.

to smash.

^i> parnd,

v. int., to fall

gird dend,

marjdnd,

to die.

y* lend,

v. t.

khdjdnd,

v. int.

mdr

v. t.

to drink up.
to eat up.
to kill outright, slaughter.
to wipe down.

ddlnd,

batd dend, v.

samjhd

v.

dab j and,

to point out, show.

t.

chalejdnd, v.
^wZa lend v.

Ji'ah

dend,

to explain, inculcate.

v. int., to

get crushed.

to raise, pick up.

v. t.
int.

to

t.

to call

pahunchd dend,
lij^ *^

t.,

t.

dend, v.

uthdnd,

down.

v. int.

ponchh ddlnd,

every.

throw away.
throw down.

dend, v.

phenk

,s

m., duty, obligation.

prep, with gen., beneath, under.

n. m. loss, harm, damage.
n. m. Peshawar,

v. t.

v.

t.,

go away.
and bring.

to bring, cause to arrive.

to tell.

Intensive verbs are constructed transitively or

intransitively according as the second member of the compound is transitive or intransitive.
The form chale jdnd should be noted.
Note.

63

LESSON XX.
THE PAST CONDITIONAL AND THE NOUN OP AGENCY.
1.

The Past

Conditional,

^j&

t3/

main

cor-

kartd,

responds to the English Perfect Subjunctive, as the Aorist

does to the Present and Future Subjunctive. It signifies
a condition which has not been fulfilled, thus preventing
the consequent action etc. of the leading verb in the
GL*

sentence from taking place.

uy>

Gl

Bj^l

agar

wuh

main jdtd, if he had come (which he did not) I

dtd,
should have gone, (because he did not come, I did not go).
2. The student is cautioned against using this form as
an Indefinite Present. Some of the older Urdu grammars
have treated it as such, but not correctly. See Platt's,
to

section 186.
The English Present Indefinite, I go, I do,
I say, should be rendered by the Present Imperfect, if the
idea is that of continued action ; or by the Frequentative,
if the idea is that of habitual action.
3. The noun of agency is formed by adding the affix
ty , wdld, to the inflected Infinitive. This is not properly
a substantive, but an adjective. It is most frequently
used without an accompanying substantive, but some such
substantive as person, thing, is understood. If this fact
is borne in mind, many of the false idioms which are
frequently heard on the lips of Europeans will be avoided,
such as " this wdld," " that wdld." This form has also

the force of a Future Participle as

__ $)
kal anewdld hai, he is coming to-morrow.

L.\

*y

wuh

EXERCISE.
1. *;yi

luj )^j AJ

.jT

Sj t^l

agar

wuh ddmt, yih dawd

wuh jltd rahta.

pita to
2. a^sS

A/

JL.

^^~! J
.

j$]
*

tigar

turn

is

sdlan men

kuchh mirchd detr

mazaddr

hota.

to

64
3.

Uyfc

men

"

dhobi kapron
kalaf dekar istri

Xjj i_US

a # a7

1^1 y UG

f^

v-

4.

Jo

turn

agar

khiib

achchhd hot a.
hal joikar bij

tumhare
menfaslhotf.
bote

to

s
to

rupaye

kharch na karte

JU

l;h*'t

to

ab

b.

ag ar bachchd rota
ear-wr suntL

,;

7.

AJ

6achcM

agfar

main

to

main

roegd

to

suniing/'.

mihnat karneicale daulat-

mand
9.

L.-J

11.

khelneicdh'

JL>
C

lv{
>'

itjb,

,j f
}

J),
-2

larke

7
men daurte

10.

hote hain.

maidan

,7

the.

panlihdwdld

bard

soneicdld hai.
< Lbi

I_--

JLftj
v."

^ar
-

rahneivdle

Urdu

sdf bolnewdld

hai.

kaunjdnewdld
14.
15.

J
^ U. ^^
*

Djfc
"^

hai.

jdnewdld
agfar tcw/i
X
T
to jane aero.
f

hotd

agar turn parhne ke icaqt

wa/i/n khelte to ad khelne

65
ugar turn sone ke waqt
jdyte rahoge tojdgne ke
ivaqt sone chdhoge.

~w

Translate into

Urdu

going to Agra to-morrow. 2. A tailor is a

4. If the cook
sewer of clothes. 3. Wake up, sleeper
had put sugar in this rice it would have been sweet.
5. If those women had taken my medicine, they would
have lived. 6. Starch and well iron those shirts. 7. If
that man spend all his money, he will be in difficulties.
1.

He

is

8. If

had cried, she would certainly

you had been a worker you would
10. Those teachers are not clear
Dwellers in villages are not speakers of

that woman's baby

have heard (it). 9.

have become rich.
speakers.

11.

If

pure Urdu (do not speak Urdu clear). 12. If the boys
play at sleeping time they will be sleepy (want to sleep)
13. If you had meant to go (had been
at play-time.
would
have let you go. 14. If I had known this,
he
goers)
15. Put red pepper in the
I would not have spoken.
meat curry. 16. That man is a teller-of-the-truth.

VOCABULARY.
salan,

n.

m.

meat or

curry, especially of
fish.

n.

f.

curry,

especially

of

vege-

tables.

red pepper.
round or black pepper,
red pepper or chillies,

Idlmirck,

tasty.

a kind of starch,
starch, gruel,

smoothing
khub,

adj.

iron.

and adv. good,

well, fine.

66

J>

IVJ^A.

4/
JU.

JA

5,7*-

^_x>

>

achchhdy

adj.

hal,

n.

kal jotna,

v.

mihnat,

adj.
n. f .

pankhdwald,
zubdn,

t.

to spend.

in difficulties.

labour,

toil,

work.

m. punkah-puller.

n.

n.

plough.
to plough.

t.

Itharck karnd, v.
lanff-hdl,

good, well.

m.

f.

tongue, language.

LESSON XXI.
NOMINAL VERBS.
1. Nominal Verbs are formed by combining a noun,
substantive or adjective, with a verb, usually karnd or
Some of these compounds are really phrases, but
Twwia.
in many cases the ideas of the noun and the verb combine
so as to form but one conception.
Many of the nouns
used are derivatives from the Arabic and Persian and are
used in elevated or honorific style. In some cases, the
compound, when the verb is Transitive in meaning,
governs the object, in the accusative case, in other inThe learner is
stances one of the other cases is used.
recommended to note, if possible, the construction of each
nominal verb as it occurs in his reading, because as in the
matter of the gender of nouns, it is difficult to compile
an exhaustive list. In the exercises in this book the construction of the nominal verbs used will be noted.
2. The verbs dikhdi dend (or par no) sundi dend (or
parnd) are in somewhat frequent use. It is therefore
necessary to remember that, contrary to the general rule,
the verb dend does not, in these cases, make the com-

pound a

transitive one.

'^ (^V-i

j$

-jf,

e Jc

ghar dekhdi

67

^ ^U-

a house appeared.

diyd,

^\

jty

ek

dwdz sundi

dit a voice was heard.

EXERCISE.
1.

^_ v^a^Lo ^y^* Maulvi sahib ne

vUi
Ujfcjj

(JT$

3. cL-

^^

jli*T

-i-

,_ko

C^

'

2.

jLi

L )j*^*>-

uo*c li^b^j

*&>

shdgird ustdd ke kaldm

par gaur karta hai.

ham

huzur

karte
~

4.

^yt

e^L

I3j$

namdz

par And shuru' kiyd hai.

bo c

<

^ main dp

^.oj

bat a'rz

se yih,

ham.
se

minnat karta

hiin.

5.

^t-L"

u/tii^a-

jl^T

wuh khaufndk
sundi di to sab

-y ^J
6.

7.

vjlx.|

ly^>

^^^

/U*'*

8.

^_ Uf

J/ L-

Xj tS jj>

jjl^

Ul

-^

Ihdggdye.

A-^c^

!tJw
^"

wera and mere naukar ko

X

Carrie

ma iTturn

le

12.

^^

o'

*^o j^^.

^? ^^v*

nua.

wuh

ki

karo,

vt

AJ

gf/5ar

were

tashrif

diye.

sa/j,z'6

sab

liye

kahdn gayd hai.

^w/ &?

&4r>}

ke

asbabjam'a karo.

^^-Jb;J darydft

f ~

11.

ddm

^_y

_rj^<>

dwdz

v_^c^ jab

Huzur

lashrif

le

gae.

tashrif rakhiye.

7/a ^a^ >5am

kar zakte.

a/im

lay an

68

13

/l**^

^L*.*1

14

US

15.

j*-J^

^&

J^

-X" *y-&

>

ma.shg.ul

hote the.

^r? ^^jft

J^-l^

jU*} ustdd likhnemen

<j_-

Khuda
man

!>

.-v^Le --T

s#/fo'fe

ne
'a

bolnd

jhuth

kiyd hai.

shahr

men

dakhil

hue hain.

16.

.<i

*!;

u^^Le

cyV'* /^

^wi mmilvi

sahib ki rah

dekh rahe hain.

Translate into Urdu:

to beseech me.
2. We ought to pay
what our teacher says (the words of our
3. The men began to say their prayers.
4. I
teacher).
am making known my affairs (baten) to your Honour.
5. When her father's voice was heard the girl ran into
the house. 6. Go into the village which appeai-s yonder
7. The gentleman came yesterday into the house
(there).
8. We will find out.
9. This
of his devoted servant.
matter has become known to every man in the city.
10. The servants went and explained this matter to their
11. The woman forbade her daughter to cook
master.
12. Maulvi
Sahib! please to sit down.
rice to-day.
13. Those gentlemen ate their food and went away.
14. The pupils are engaged in learning arithmetic. 15. The
men collected their luggage and departed yesterday.
16. The Maulvi has entered the mosque.
1.

He began

attention

to

VOCABULARY.

^jijf

'arz

karnd,

t.

to petition, report, represent (with ace.

v. t.

to pray, say prayers.

v.

or gen. fern).
i
}

namdz parhnd,

69
shuru* karna,

v.

t.

to

g.aur karna,

v.

t.

to think

begin (with

ace.),

upon (with

par) meditate.

GU

minnat karnd,

v.

sundi dend,

int.

to sound, cause itself

to be heard.

dikhdi dend,

int.

to appear,

bhdg jdnd,

v. int. to

t.

to

beseech

entreat,
(with se.}

show

itself.

run away.

ktich karnd,

v. t.

to set forth, depart.

darydft karnd,

v. t.

to

ascertain

(with

ace.).

UU.

tashrif lej'dnd,
tashrif

le

and,

v. int. to

go away,
come,

v. int. to

tashrvf rakhnd,

v. t.

to

baydn karnd,

v.

to explain,

t.

sit.

to

state

(with ace.).

be busy in (with
men).

mashgiU hondt

v. int. to

rnan'a karnd,

v. t.

ddkhil hond,

v. int. to

enter (with men).

rdh dekhnd,

v.

to

look for, expect

t.

to forbid (with ace.).

(with gen.

jhuth bolnd,

v. int. to tell lies,

kaldm,

n.

m.

dwdz,

n.

f.

khaufndk,

adj.

fidwi,

n.

m.

fern.).

word, saying,
voice, sound,
terrible, awful,

devoted servant.

Note.
Tashrif is an Arabic factitive form, meaning
In polite language it is often used,
honour-conferring
as " please deposit your honour-conferring (presence)
" sit down
please."
tashrif rakhiye for

"=

70

LESSON
DIRECT NARRATION.

XXII.

PREPOSITIONS OR POSTPOSITIONS.

1. In Urdu the indirect narration is not used, but a

statement is repeated, or a message is delivered exactly
in the words of the speaker or sender of the message.
Instead of saying " tell him that he must come," the
Urdu speaker says, " tell him that ' you must come "* ; " us
"
*
*& ^f <
se kaho ki turn ko and chdhiye,'
<^^- L>l
<jJ.
p>

2.

is

in

The function performed in English by prepositions

Urdu mostly performed by certain nouns, some

and some feminine, used in the formative.

They put the word they govern in the genitive case, the
masculine if they are masculine and the feminine if they

masculine

are feminine,

^-^>

as,

j,

ghar ke pas, near the house.

Oj^=
j^ , ghar kitaraf, in the direction of the house.
These are called postpositions, as, with few exceptions.
they follow the nouns they govern.

EXERCISE.
1'

^
,

K-U

L- ijvJ
'

*>

<nJ>

-7*

us naukar
4L ^*$**
J \Jft
77
7
i

5U ^Ul^
2. <^-ri

3.

xl

_-tx*

A^

^ ^~ J^i*l
1

ty^ri

14=6

se

larkon

ke

khdnd

lejdo.

kaho
'77.T
kucnh,

ki

pas

kahd ki mere
pas qalam dawdt nahm.

^(^1

usne ustdd

V_.-NA.L

sahib ne

se

farmdyd

ki

mere

nazdik baithiye.
4.

^^

*j

*^

rjf*

^^

lie kaha ki wuh

larki mere sdmne khari

L/*' ws 'aurat

^U *-&*
.

ho'kar gdli dene lagL

71

t^A.

<L.

hukm do ki
chulhe ke upar degchi
rakkho.

naukar ko

khdne ke bayair mar

jdenye.

8.

&

* j

7.

*$

blJo

10.

\*)^

*j

'__^ L. <L-^

^^1

usnemujhe batdyd ki ghar

men pahunchne ke b'ad
us ~kd bap mar gay a.

i^ju]

^ J )? <*-?

j4* \-Z~j

j&k

j* y

9.

^*> ^_

i/-' *^j^

ghar ke bhttar

f^y (-^J!

$ ^' 2-

.^

y
'

barhai ko hukm do ki is
almdri ke muwdfiq dusri
bando.

sole hain.

;^L*J^ khidmatgdrkhanekekamre ke andar jdkar mez

*\
par chddar bichhdne

& y* *~
11. *-^-^*J

wuh din ko ghar ke bdhar

kdm karte aur rat ko

^^

-''^

main ne dp
ba

mujib

ke kahne ke

usko dp

hukm sundyd

led

hai.

12.

.JI.J
'
'

<_

lii'fcfi

13. J.fUi w-*

14.

f*

t&

crk/*

A*3t.^

^^r*

-J-

<

^i'r 6
J'

^5c^l

jlxt

<st_l

u^-^ ,c^

i'zzat mere
'i
^
oaraoar hai.

***&*
-L

i'zzat

ke

'

apwe ustdd ke sdth sab

shdyirdjdte hain.

Maulvi sahib ne farmdyd

ki main is bhdri kdm ke
nahm.

72
16. i_

fijMt

>*

iS

ly

AJ^|J Ddroyd ne kdhd ki main

sar ar Ae 7m/.
kebar*kar
sakta.
f**khildfnahin
^__

,xJ
*

16.

T*^
*'

Translate into
I

1.

<-

'**"

Urdu

r\

is

ke siwd koi tadbir nahin

Lum
ma cl^

it

hot^.

me

have nothing to drink (near

is

nothing

etc.).

The workman said that he had no trowel. 3. The boy

was sitting near his mother. 4. His father's house is
5.
The crow flew over the mosque.
opposite our house.
6. How can we live without water ?
7. Tell the Sub2.

Inspector that he must not do anything contrary to the

orders of Government. 8. The lazy boy said that he was
not fit for such important work. 9. The master told the
servant to devise some expedient.
10. Tell the pupil
that he must write according to his teacher's reading.
11.

Conformably

to

your Honour's orders, your devoted

12. All the

servant has explained the .matter to them.
went
13.
Tell
the table
with
their
fathers.
boys
away
servant to spread the cloth on the table.
14. He went
into the dining room.
15. She came out of the house at
16. After cutting the bread lay the knife by me.
night.

VOCABULARY.
<_rb

ke pas,

-,

postp. with, by, near.

I have money (pice).

mere yds paisa hai,

-

. ,
}

t-

tL

ke nazdik,

postp. near

to,

adjoining.

ke sdmne,

in front of, facing.

ke upar,

over.

ke bag.airy

without, lacking.

ke 6'ad

after.

ke

without, outside.

Mhar,

73
ke bhitar,

postp.

ke andar,
ke muwdfiq,
ke ba-mujib,

ke bardbar,
ke sath,
ke laiq,
ke barkhilaf,

ke siwd,

UUy,

daw at,

n.

farmdnd,

v. t.

f.

khard hond,

v. int.

ch-ulha,

n.

m.

degchi,

n.

f.

khidmatydr, n. m.
biclihand,

74

LESSON
THE
1.

the

JL

cs" C5*^

THE PARTICLE

PASSIVE.

The Passive

to

Perfect

v^j

XXIII.
OF SIMILITUDE.

^^

formed by adding the verb

is

Participle

the

of

jand,
verb, as

principal

kitdb likhi gat hai, the

book has been

written, or translating jdna more colloquially and literally,

the book has got written. When the Passive is used, the
doer of the action is very rarely mentioned. Owing to
the wealth of Intransitive verbs in the language, and to
the construction of the Passive Participle of Transitive
verbs, there is not much use for the Passive voice in

Urdu.
2. The

particle t~>, sd, which is, like the genitive sign tf,
kd, inflected to agree with the governing noun, signifies
It also signifies degree.
The two
likeness, similitude.
uses may be thus illustrated
:

Similitude

(a)

^ ^ <)&,

0)j*>

ghore

si surat,

a form like a horse's.

&j* ^ji*>

sher sd mard, a lion-like

man.

*"

**f l~ M,
kdld sd
of quality
blackish or very black dog.

(6)

Degree

(c)

Degree

kuttd,

_)y$
*^>, baliut se
quantity
" a
The
of
horses."
number
goodish
ghore,
adjectives and pronominals of manner as
jaisd, are formed with this particle.
of

EXERCISE.
^

.j

hal 6ahut

si bdten

Jcahi

gan
2.
3.

tif

JtjJ
U^ljt

jJt?

<e~

<)x> L-

^^ *J

fy fahul sigden

$% uJol

eh

kdld sd bail

duhigdin.

mdrd gayd.

75
J
*

*
2/t'A

&ia& guzre
/

sal

men

qa^.

5.

oj*
'*

6.

7. lUJt*

8.

9.

1^3

- .c;^
v?y-/

,1

,--

jj

J^ /'
**

^r*^ <^)

iwwaZ is gori si 'aurat

'
T f T f t
shadi noQ^.

w-s^re

kamre men bahut si

kitdben rakkhi qain.

J i<x'^^

j))j1

Uf b^ ^_C1^

*Xb

y^/

>^

v^^j

f-l

-.

<^_

.^j U*jj=.

^3

^^^

*j

adm/ A:/ auldd

mdnind hoti hain.

^aisa MS se swZw^ kiyd gayd

thd, waisdhi us ne kiyd

WM ^

^m

dalki

10. ^_^

c--;li^

<_ Lyj
^aw
**

^JjO

11.

-r>l

,<'

^Ai

it

s.

l_^

I^J

^1.

^3

U
1 2.
cJ^*y'J

v^^.*,,

<

((

nahm
tar ah

sab chor daryd ke

kindre
ki tarafbhdg gayehain.

__J^J3

j^ ^) un men

se

tin

ddmi

ab

pakre gaye hain.

<^

ke

^* ^a^a/i

jdnwar ki

*-

^
13.

uski

^ixi^

"^

^ ^^
ii^^

darmiydn

Zara
*i

hut

bari

si

thi.

y 1 '1 kitdben kisi munshi

ki ma'rifat likhi qai
thin.

khidmatgdr bdwarchi ki
madad kar rahd hai.

76

15. K iCjJ^

Jr^-- huzur ki ba-daulat fidwi

kd muqaddama tah kiyd

vj^Jjjj
*

16.

US

Lxf

AJ
</

>jj^*

<

-**

'*>' behral
v'"'
7

sab

chddar

tah

Araro.

Urdu

Translate into

This thing was said yesterday. 2. Five cows will be

milked here to-morrow. 3. A whitish cow has been killed.
5. All
4. The tiger killed a whitish ox in the jungle.
these books were written by (the agency of) a Munshi.
6. Tell the teacher he ought to help his pupils.
7. There
was much conversation between the boy and his mother.
8. Tell the washerman to fold the clothes and sheets well.
9. By the kind assistance of your Honour my (your devoted
10. The case of those
one's) account has been settled.
thieves is not settled.
11. The Inspector came from the
bank of the Jumna and told us that the thieves had been
12. Just as the Maulvi behaved to us, so we have
caught.
behaved to him. 13. The boy runs like a horse. 14. One
of those cows is sick.
15. This year this fair girl was
married.
16. Last year seven thieves Avere caught in the
1.

jungle.

VOCABULARY.
Ij^

guzrd, p. part of guzarna, gone, past.

JUxt

imsdl,

n.

m.

(P.) this year.

sal,

n.

m.

(P.) year.

fair.
adj.
gord
as
with
etc.
of
(Used
ddmt,
ellipsis
,

iti

shddi,

n. f

auldd,

n.-f.

suluk,

n.

= European.)

wedding

festivities,

wed-

ding.

balki,

m.

conj.

descendants, children.

treatment

(esp. kindly).

moreover, but, nay, rather.

77

m.

edge, margin, bank.

sea, river, waters,

kinara,

n.

dart/a,

n.

m.

munshi,

n.

m.

pulis,

n.

m.

lafdi,

n.

f.

fighting, quarrelling,

madad,

n.

f.

help, assistance.

behra,

n.

m.

" bearer."

m.

case, suit.

writer, secretary, teacher

and
(esp. of Persian

Urdu).

4**,

police.

muqaddamaj

n.

&*

mdnind,

postp. like (to be) with nouns,

&*'

tarah,

like (to do) with verbs,

k'i

taraf,

in the direction of.

ke darmiydn,

between, in the midst

kri m'arifat,

by means

,,

or skill

of.

by means

ki ba daulat,

of,

of.

by the art

of,

by the kind

offices of.

suluk Jcarnd,

v.

t.

to behave,
well.

tah karnd,

v.

t.

to settle a case, etc.

do.

esp.

to

treat

to fold, to straighten.

LESSON XXIV.
CONJUNCTIONS.

The following are the most generally used conjunctions

1.

Copulative.

and 3V

;V,

aur,

niz 3 also.

and; ^&,

bhi,

bht also; j,

via,

78
2. Adversative.

c^>

lekin,

but

j>,

par, but

*Q,

balki,

but rather, on the contrary, moreover.

3. Exceptive.

j^, magar,

except, unless

but,

but.
4.

Disjunctive.
or ;

--

stji.

yd to
khwdh khwdh,

or;

yd,

Vi,

^>L>,

---ulyLj

^ ^

or (used with clauses).

^-, par,

either

yd,

whether
kyd whether

kyd

or (used with nouns).

Conditional,

5.

^\, agart or;

<^, warna,
Concessive.

6.

if

^,

jo,

>> c^f>

if,

nahin

to,

not, else, otherwise.

although

**/', agarchi*

&\

hdl-

*-,

dnki; although, notwithstanding; c^y, taubhi,

even then, still, yet ; |*Al ^ td-ham, yet ; notwithstanding.
Causal.
<^, ki, because

7.

chunki, whereas,

much
8. Illative,

*&?&, kyunki, because

since

*&
;

<_rJ 3',

^j^-,

az~bas-ki,

inas-

as.

y,

then

to,

o*j, j5os, hence,

&<*

^j*., chundnchi, so therefore

therefore

^J,

again, then,

p/iir,

therefore.
9. Final.

aisd

&$, tdki, in order that

na ho ki, lest it be,

(may

it

**, ki,

else

that
1

^^

*>

b **, mabddd,

Ul,
lest

not be).
EXERCISE.

1.

u-s^O

^
**

<i-^5;
-^X

X
Vr^^'b

^ Tl/ho

dhup

roshni aur din ko

7XX TX7
ki ar cliariiye.

khwdh sote ho khwdh jagte

ho magar yahdn rahnd

79
3. ,it
U

,xJ
-

(J

Uf-^ujb
-

j^J-d .o)
^
M7>
.

...

jT

A>

AXL

JJ

5. li&

<-

t^

7.

^Ce jb

^J^e

U^XJ

^_ <LJ

Jol

.*-}

<wJj

J t^|

^J

1;^*

Jed

lefcin

mar

bap
f

man JIM

hai.

wa am khdiingd na seb
khaungd balki angur
w

/ likhnd

S2?

balki likh-

kar parhnd bhi chdhiye.

r--f

ws

rg
larke ne apm
bahin ko mdra to hai

y^

0^1 'H^

LiU-

larkon
-

gay a

khdvngd.
&i

^^

->

chot

na lagi

hai.

shdyad wahdn jdna achchhd to ho magar nahm

jdungd.

8.

&Jb

,*$

9. *-Xb

.j

laj/ U$
"

v^iJLj

U$

.^

'1*4^

,<
-

^
^

^
10.

,// y

.jyi

iai.

<2_jUjo

13. Ifcjjjsu ^
7

JjOl
'

t_J

.j

^2/^ ^urs*

par kyd palang

par balki kisi chiz par
tashrif rakhiye.

.^ gharpar

se utaro,

nahm

to giroge.

11. AJa^L* ^>

12.

jJ")

<.

kyd ffhord kydgadhd balki

kisijdnwar par Iddo.

^g|

Kj

Kj

^-J^

,L. 1-5?

^O*" ')
*-

^T-.
,

'

)*^-

huzur

is

khatt ko muldhiza

warna

natija

uskd larkd btmdr

*^-/l agarchi
hai, taubhi munshi hdzir

Woj^.

>

*-

cMnki dp ne sarfonahw
parhi hai
TT J

Urdu

'men

is waste dp
'T.manir
ham.
r.

'

80
14. <-

if

<u3j.x$

JL

(jl

.iyi

Sj

HJwTi,

nahm dydhai

kyiinki

us ke sir 'men dard hai.

15.

IA^*U

_ft)

16. <^- IP

^r-ela*.

J..J

{J^

'

>J

^~~

.*)

\^^

8.
*

-x^

x^| JO*

j^L. KAU")

with is live nahin hdzir ho

f
f
/
7
7 ' 7~ /
sakta k% uski, biwi guzar
I

wsAra

'

sard mdl Agre men

chundnchi
n lane ke
'

17.

Translate into
1.

Urdu

Put these clothes on the bed and those on the

chair.

not cut the bread now, but cut it when the guests
3. Whether a fowl or meat is cooked, let it be
arrive.
well cooked. 4. Whether the dhobi is washing or
whether he is ironing yet he is not fit for work (doing
5. He brought from Delhi mangoes, apples and
labour).
we all sat and ate them up. 6. The horse has
so
grapes,
7. Dismount
(indeed) fallen down but he is not hurt.
from that horse or he will throw you down. 8. The
gentleman read the letter because (it) was (an) important
be
9. Learn your arithmetic
lest the result
matter.
have
ordered
I
10.
Although
unpleasant (not good).
(gave order of) dinner to-day yet I shall not be able to
11. You should not only learn to read and write
eat it.
Urdu but should also study (the) grammar. 12. Because
he was proficient in Persian many men wished to read his
books.
13. We came to Delhi yesterday in order that
we might be present at (in^ your Honour's wedding.
14. His wife died last year, but his mother is living.
15. The sky is clear therefore there is (a) good light.
16. Perhaps the man is ill, but yet he ought to be careful.
2.

Do

81

VOCABULARY.
roshni,

n. f.

light.

dhup,

n.

sunshine.

dr,

n. f .

seb (or sev),

n.

m.

angiir,

n.

m.

f.

shelter.

apple.

grape.

burd,

adj.

bad.

chot,

n.

f.

hurt,

Iddnd,

v.

t.

to load.

muldhaza karna,

v.

m.

t.

wound, blow.

(with ace.), to
look at.

natija,

n.

hdzir hond,

v. int. (with loc.), to

mdhir hond (men), v.

inspect,

issue, result.

int., to

be present.

be proficient, skilled

in.

dard,

n.

m.

b'lwi or bibi,

n.

f.

guzar j'dnd,

v. int., to

sdrd,

adj.

pain.
lady, wife.

pass away, die.

the all, whole.

LESSON XXV.
THE PERFECT AND IMPERFECT

PARTICIPLES.

thorough and exhaustive treatment of the usesjof

is beyond the scope of the present elementary work. The learner will, it is to be hoped, pursue
his studies further under the guidance of Kempson'and
At the present stage all that can be done is
Platts.
to indicate very briefly some of the more common and
obvious uses of the Participles. In the following exercise
the Participles

82

examples will be given of its use, as an adjectival and

adverbial adjunct, and as a substantive. In its adverbial
form the Imperfect Participle is often followed by the
emphatic particle hi, as dekhtehi, at the very moment of
In their adjectival form both Participles are
seeing.
usually constructed with hud the Perfect Participle of
hond.
EXERCISE.
I. In these sentences the Participle indicates the condition of the (1) subject or object of the principal verb.

Subject

(1)

>

1.

U>i

(^ La> LjLu ^c'OjT

*?

wuh ddmi
rahd

J/ (->

2.

<>*<'

J$ti

-JaA. *Jfc

ham

baithd hud khd

hai.

likhte

khatt

likhte

thak gae hain.

3. czJj&

^ ^/ ^

'w-^^Le sahib log gend khelte hut

dil bahldte hain.

wuh hanstd hud

gayd

gh-ar

men

hai.

Object

(2.)

5.

1^5

iUt

)*& blC> cylfj

bhdt pakdyd hud taiydr

thd.

6.

*j

9e -.$jlb

ji

4L ^

^j>

L.

*ijjj; *i

^y^^
^

dhobi ke gadhe par kapre

dhoe hue lade hain.

-jy main ne yih rupaye

In the following sentences the Participle

II.

Adverbially,

principal verb.

-pare

hue dekhe hain.

qualifying the

action,

is

used.

etc.,

of

the

8.

c=;*j&>

9. <^>b

<J^iUi

.i/o

j^i

wuh hath men qalam

<_ ,c^*> icf"^^ bdwarchi dhobi

A$jL.

batch ft karte

*^~ty c^jb

11.
12.

.x&

aJfyfc

j^^*

,iv G

'*

Llf

u lj^jJ

-v

raha thd.

wuh

kapre
pahinte hue
f
f
Z '7
oahar ay a.
larkiy an gate gate sitihain.
c^aZ^e

cAa^e

Vi

Ufl^j^^ L

lyfc

tcjj.j

ddroga se chor bhdgta hud

pakrd gayd

2_

Jo
*~ *

Ljj ^"^Jfc

<*-

sdth

^o pahunchenge.

,,.

13. Uf IjO

Xj

JU. p_A ^am

/ J^"> ^%-

fee

hue gosht

tistf

lit;

<i-lf

Jcdt

v^^J^

eL-^>

lJ

10. bl 'JtU

liye

hue kahne laqd.

<LJt
'

i->!

rai fco^e

hai.

7i/

2 '7 ' 7

"f

nat.

15, ^A>

III.

J^\i

C
r*^ CH^ XJ

irf^

uw ^

'aurai
ghar men
pahunchte hi rone laqL

Adjectively as qualifying a noun.

*i*

^yt

^jlf

^y^

16. |&a. LZ~^>y

17.

*3

^T

<i-y* fotehuekuttekomatjaguo.

v_5^

chalii

hui

gad

ke age

na

dauro aisa na ho ki air

IV.
18.

As a

substantive.

&- ^^
%
.jK I;L/
' '

Xxj

^^

ij.J
"'

^w^e // ko
7

tinke kd sahdrd

84
19.

^1^*. t^jU

c-Sjb ^L-

girte

hue ko mdrnd fehardb

kdm

hai.

wen yre
dend

tasallt

Tiwon

ko

nihayat

In translating the following sentences the participial

construction should be used, even though an alternative
construction may be possible.

Urdu
The boy was writing seated. 2. The travellers while
moving along were looking at Agra. 3. The cloth merchant, telling lies, was selling clothes. 4. The thief
5. The
(while) abusing the police was being punished.
Translate into

1.

dogs caught the deer (while it was) fleeing. 6. He lifted

the full cup and drank the water. 7. Bring the shirt
ironed.
8. The shopkeeper told me this while weighing
the wheat. 9. The secretary fell ill while he was writing

He

10.
(a) letter.
began to speak (while) washing his face.
11. Continuing to read (double the participle) you will be-

Going along the road we

enemy was slain while
14. (While) day still remained (participle with
fleeing.
15. The boy began to read as soon
hi), she went to sleep.
as he arrived at home (house).
16. Do not wake up a
snake.
child
ran
in front of a moving17.
The
sleeping
cart and was crushed.
18. Do not wake up (the) sleeping
20. It
one.
19. It is an evil deed to abuse (the) dying.
is a very good
who
are
to
those
lying
help
thing (deed)

come

12.
proficient in Persian.
13. The

were looking at Agra.

ill

(in illness).

VOCABULARY.
UU.

u3,
***$

Ji

thakjdnd,

v. int. to

gend khelnd,

v.

dil dahldnd,

v. t.

t.

get tired.

to play ball.
to

amuse oneself.

taiydr

adj.

prepared, ready.

85
v.

dhond,

UJL

to wash.

t.

pahunchnd,

v. int. to arrive.

batti,

n.

f.

bdlnd,

v.

t.

wick, lamp.
to light (a lamp).

age (with ke),

postp. before, in front of.

dubnd,

v. int. to sink,

sahard,

n.

m.

aid,

drown.

support,

re-

liance.

khardd,

adj.
n.

dukh,

b J>

or

<

m.

bad,

evil,

sorrow, pain.

tasalU dend (with ace.) v. t.

adv.
nihdyat,

to comfort, cheer.

'umda,

excellent, good.

adj.

eU, bdtchtt kdrnd,

v.

t.

to converse.

v.

t.

to sing,

gdnd,
adj.

exceedingly.

&

adv.

sufficient.

LESSON XXVI.
ADVERBS, AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES.

Many of the expressions, by which adverbial meanings

are to be rendered in Urdu, are adjectives used adverbially,
nouns compounded with postpositions and phrases. As will
have been learnt from Lesson XXV, many participles also
are constructed adverbially.
The following is a list of useful adverbs and phrases.
Time.
1.
(See also the Pronominals.)
aj,

to-day.

kal,

yesterday or to-morrow.

86
parson,

day before yesterday, or day

after to-morrow.

tarson,

three days ago, or hence,

narson,

four days ago, or hence.

pahile,
qabl,

87
2.

Some adverbs

Manner.

as adverbs of

manner

zarur,

job,

can also be used

necessarily, certainly.

albatta,

decidedly.

bilkull,

altogether, totally.

zor

vigorously.

se,

Ithub,

well.

tez,

swiftly.

judd,

**

of time

(see above).

separately.

dhire,

gently.

thik

exactly.

se,

muft,

gratuitously.

befaida,

vainly, uselessly.

nihdijat,

exceedingly.

tanhd,
7

)
>

alee la,

alone.

bard,

much, many, very.

as an adjective this means great,
but as an adverb it means

saf,

clearly.

bahut,

very.

3.
Place.
See Pronominals and Postpositions. Most
postpositions of place can be used as adverbs by being
constructed absolutely, i.e., without the genitive sign, as

4^1, age, before, etc.

4.

Miscellaneous
hdn,

yes.

nahm,

no.

na,

no.

88
mat,

not,

" dont." l

y'ani,

that

is

to say, viz.

sirf,
>

only.

faqat,

EXERCISE.
1.

-x*>

_.-

Jlfc

<^_^

Jiy* mehtar

kaho

se

ki

Ml

men khub jhdru

kanire

ho hukm
diya hai ki Jchdne ke

kamre aurpalang kamre

bichhdo.

tumne
ki

chhoti hdziri taiydr

yd nahin.

we bahut
sawere char sdhlbon ke
Zi'ye taiyar ki hai.

hamarf jiltiyon par siydhi

?
7
'7
7
f

lagakar zor se ma to tab

icuhkhvb chamkengi.

6.

<_ LJ *X- b

,U

Ji_ v.^o^L^ .v^/ii6

Tie

fear

hai,

diya

bar hukm
har roz

ki

akhbdr
7.

j^>

J^

L J

L$

^_

^^AL-o sahib

ne

maffar

Ido.

kahd to kahd
main ne abtak

iiahin xund.

1 Used
colloquially in Urdu with the 2. s. and pi. imp. in forbidding
an action to be done at or near the time of speaking. Continuous
prohibition is expressed by the Infinitive wittrria, as chor{'f na karnd =
do not steal, never steal. Chor{ mat kuro would-be said to a person on
j

the point of committing an act of theft.

al

se

dore par

zin khub kaske bdndho.

ob L9.

&

j^o

IS ._JL0 <L oti-T

-w-s-^c?

yih kitdb hargiz nah/'n

^
<-

10.

txJJ -r*" *^x*Jb

"
^ &

parhdunyd.
with hamesha sack

'

ne sdf kdha hi main

boltd

riai.

11.

AJ

A$

j^

L^

te

J_

kai

'

12. u^*

-.}

K-ji

to >*.>

(v

-x*

watw nefaqat yah Jcahd ki

main yih kam akela

nahm

C^

^j"^.

harungd.

baras tak

apni man

U^ )4..<,

se

larka

yih

judd rahd

thd.
j

ap

yahdn

log

tak

Jcab

tashrif rakhenge ?

14.

15.

^L*
.jiU.

_^si^

c_^tj

^^

^jJuW

45.^x4)

j ^^xi

U.

16.

*$

j&>

&J

Uol j^
fi

*j

<SL

a>

^ (^5^^

T/i/i

ham

kitdben

w^7^'

turn

ho

dhire,

Jcyun

.se

Jco

muft

^w.

c/iaZ^e

c_Xj^J /MA;
-

17-

AJ

ho

jald

dhire

do.

kam

Jfi

Jcaro, aisa na
turnhdri mihnat

M^"^ f* /iam parson sawere Delhi

<^-j^^*

*e

kuch karenge tdkiitxi

kabhi kabhi
owr kabhi kabhi
i hai taubhi wuh

90

19. <-Ui*.

*ar6ar

wU

ILI

apa'

gf/iar

rakhti hai.

jjo L^-olyi

'j>^ ^

V^

^ ghord
^ chaltd

nihdyat tez

hai.

20. <2-

t>,

^,5 r>\r>j$

Translate into

.c^T

*&>

Urdu

w u ^ adww hamko bardbar

diqq kartd hai.
'

*j

The boy gave the dog a good beating (beat well).

2. That man comes to our house sometimes.
3. Rouse us
in the morning early in order that we may eat our chhoti
4. They arrived before we (did).
5. When the
hdziri.
1.

teacher punishes the boys, he punishes them well.

6. Ho\v
you to do your work properly ?
7. He came and bothered me every day.
8. She is always
9. I have told you again and again to polish
sleeping.
my shoes vigorously and make them shine well. 10. The

long shall

I,

in vain, tell

day before yesterday the constable (by) running swiftly,

caught the thief. 11. The Inspector may or may not
have heard, but he has not yet told me. 12. I got this
bread for nothing. 13. All I said was this, that men do
not work without pay.
14. He did not labour in vain
because he did his work properly. 15. The master has
16.
just come, and is calling you loudly (with vigour).
The boys came again and again to (the) teacher and said
17. Some
that they could not do (the) arithmetic right.
18. Nowadays
time or other we will set out for Calcutta.
boys do not mind their father's word, as they used to do
boys do
formerly (nowadays just as they used to
20.
Some19.
Your
sir.
clothes
are
not,etc.).
quite ready,
times this boy reads well, but sometimes he is very lazy.

--

VOCABULARY.
j+

X^
>1

lA
,

hdl kamra,
jhdrti,

n.

m.

drawing-room.

n.

m.

broom.

91

jhdru dend,

mihtdr,
yy*
The word is a title
,

to the " knight of the

J

v.

t.

n.

m.

to sweep,

sweeper.

of honour, applied as a

broom."

euphemism

92
15.

pandrah.

45.

soldh.

46

sattrdh.

47.

16.

17.
18.

athdra.

19.
20.

paint dlis.

saintalis.

48.

fartdlis.

49.

unchds.

50.

bis.

tr;

pachas.

ikdwdn.

"21.

51.

-22.

52.

ltdican.

53.

tir-pan.

53.

teis.

24.

>

25.
26.

chaubfo.

>

^-

27.

pachis.

55.

chhabbis.

56.

satdts.

57.

58.

28.
29.

untis.

chauwan.

54.

30.

chhappan.
satdwan.

59.

pachpan.

athdican.
,

unsath.

60.

31.

61.

iksath.

32.

62.

bdsath.

33.

63.

tirsath.

64.

34.
35.

paint is.

36.

chauntts.

chhattitt.

66.

saintis.

67.

37.

38.
,

42.

chdlis.

>

41.

c/rf^Z/s.

untdlis.

baydlis.

69.

.,

chhiydsath.

arsath.

unhattar.

'

70.
71.

72.

43.

^3 ,

tentdlis.

73.

44.

chaudlis.

74.

chaunsath.

painsath.

68.

39.
40.

65.

>

ikhattar.

bahattar.
tihattar.
,

chauhattar.

93
75.

88.

76.

pachhattar.
chhahattar.

77.

sathaftar.

90.

athattar.

91.

78.

79.

unasi.

80.

ossi.

89.

{^

82.

biydsL

83.

tirdsi.

96.

84.

chaurasL

85.

pachdsl.

86.
87.

bdnwe.

tirdnwe.

J'j >*

chaurdnwe.

*-

chhiydnawe.
satandwe.

97.

98.

100.

satdsi.

lJ pachdnawe.

athdnawe.

nindnawe.

99.

chhiyasi.

eMnwe.

il^t ,

93.

95.

naudsi.

nawwe.

94.

,
,

92.

ikds'i.

81. 45**^

athdsL

f,

saw.

The ordinals

are formed by adding wa/i or torn (masc.

as
the
case
fern.)
may be, except in the case of the first
four, and the sixth.

or

\r, pahild

(le, li), first,

iy>>, dusrd, second, [;~

^^-, chauthd, fourth,

u'^f ^* panchivdn, fifth,

chhathwan, sixth, u'^^, sdtwtin, seventh, and so on.
hazar, one thousand, **'3f, Z((/c/i, a hundred thousand,

third,

u'>*H^-j
;!>*,
ji>j>,

karor, ten millions.

The following
*-,

-",

;5,

fractionals are in constant use

chauthd, a fourth.

ftawa,
der/i,

two and a
,

a quarter

less, as,

panne

do, If.

a quarter more, as, sawa tin, 3.

one and a half, cs^j' or (^S, arhdi or

^M/

half.

sdrhe, a half more, as, sdrhe char, 4%.

when added
gnnd, two-fold.

to a

number means " fold"

as do

94
EXERCISE.

larkiydn do sAiydn chdht/

thin.
"2. e=i<*
*-oa<tft)jj5

^ ^1 <_ jt

/iam

15

?ie

&e

liye

derh

paisa diye hain.

U3. *x>

o i,lsx>

v^^N*^*

.^

..l

wW qimat pachas

rupaye

hai.

^^-

4.
-5.

^
^^

jt*u

^"

At*.
*

,x*

6.

<

.J

AJt^>5

U.JJ y'jl

^ne ^ e kotdm kharfdo.

^ ser

do

chdical,
*

ser

natnak

chdhiye.

J ^BU

jJ

^''i

^-^ &&jj>5

wufe

,_jo?

^/

7.

&a;'e

ko diye.

rferfe 607*? A-O

pdnch
nthenge.
9.

Ki*?t

10. J**

L.

*>!;

i_^3 ,yj
^J x^

^t^T v^^Le

TH/I do

pahar tak uthegd.

srf^i6

ddhi

rat

ke

qall

do

man

tashrrfldenge.

11. LA.

>>

jJ

fituu'j

^-

J*4^ ghore

ke

waste

chand manqdo.
12.

tf&i^^

**J

24

.&

*&

ham

tin

baje

ke

b'ad

jdenge.

13. ^_sJ^- j$ cEH

J^

^-jU- <^^f larke sdrhe char baje ko

chhutti p'aenge.

do pipe

tel

ko bhejo.

hdmdre ghar

95
15.

A$a^

cJJ

^ y*

Ki.,$ u-JU/t

16.

(j^**

AAI) <^:

*)^.

.yo

bdrah qamiz, do darzanr

kdlar, chhah galaband,
c har rat ke jore,
nan
chaubfa
jore
moze,
rumdl, chdr kof, Us
banyan, char wdskit,
chdr patlun, char kamarband ; yih sab gin/car
sanduq men tah karke

maiw pahile dafd

ko
mu'df karunga, lekin
j)hir

Translate into
1.

Urdu

nahm

karunga.

Order a dozen
and six handkermy night suits and
Give me a ser and a half

Give the darzi twelve buttons.

2.

shirts, six (pairs of) trousers, six coats

3. Tell the dhobi to bring
chiefs.

two pairs of socks quickly.

of rice and three quarters

4.

of a ser of salt.

5.

Buy

four

for the horse.

6. Send them not later
than (up to) six o'clock. 7. You do not need half a ser of
ghi to cook to-day's dinner. 8. Bring five sers and a half
9. I sell twenty-four manof milk for the school-boys.
10. The Maulvi went to say
goes for the (one) rupee.
11. He will not
prayers at 5 o'clock in the (at) evening.
12. They arrived
reach the mosque before half -past one.
after half past-two.
13. I have not two tins of oil in
14. Bring two rupees
(the) shop (in shop are not, etc.)
worth of grapes (grapes of two rupees). 15. Yesterday

maunds

of

that lazy

go

to his

gram

man did

not

house the

wake

first

till
eight o'clock.
time, but after that he

to me.

VOCABULARY.

tff>

botam,

n.

m.

button.

ghi,

n.

m.

clarified butter.

16. I will

must come

90

m.

namak,

n.

bajd, baje,

p. part, adverbially
to strike

salt.

used of bajnd
o'clock.

n. m. noon.
Pahar means a watch of 3 hours, noon
2nd watch of the day and midnight

do pahar,

is

night.

adhi

liKU

rdt,

lit.

half night, midnight.

man,

n.

m.

40

dafd,

n.

m.

time, turn.

chand,

n.

m.

gram, chick pea.

sers.

mangdnd,

v. t.

to order.

chutthi,

n.

f.

leave, holiday, release.

ptpd,

n.

m.

tin, barrel.

" darzan"

n.

m.

a dozen.

kdlar,

n.

m.

collar.

galadand,

n. m.

rumdl,

n.

m. handkerchief.

n.

m.

JOT a,

necktie.

suit of clothes, a pair.

moza,

n.

m.

sock, stocking.

banyan,

n.

m.

undervest.

"

n. f .(?) waistcoat.

wdskit,"

"

patlun"
kamarband,

mudf

karnd,

n.

m. pantaloons, trousers.
m. sash.

v.

t.

n.

to forgive.

the

of the

97

LESSON XXVIII.
PRESUMPTIVE AND CONDITIONAL FORMS.

By adding the Aorist, Future, or Present forms of the

verb hond, to become, to the Imperfect and Perfect Partiof tenses can be formed, all
ciples of the verb, three pairs
of them conveying the ideas of contingency, presumption
or potentiality. Each grammarian seems to have a special
name for each of these tenses. Dr. Kellogg's nomenclature is the most luminous and logical, Mr. Platts's is
careful and laborious, but does not label these tenses as
contingent, and Mr. Kempson's translates strictly the
nomenclature of the indigenous grammarians.
give
Kempson's, with Kellogg's in brackets.
1. Present Dubious. (Contingent Imperfect), y* ^1 *j wuh
did ho, he may be coming.
2. Past Dubious, (Contingent Perfect), j* ^t iy u-uh
dyd
ho, he may have come.

We

3.

Present Presumptive, (Presumptive Imperfect),

dta hoga, he will, or must be coming.

I3f

Past Presumptive, (Presumptive Perfect),

hogd, he will, or must have come.

^l

>

jjj

wuh

fry*,

4.

fejjfc

wuh dyd

Past Conditional, (Past Contingent Imperfect),

5.

wuh

tij*,

6.

-'

did hotd,

had he been coming.

Past Conditional, (Remote) (Past Contingent Perfect),

*j> had he (not) come.

No.

1.

"If Mohan be on the way here we may

"

see

him

he may be coming, but of this we

to-day
cannot be sure.
"If Mohan has arrived here we might see him
" he
;
to-night
may have arrived, but of this we
;

No.

2.

No.

3.

are ignorant.

"
come, therefore) he will be
on the way here," so we may expect to see

(Mohan promised
him

to-night.

to

98
No.

4.

No.

5.

No.

6.

(Mohan was to arrive

"he will have come,"

this afternoon therefore)

go and see him.

been (on the road) coming, we
should (be able to) see him on the road." He
is not coming therefore we do not see him.
" Had Mohan arrived we could have seen him."
so let us

"Had Mohan

He had

not arrived so

we

could not see him.

EXERCISE.
1.

..3

>

..&

I3lj

bdwarchi
Jchdnd
pakdtd ho, to ham dth
baje khdne pdenge.

L_s^J!;^ 7^' cigar

lil$$

f.

H
y& b3

2. *&

3.

4.

^j

Lj

'

5.

^
J

..$

lj^v*^

jfii ?*

jb*

**'

-y^

Jy ^_

men

<j*>

jJ

u-^Jt*

J^t*o

shdyad larke parhte

iX>t~

shay ad malik ne naukar

A;o

lift.jy

ham hdl kamre

baith sakenge.

to

ho,

Jb J^&vJ <-

agar mehtar nejhdrn diyd

v' a6

}!!/

/iw/cm

^'a

8.

*ioJ
"
J*

^>

U>- - If .A
X

tfb

UL^
^f

Uf

'

masjid

se

dye hong.e, do ham^dkar

us se darydft kdren.

*y*>

t-jL)

Tio.

ko duhta
9W?1" 9
hogd jd/far dekho K%
a milde.
sahib

5'

lion.

S\^ tumhdrd
f
777bdp

IjU^J

khdtd hog^

ja dekho.

SLJ
,
]

.) a^ bachcha so gaya hoga

kyunki us ki dwaz nahin

sundi

dett.

99
9.

\3

*J

b
11.

^^

L.

Ajytb

v_$^ ^

^>*

b
10.

4>> /I

%sxi^ ) ^7""

l-yfc

^f

is

^~y L^'^r' agar

._sy>

yy

I^xj

to

mdrdjdtd.

^ftxj

5^ z

naukar

bax
behra,
bdz bawarchi

mehtar,

O
1Z.
1

**

~*t
^l

>lC

^^

'

v^^^r

^^-so

agar das hi andepakdo

~kafi

k"

13.

**"

**?&>

to

honge.

^ar'

t/"^ S^s

cJ!/^
"

gdU di
wuh ndhin

larke ne

na hoti

U& hS

^^AJ

X,

#?' naukar jhdr ponchh

kartd hota to wuh ghar

t/

sa6z /io^ hai

magar yih ghds nahin

A.
14. ^1 ^J
jfib

9^

Tr

15.

16.

j,

*-)}*$-

"

^J^J

->

J-

.1

'

_jJKi
8 ** c

v^L
~J*
^^J U,Cv^
,

ix

b^ r
t^*

-r^"

17

*$"* Jr \J"^
''

s$
.
.H*

X^

ko kuchh sdbun do
aur us ko tdkid karke
kaho ki phir apnd kam
adhurd na chhoro.

L.^^^ dhobi

*^s^

^L"

^1.

r-A-^ s7ii^, yi^

mumkin ndhin

"

bdt.

**-

*i

H waiw- ay se jhuth

6 gde ko bdyh

cb

to

U"^*

~
J,4=7T -

*-_

nahin
'aldwa

se nikdlo

wuh ghds

ke

sab phul charegi.

chhoti
chhofi
chijiydn
J,*^
-7'
7
j^ /
7
sarak, par dana chug

rahthain.
18.

<S-

e^;^

Liy$ 6\.jT

dp

M kahnd durust hai.

100
hoshydri he sdih likhnd
icojib hai.

"^'

Translate into

Urdu

ri'*

^MMP ^'^ chukd hiin ab

addb earz Jfartd hun.

the master is now writing a letter, you will

2. If the table servant has laidlFe
to take it to the post.
3r Perhaps he
cloth we shall soon have (eat) the dinner.
may be telling the truth. 4. Has the boy not arrived ?
5. The cow
look, he may have fallen into the river.
will just now be grazing in the garden, go and catch
her.
6. The gentleman will have read Persian, that i&
1. If

why (for this reason) he is proficient in Urdu. 7. The

tailor will be making (sewing) niy trousers, tell him to
bring them quickly. 8. The girl will have fallen off the
9. If you had been wishful (wishchair, for she is crying.
to
hear
order,
you would certainly have heard.
ing)

my

had not stolen the grain he would not

have been seized and punished. 11. Some people laugh,
some cry, and some neither laugh nor cry. 12. If the
dhobi will bring only one shirt that will be enough.
13. This is not a mango because it is red and mangoes are
green or yellow. 13. Insist on the boys reading Persian.
15. That is a bad servant, who leaves his work half done.
17. The
16. Besides bread give the poor man some fish.
18. The ox is grazing
little birds will peck up the wheat.
10. If the thief

19. Before I finish writing I will make

in the jungle.
parting salutation. 20. It is fitting that you write
this carefully.

my

VOCABULARY.
,

darydft karnd,

v. t.

to ascertain.

kahldna,

v. int. to

tnildnd,

v.

t.

be called.

to mix.

101

|5.>t

.^'(^

and pron. some.

fe'az,

indef. adj.

andd,

n. m.

egg.

kdfif

adj.

enough,

taktd karnd, v.
adhiird,

t.

adj.

sufficient.

to insist.

half

done,

half

and

half.

mumkin,

adj.

ke 'aldwa,

postp. in addition to, besides.

,jhdr ponchh karnd,

v^fj
^J*

o*^

v'-

5'
)

possible.

to dust

a room.

charnd,

v. int. to graze.

chiignd,

v. t.

safak,

n.

f.

ddnd,

n.

m. grain.

to pick

up food with the

beak, to peck.
roadway, road.

durust,

adj.

straight, correct.

hoshiydri,

n.

carefulness, vigilance,

u'djiby

adj.

<*dd& a'rz karnd,

f.

fitting, proper.

to

make a parting
tation.

salu-

102

103

THE URDU VERB.

Root,

<JjJ,

Infinitive,

UfjJ

1;*

Imperfect

^ji

Perfect

*M

of

bolnd.

j&jt

Conjunctive Participle,

Noun

bol.
,

Agency,

bolke, bolkar.
boltd.

bold.

&>.

bolnewdld.

Sffj

Tenses from the root (3rd pers.

Aorist,

eL;*.

Imperative (2nd pers. pi.)

Future
(3rd pers. sing.)

&Jj*

sing.).
'bole.

bolo.

y*. ,

bolegd.

Tenses from the Imperfect Participle (3rd pers.

Past Conditional,

l*-|y

Present Imperfect,
Past Imperfect,

^J

Present Dubious,

3*

^>

boltd hai.

boltd thd.

l*Jy

'^

,,
Presumptive,
Past Conditional or Optative,
2nd form,

boltd.

^j>
li

boltd ho.

*^J

boltd hogd.

^ W#

boltd hotd.

Tenses from the Perfect Participle (3rd pers.

Past Absolute or Indefinite,
Proximate or Present Perfect,

Remote

or Past Perfect,

Past Dubious,

Past Presumptive,
Past Conditional or Optative,
3rd form,

Jfy

sing.).

sing.).

bold.

3I>>

bold hai.

*> V>J

bold thd.

>fc U^j

bold ho.

lf>* ^jj

IJ>A i^j

bold hogd.
bold hotd.

104

VOCABULARY.
URDU
Adj., Adjective
n.

f.,

Verb Transitive
v'

adv.,

Noun Feminine;
;

c*-t

yf ,

abhi,

n. m..

Verb
;

Noun Masculine

Intransitive; v.

t.,

pron., Pronoun.

now.
to

now,
just now.

up

yet, hitherto.

honorific pronoun, you, your honour.

dp,

itnd,

UJf

int.,

adv.

& tak,

This same form

Adverb

v.

postp., Postposition

ab>
L>'

ENGLISH.

is

used in a reflexive sense, "

self."

105
<_rl

'*',

formative of yih.

wuh.

us,

4,j*i,

V^~l

asbdk.

n.

m.

luggage, furni-

effects,

ture.
*l**t

ty^-l

4__A~'

v^-l

<_r>-*f

^1
_^f

**-y
j*l

^L,

M
^y'

**^t,
v?;^'

f',

J
^5

L~ X5

'

'

ustdd,

n.

m.

ustdni,

n.

f.

istri,

n. f .

dsmdn,

n.

m.

afsos,

n.

m.

teacher.

teacher (female).
iron, (polishing),

sky, heaven.

sorrow^ alas

alone.

akeld,

adj.

agar,

conj.

if.

agarchi,

conj.

although, even

-Agra,

s.

m.

agfe,

adv.

albatta,

adv.

if.

Agra.
before, in front of.
certainly, indeed.

and adv., apart, separately.

aZa^,

adj.

almari,

n.

f.

am,

n.

m. mango.

press, cupboard,
case, wardrobe.

imsdl,

adv.

and,

v. int., to

this year.

come.

m. grain.

gM'

a?i<y',

n.

3**t

andar,

postp., in, within, into.

andd,

n.

jUai>i

intizdr Jcarnd, v.

'^'

Ujf

^y&l
jlj'

^5'

>

j'i)'

>

m.
t.

egg.
to expect.

angur,

n.

m.

a?^z,

n.

f.

^par,

postp., over, above.

and,

conj.

auzdr,

n.

book-

m.

grape.
voice, sound.

and, also, other,

(sing,

and

weapons.

pi.),

tools.

106
n.

auldd,
aisd,

f.

children, offspring.

and

adj.

e,

adv.,

so,

this

thus,

way.
aisd na ho ki, so that

***,

not be that

may

lest.

one.

ek,

bap,

n.

m.

father.

bdt,

n.

f.

word, matter, thing.

bdt chit karnd, v.

to converse.

t.,

again and again, often,

adv.

bar bar,
bar yd,

UJU

it

n.

f.

gunpowder,
twelve,

bdrah,

adj.

bag.,

n.

bilkull,

adv.

altogether, entirely.

ddlna,

v.

to

m.

garden,

t.

(candle

light,

or

lamp).

bdndhnd,

v.

t.

to bind, fasten,

bans,

n.

m.

bamboo,

m.

cook,

bdwarchi,

n.

bdhar,

adv.

batdnd

bat a dend,

battt,

n.

f.

wick, candle, lamp.

bachchd,

n.

m.

child, infant,

bichhauna,

n.

m.

bed, bedclothes.

outside.

~)

t.

>

ba-daulat

(let

postp.,

to

show, point out.

by means
of,

bura,

adj.

bardbar,

adv.

barkhilaf

(ke)

bad,

baby,

of,

prestige

evil,

favour
of.

wicked,

equally, regularly.
adv. and postp., against, contrary, opposite to.

107
bard,

adj.

and adv.,

big, large, great,,

very.

1*

baihai,

n.

m.

carpenter.

bazzdz,

n.

m.

draper, cloth- seller.

b'ad,

adv. and postp., after.

I)'

adj.

az,

some, a few.

m.

Bagdad,

n.

bagair,

postp. without.

buldnd,

v. t.

to call.

buld lend,

v. t.

to call up.

balki,

adv.

bandnd,

v. t.

to

v.

t.

to shut, close, stop.

n.

f.

gun.

Bagdad.

and

but rather,,
moreover, on the con-

conj., but,

trary.

band karnd,
bandit q,

bannd,

v. int.,

make, cause

to be

to

make.

made, to become^

baniya,

n. m.,

shopkeeper, grain-seller.

banyan,

n. m.,

singlet, vest.

5otdm,

n. m.,

(English, corruption of)

button.

bfy'h,

n. m.,

load, burden.

bolnd,

v. int., to utter

bond,

v. t.

to sow.

bhdt,

n. m.,

(boiled) rice.

bhart,

adj.

heavy,

bhdgnd,

v. int.,

to flee, escape.

sound, speak.

weighty,

im-

portant.

bhdgjdnd,

v. int.,

to flee

bhai,

n. m.,

brother.

bahut,

adj.

and

adv.,

away, escape.

much, many.

108

k>->,

bhar,

adv.

behra,

n.

bharosd,

n.

m.

reliance, trust.

bharnd,

v.

t.

to

m.

fully,

whole.

(English) bearer.

fill,

with

thing

filled

of

se,

which
ddhin,

n.

bhukhd,

adj.

hungry.

bhi,

conj.

also,

f.

men, of
or, with
thing with
;

filled.

sister.

and,

too,

even,

with.
bhztar,

adv.

bhejnd,

v. t.

to send,

bhikh mdngnd,

v. t.

to beg.

bayan karnd,

v.

t.

within, inside,

to explain, relate, narrate.

beta,

n.

m.

son.

beti,

n.

f.

daughter.

bait And,

v. int. to sit.

baith jdnd,

v. int., to sit

n.

m.

down, be seated.

seed.

be-chdrd,

adj.

poor, helpless, wretched.

bechnd,

v.

to

bis,

adj.

twenty, a score.
in vain.

t.

sell.

be-fdida,

adv.

bail)

n.

m. ox, bullock.

bimdr,

n.

m. and adj.,

sick

man,

patient, sick,
n.

par,

lady, wife,
postp. and adv., across,

pds,

adj.

biwi,

pdnd,

f.

v. t.

and adv., near, by,

with.

to find, get, obtain.

109
pdnsh,

*>

.A,

110

pahunchdnd,
pahunchnd,

to send, bring, cause to

arrive.

v. t.

to arrive, reach,
to clothe with, dress,

flower,
to throw,
to

throw away.

canister,

barrel,

(Eng.

pipe).
.

SN,

and

adv., behind, after.

cup.
pice, money.
Peshawar.

yellow.
to drink.
,

to drink up.

to drink,

" to take and

drink."
to insist, enjoin,

nevertheless,

still.

in order that,

then.
trade, commerce,

formative of 3,

tu.

expedient, plan,
to arrange, contrive,
scales.

three
days
hence.

ago,

vegetables, curry.

or

Ill

tashrtf

le

and, v. int., to come.

lejand, v.
tasalli dend,
tak,

htm,

tumhdrd,

tumhen,
tang hdl,
tanhd,

v.

int.,

t.

to depart.

to comfort, cheer.

112

vjjla*

jamcar,

113

chiriya,

n.

chugnd,

v.

bird.

f.

to

t.

to

peck,

feed

(as

birds).

5-

or

move, drive,

v. t.

chalnd,

v. int., to

move, to go along,

chale jdnd,

v. int., to

go away.

chamach or chamcha,
chamakna,

**,

to cause to

chaldnd,

n. m., spoon,

v. int., to shine, glitter, glisten,

chdna,

n.

m.

chot,

n.

f.

"gram," chickpea,
hurt, wound,

chulhd,

n.

m.

fireplace, stove,

chundnchi,

adv.

chunki,

conj.

so that, so.

and

adv.,

inasmuch

as,

since.

chhutti,

n.

f.

freedom,

leave,

relief,

holiday,
chhuri,

n.

f.

knife.

chJiarrd,

n.

m.

shot, small shot,

cHhotd,

adj.

small,

chhornd,

v. t.

to

chhah,

adj.

six.

chfe,

n.

thing.

f.

little.

leave,
sake.

n. f .

kite,

release,

for-

hdzir,

adj.

present.

lidziri,

n.

presence,
attendance,
breakfast.

hdl-dn-Jci,

adv.

hisdb,

n.

huzur,

n.

f.

m.
m.

whereas, now that,

though.

al-

account, arithmetic.

presence,
"
honour.

"your

114
n.

hukm,

m.

order,

command.

careful, mindful.

khabarddr,

adj.

khidmatgdr,

n. m., servant, especially table-

servant.

JJfyL

wicked.

kbardb,

adj.

bad,

Wsaridnd,

v. t.

to purchase, buy.

Hbatt,

n.

fehwdh

m.

evil,

letter, note.

Wywdh) conj., whether

adj.
J

fcb'ud.

and

or.

adv., well, beautiful,

j

good.

*0te

Ub,

khaufndk,

adj.

terrible, terrific, awful.

dam,

n m.

price, cost.

ddtihil hona,

v. int. (wen), to enter.

daroga,

n.

m.

ddnd,

n.

m.

dabjdnd,

v. int., to

darakhht,

n.

m.

tree, plant.

dard,

n.

m.

pain.

darzan,

adj.

darzit

n.

durust,

darmiydn

grain.

be crushed.

(Eng.) dozen.

m.

adj.

(ke} }

Inspector or Sub-Inspector of Police.

tailor.

and

adv., straight,
correct.

adv.

and

door.

darwdza,

n.

m.

daryd,

postp.,
within.

level,

between,

n.

f.

durydft karnd

m., river, sea, flood.

(ko) t v. t., to ascertain.

dart,

n.

f.

dushman,

n.

m.

enemy.

dukh,

n.

m.

sorrow.

carpet.

115

&*&

dukhnd,

116

*,!,,

adj.

one and a

half.

adj.

yellow.

rat,

n.

f.

night.

raj mistri,

n.

m.

mason, bricklayer.

rdsta

n.

m.

way, road.

Edsta, means road or way to a place, rah means the

same, but has also an ethical aspect. Sarak is the
material roadway on which one travels.

dekhnd

titt

look for, expect.

to keep, retain, hold.

(ki), v. t., to

rakhnd,

v.

t.

rang,

n.

m.

colour, dye.
to dye, colour.

rangdnd,

v. t.

rangrez,

n.

m.

dyer.

roti,

n.

m.

bread.

roz,

n.

m.

day.

roz roz,

adv.

day by day, every day.

roshni or raiishni, n.

m.

f.,

light.

handkerchief.

rumdl,

n.

rond,

v. int. to cry,

weep.

rahnd,

v. int. to

zubdn,

n.

zamin,

n.

f.

earth, land.

zor,

n.

f.

power, violence

f.

remain, stay.

tongue, language.

se),

2/n,
sd,

n.

m.

adj.

saddle.

and adv.
like,

m.

sdbun,

n.

sat,

adj.

sdth (ke),

postp., with, in

sarhe,

adj.

(with

strongly.

of

similitude-

very

(?)

company

of.

isb,

soap.

seven.

plus a half.

JL

^pLa

^-

year.

sdlan,

m.

meat-curry.

sdnp,

n.

m.

sdis,

n.

m.

sab,

adj.

sipdhi,

n.

<yU*

(ke),

sac/i,

-r-,

^-

m.

n.

<j"^L

^,~

n.

sdmne

_Jl-

v**

sal,

^so j jy*>

postp., in front of, opposite.

snake.

groom,
all,

m.

every.

soldier, constable.

true.

adj.

red.

surkh,

adj.

sir or sar,

n.

m.

head.

sarf-o-nahw,

n.

f.

grammar

(lit.

accidence

and syntax).
j~
-(j-

m.

sarkdr,

n.

sarak,

n. f

sazd,j

n. f .

"

government."
road (the material road
on which one travels),

chief,

synn. rdsta or rdh.

j>
-^

,
r

**&~>

j-iTjJ-' ,

punishment.

sufaid or sufed, adj., white.

suluk,

n.

m.

treatment

(especially

good).
sttZw&

karnd (with

se), v. t.,

to

samjhd dend, v.

t.

to treat (esp. well),

behave

to.

to explain thoroughly,
to cause to be understood.
to understand.

samajhnd,

v.

sund't dend,

v. int., to

sundnd,

v. t.

t.

be heard.

to cause to

hear or be

heard.

sunnd,

v.

t.

to hear.

sauddgar,

n.

m.

merchant, shopkeeper.

v.
'.int.
int.

sona,

so-jana,

sawere,

>to sleep.
)

sawd
a (with

r
v.
int.

a quarter more than

adj.
A;e),

postp., except.
adj. adv., early,

the

in

early

morning.
n.

m.

se,

support, reliance, help.

postp. by, with, from, than.

seb or sep,

n.

m.

apple.

ser,

n.

m.

a weight (abt.

sikhnd,

v. t.

to learn.

smd,

v.

to sew.

Sahara,

t.

21bs.)

siydh'i,

n. f.

ink, blacking.

shdbdsh,

interj.,

bravo

shdgird,

n.

m.

sham,

n.

m.

evening.

shakhs,

n.

m.

person, individual.

well done

pupil, disciple.

shur'u karnd (ko), v. t., to begin.

shikar khelnd, v. t. to hunt, go shooting.
n. m. city, town.
shakr,

m.
m.

shor-o-gul,

n.

sdhib,

n.

sirf,

adj.

sanduq,

n.

noise

and row.

lord of
(lit.
) gentleman, master.

and adv., only, merely.

m. ? f., box.

zarur,

adv.

necessarily, certainly.

zarurat,

n. f .

necessity, need.

tarah,

n.

manner (with verbs " he

f.

does
taraff

B. f .

it like

this").

(and postp. with M),

direction.

side,

119
v.

'arz

to fold, roll up, to dispose of (a case).

t.

karnd, (with hi or ko), v.

t.,

to report,

state, request.
'izzat,

n.

f.

honour, esteem, reputa-

n.

f.

woman,

tion.
t

aurat,

careless.

adj.
g.arib,

and

adj.

n.

m.,

meek,

poor,

poor man.

karnd (par),

g.aur

Farsi,

v.

t.,

adj. and

to reflect, meditate.
n.

f.,

(m.),

Persian people
Persian 1 a n -

guage

(f.).

fidwi,

n.

m.

devotee, slave.

fardiz,

n.

m.

pi. of /arz, duties,

obli-

gations.

farmdnd,

v. t.

to

command
orifically

(used honof

merely

saying or doing anything).

n. f.

division, harvest, crop.

faqt,

adv.

fauran,

adv.

only, merely.
immediately, at

adv.

quickly.
in the (present)

fasl,

filhdl,

once,
case,

just now.

m.

qd'ida,

n.

qabl

postp., before, previously.

(ke),

primer, alphabet
book.

rule,

qalam,

n.

m.

(? f.)

qamiz,

n.

m.

shirt,

qimat,

n.

f.

price.

pen.
chemise.

120
Kl

121

kalaf (or kalap), n. m., starch.

Kalkattd,

122

^j

kyd,

what?

why?

kyun,

adv.
n. f.

*^r,

gdUdena,

v.

'*>

gdnd,

</J^>
l

Lr

to
"cheek," ta
abuse in obscene language.

(lit.)

v.

t.

to sing.

m.

gadhd,

)^

ffu,zar jdnd,

v. int., to

pass away, die.

>

girdnd,

v.

throw down.

r/
4/ ,
1

'

cart, carriage.

t.

n.

-^jr

to

t.

donkey.

ass,

gird dend,

v. t.

garm,

adj.

hot,

^'rnrf,

v.

to fall.

do.

t.

warm.

4Jir>

gir parnd,

v. int., to fall

>

guldbi,

adj.

>

*?

**
</

adj.

g&rf,

galaband,

n.

m.

gahf

n.

f.

>

ginnd,

v.

t.

>

go,

Sr

firora,

adj.

gosht,

n.

necktie.

a lane.
to count.

conj.

*^

if.

if

and

indeed, although.
fair, a fair man,

n. m..

esp.

****?

>

Jr

i^y

u~*

fP >

<*J*r

%*&

{.SJJ&

<^

S'oZ

mirch,

m.

n. f

down.

rose-colour.

flesh,

European

soldier^

meat.

round or black pepper.

ghds,

n.

f.

grass, herbage.

ghar,

n.

m.

house.

ghard,

n.

m.

jar, pot.

ghar{}

n.

f.

watch, clock.

ffhord,

n.

m.

horse.

ghor'if

n.

f.

mare.

ffhi,

n.

m.

ghi, clarified butter.

123
gend,

Kl

13KJ

124

m.

master.

mdlik,

n.

mdhir hond,

v. int. (with

men), skilled in,

proficient in.

N.B. Platts says, with

have consulted say men.

UJU

but

set

m.

mdU,

n.

man,

n. f.

mother.

mdnnd,

v.

t.

to

v.

t.

gardener,

mabddd,

mind, obey,

to ask for.

mdngnd,
mdnind (&*), adv. and
tiUo

Indian scholars I

all

like,

postp.,
bling.

adv.

lest,

adv.

don't.

resem-

that not.

sweets.

mithdv,

n. f

machhl^

n.

m.

fish.

mihnat,

n.

f.

labour, work.

madad,

n.

f.

help, aid, assistance.

Madrasa,

n.

m.

school.

mirchd,

n.

m.

red pepper.

mard ,

n.

m.

man

as

(w'r,

male

or

manly).
top*

murda,

adj.

murgiy

n.

and n. m., dead, corpse.

hen, fowl.

f.

marnd,

v. int., to die.

mar j and,

v. int.,

''

do.,

to

go and die."

mazaddr,

adj.

mazdur,

n.

m.

hired labourer, " coolie.

mazduri,

n.

f.

wages, hire.

musdfir,

n.

m.

traveller, stranger.

mistri,

n.

m.

(master-)

tasty.

workman.

'

125

J&i

c^yw ,

masjid,

n. f .

place of prayer, mosque.

mashgul,

adj.

engaged

in,

mushkil,

adj.

difficult,

hard.

m'arifat

(Arc),

by means

postp.,

agency
muft,

adv.

m'alum hond,

v. int., to

muqaddama,

conj.
magar,
muldhiza karnd, v.

UJ^

by the

of,
of.

gratis, free, for nothing.

m.

n.

busy with.

be known.

case.

only, but, except.

to inspect.

t.,

to mix, cause to meet.

mildnd,

v.

milnd,

v. int., to

t.

meet

with

(with

dat. of person), to

be

obtained.
liLx

mil j'and,

JL,

LiLc

malnd,

mix, meet.

v. int., to

v.

t.

mumkin,

adj.

man,

n.

mundsid,

adj.

munshi,

n.

to rub.
possible.

m.

maund=40

sers.

proper, meet.
writer, teacher (of Urdu
and Persian).

fitting,

m.

man'a karnd,

v.

t.

to forbid, prohibit.

mangdnd,*

v.

t.

to

ask

for,

call

for,

order.

iy
***

minnat karnd

oJ^Oj

munh,

*jy

ty

ol**

(ki), v. t., to

n.

m.

m.

moza,

n.

mu'af karnd,

v. t.

maulvi,

n.

m.

entreat, beseech.

mouth,

face.

sock, stocking.
to forgive.

Mohammadan

doctor
a
person
learned in Arabic.
of

law,

126

muwdfiq

(ke),

adv.

resembling,

according

to.

wez

J**,

*,
*J -

n.

m.

sweeper.

n.

m.

plain.

n. f.

table.

pron.

I.

na,

adv.

no, not.

na-na,

adv.

neither

n.

adv.

narson,

nazdik

(he),

nor.

result.

four days ago, or since.

postp., near.

m.

nuqsdn,

n.

nikalnd,

v. int., to

namdz,

n.

namaz parhnd,

<=**>

m.

f.

v.

t.,

loss.

go

out, issue.

prayer.
to recite or say prayers

namak,

n.

m.

salt.

m.

servant,

naukar,

n.

nihdyat,

adv.

exceedingly,

ndhin,

adv.

no, not;

niche (ke),

postp., beneath, under.

niz,

adv.

along with.

wdjid,

adj.

proper, fitting.

was kit f

n.

warna,

adv.

if

wun,

adv.

so.

wuh,
wdhdn,

pron. he, she,

adv.
there.

waisd,

adv.

hath,

n.

Kdzir hond,

v. int., to

m. (Eng.) waistcoat.

m.

not, otherwise.

so, in

it,

that, they.

that manner.

hand.
be present.

127
hdl,

n.

m.

hdl Jcamra,

n.

m.

hdn,

adv.

har,

adj.

and

state, condition, account.

drawing-room.
yes.

adv., every.

hargiz nahtn, adv.

m.

never.

harin,

n.

hazdr,

adj.

hal,

n.

m.

haljotna,

v.

t.

ham,
hamesha,

pron.
adv.

hansnd,

v. int., to

hanoz,

adv.

yet,

hoshydr,

adj.

vigilant, sensible.

hond,

v. int., to

ho j and,

v. int., to

hiin,

v. int., I

haiy

v. int., art, is.

yd,

conj.

or.

conj.

either

ya'ni,

adv.

that

yun,

adv.

thus.

yih,

pron.
adv.

he, she,

Ja

yd

to-yd,

yahdn,

deer, antelope.

thousand.
plough.
to plough.

we.
always.
laugh.
still,

up

to

now.

become, to be.
become.

am.

is

or.

to say.

it,

these.

here.

ENGLISH URDU.
The gender
marked, as

of nouns,

n. m., n.

abuse,

n.

abuse, to

v. t.

f.

f.,

v.

and the " voices "

t., v.

gdU,
gdli dend,

int.

of verbs are

128
n.

accidence,

N.B.

m.

Sarf alone

according

sarf,

is

to,

m.

account,

n.

ache, to,

v. int.

hisdb,

v_>l

A.

^t

dukhnd,

ke a'ldwa or 'ildwa,

addition to (in)
ke ba'd,
after,

s*j

ke pichhe
phir,

again,

jy<>

masc., sarf-o-nahw together are fern.

ke muwdfiq,
&\j* -

c-*^! j**

^^

again and again, bar bar,

n. m.
$/t
Agra,
Agra,
v.

aid, to,

alas

afsos

madad

t.

karnd,

kull,

all,

sab,

alms, to ask, v.
alone,

t.,

(h)

akeld,

&$l

(p)

tanhd,

alphabet-book, n.
although,

bhikh mdngnd, U&l*

m.

agarchi,

qd'ida,
*^j^\

hal-dn-ki,

,,

go U,
altogether, bilkull,

always,

hamesha,

among,

ke darmiydn, cj^j^

kebich,

amuse
and,

and

oneself, v.

aur,
if not,

o,

warna

t.,

^HO
dil bahldnd,
;jl j!

AJJJ

129
animal,

jdmvar,

j^^-

antelope, harin,

appear,

v. int

apple, seb,

k-**"*^**

,seo,

v^: A

hain

are,

&j*

dikhni dend, l^i i^

nazar and,
Ut^JiJ

arithmetic,

liisdb,

arrive, v. int

cause

=*

*_>'

phunckn<i, USL^J
v. t.,

to,

pahunck'lna,

pa/itmchdclend,
l

as, juisd,

-i-?-

as mucli as,

jitnd,

ascertain, v.

t.,

ask

(a question),

ask (request),
ass,

assistance, n.

puchhnd,

v.

mdn^nd,

t.,

madnd,

f.,

v. t

assist,

z*

madud karnd,

\*/

^l

dlthir Ao, j^

at once, fauran,

awake,

v. int.,

l**>

gadhd,

at last,

ii^.

dnrydft karnd, V>/

\^

(pres. part, of jdgna), jdjtd,

awful, khoufnci.c,

i?*-

bad, 6urd, ktmrdb, \^> ^j^n. m. Bug.d<id,

Bagdad,
ball,

n.

bamboo,
bank (of a

n. rn. bans,

barrel,

n. \n.,pipd,

f.

0emi

rivers, n. m., Jcindra,

U*j

be, become, v. int. hand, ho j ana

bearer,

n. m.,

because, chun.i,
9

behra,
i\yun,.,i,

t.^
*^->*-

130
*f*k

bedstead, n. m., palang,

before (of place), Le dye,
(of time),

begin,

v.

(in
bell,

ke or

se,

comp. with

n. m.,

beneath,

pahile,

t.

formative), v.

inf.

yhantd,
ke niche
(H), minnat karnd,

besides,

a'ldwa,

between,

ke bich,

j^*

*&*

ke darmiydn, cJ^;^
dard,

big,

v. t.,

bird,

n. f ., chi iyd,

bite,

v. t., kdtnd,

bdndhnd,
:

bitter,

karwd,

black,

kdln, siydh,

ij}f

blacking, blackness, n.

blow,
book,

IjJ

bind,

bloom

shuru' ,.arnd,

t.,

beseech, v.

\_

(as
n.

a flower),
f.

chot,

W
f.

8'i-

siydhi,

v. int.,

khulnd,

*%^

int.,

^^

lagnd,

131

bring (cause to come),

broken

v.

t.,

(be), v. int., tutnd,

pahunchd dend, U

tutjdnd, Ujy

n.

m.

jhd- u,

brother,

n.

m.

bhdi,

build,

v.

t.

banana,

burden,

n.

m.

bqjh,

int.,

mashgul hond,

broom,

busy, to be, v.
but,

le/cin,

butter, n.

button, n.
v.

buy,

tU

\j,^

magar, par,
m. makkhan,
m. botdm,
(*^
<

Jchartdnd, ^^J

t.

by, (near), nazdik, pas, qarib

by, (means of), ke wasib, Jce ma'rifat,

cage,

n.

m.

Calcutta,

n.

m.

Kalkatta,

call,

v.

t.

buldnd,

called, to

be (named),

v.

(to oneself) or call

,,

cap,

pinjrd,

n.

f.

fopi,

t.,

-^

kabldnd,

and bring,

careful, hoshzydr or hoshydr, ^t^^

careful, to be, v. t., hoshiydrt karnd,
careless, gdfil, J^^c

carpenter,

n.

m.

carpet

n.

f.

dart,

carriage,

n.

f.

gdrf,

cart,

cartridge,

barlia't,

,,

n.

m.

kartus,

case (at law), n. m., muqaddama,

catch,

v.

chair,

n. f.

t.

pakarnd,

ti}

/mm,

^M

v. t.,

buld lend,

132

chamber,

n.

m.

larara,

chattels,

n.

m.

mdl

cheer, to,

v.

t.

tasulU dend

chest,

n. m.

sanduq.

m.

sarddr.

n.

chief,

m.

n.

child, infant,

*j>

nsbdb,

bnchcha,

children, offspring, n. m., auldd,

city,

n. in.

clean,

shahr,

j\*>

ou

sdf,

clear,

3>

safdi

clearly,

*e,

\J"&*
(

cha. hnd,

climb, v. int.,

^}^-

cloth,

n.

m.

collar,

n.

m.

ualdband,

colour,

n.

m.

rang,

come,

v. int.,

comfort, to,

command,
to,

commerce,

company

*****

-^;

and,

v.

t.

tasalli dend,

hu*m
hukm

n.

m.

v.

t.

n.

f.

iZ,

complete, yurt

dend,

tijdrut,

ke

(with),

completely,

LH>

a/> d,

satin,

samuchd,

bilkull,

conformably, bamujib,
n. m.
constable,
continually,

bardbar,

contrary, to,

bar khildf,

converse,

v.

to,

t.

j>lj>

J^J

(se) (p)

guftogd karnd,

(h) bdt chit larnd,

cook

n.

m.

bdwarchi,

ts^j^^

133

cook, to,

v. t.

pak ma,

cooking pot,

n.

de^chi,

f.

durust,

correct,

count,

v.

t.

crop,

n.

f.

crow,

n.

m.

ginnd,

J*13

foul,

JX

kauwd,

v. int.

cry, weep,

m.

n.

cup,

n.

almdri,

f.

curry (meat), n. m.
n.

vegetable,
cut,

rond, Ijj

5/ -iJ

piydld,

cupboard,

v.

kdtnd,

t.

sdlnn,
f.

tar'cdri,

Uj|

daily, roz roz, roz bn roz, j

damage,

n.

dibjdnd,

crushed, to be, v. int.

m.

dark-complexioned, kdld,
daughter, n. f. be//, (^^
see

day by day,

}>;

nuqsdn. &k*&

ily.
.*

decidedly, zarur, albatta, fieshakk,

m.

deer,

n.

liarin,

^y*

Dehli,

p. n.

Dehli,

^A*

delay,

n.

der,

depart,

f.

v. int.,

chalejana, ^*4t'
t:ishi'if

.,

IP,

j and,

descendant,

n.

m.

devotee,

n.

m. fidwi,

dictionary, n.
did,

v.

die,

v. int.,

,,

t.

^^ &*>\

f.

Jciyr,

auldd,

lug.nt,

\J\A

*t)\

^j^

*^*^

l*>

mnrnd, ly

marjdnd, UU^c

J_cij^iJ

134
die,

pass away,

v. int.,

v.

t.

direction

^V

~ki

(of),

disciple, n. m.
;* >>y,

distant,

taj$>

khodnd,

m. khdnd,

dinner, n.

dur,

do,

v. t.

dog,

n.

U'I

mushkil, J^*>

difficult, difficulty,

dig,

guzarjdnd,

^>^

o^t ^/

tnraf,

^Li

shdqird.

karnd,

l>/

Jcuttd,

Uf

/at/a,

l^

m.

done, v.

t.

donkey,

n.

m.

gadhd,

doubtless, 6eshaJck,

dozen,

darjan,

draper,

n.

m.

drawers,

n.

m. paty'dma,

drawing-room,
drink,

v.

t.

bazzdz,

n.

m.

}\j*

**^

gol tamra,

pmd,

l^j

up, v.

t.

pi j'and pi lend, ^^-

drive,

v.

t.

Tidn.nd, U^Lk

drown,

v. int., duhnd,

dust, to, (a room),

duty, duties, n. m.

dye,

v.

t.

^U

dub j and, 1^3 UU.

jhac poch kornn,

farz.fn.niz,

<Joj>

135

na

ai-m

else,

Tic hi,

nahm

to,
warna,
n. m.
dushman,

enemy,

^o

&#/',

enough,
v.

enquire,

(h) puchhnd, li*-*

t.,

(p) duryiift

entreat, v.

t.

(k'i)

arnd, li/
U ^A

hond

v. int., ddkhil

enter,

*>

minnnt

J^l

harri'f,

^^

C.
equal, to, equally, he barabar,
or
v.
int., bTiaq jdnd
ni,\alnd,
escape,

evening, n. m., shdm,

f*Li

-^Jt

every,

Tzar e/,

evil,

(p ) l.hardh

exactly,

(h)

exceedingly,

(It)

fewra,

v ^^

se ^p) dnrust,

#/i//r

"^V

tiih<iy<it.

excellent,

u'mdn.

except,

^e

^-c

*?/',

'^

explain,

v. t.

bay6n karnd,

expect,

v.

(kd\ intizdr Larnd,

t.

expedient, n.
face, n.

tadbir,

f.,

munh,

f.,

^f-

^..
l

&

^i-

facing, &e muqabala,

fall, v. int.

fall, (to

fall

d^y

Tthubsunit,

fair,

the lot of), v.

down,

fan, n.

girnd

rn.

v. int.. j/*Y

pn\hd.

^^

int.,

parnd,

parnd, b}j
U^ij

(make) v. t. foancZ knrnd}

vj^
father, n. m. &ap,
n.
m.
field,
het, ^*Z
frist,

fight,

t.

JJJ

Uy

/.

v.

larnd, Inrdi karnd,

J.A

136
fighting, n.

f.

latdi, ^tjJ

v.

t.

bharnd,

fill,

I'^-J

filled, to be, v. int., bhar jdnd, l>t^J

v.

find,

t.

pdnd,
khub,

W.JA-

dg,

iJT

fine,

n. f .

fire,

fire, (a

gun), v.

t.,

n.

fit,

//i//i;,

fitting,
five,

bandu'c chnldnd or chhornd,

fire-place, stove,
fish,

Ulj

f.

m., chvlhd,

^-m*

machhli,

f.

taiydr,

mnndsib,

^^

punch,

flee,

v. int.,

bhtgnd, bhtg jdnd,

flesh,

n. in.

go<ht,

**^

flower,

n. ra.

phiil,

Jj+j

fly,

see

forbid,

v.

forgive,

v. t.

forsake, v.

flee.

mana' karnd, U^f ji/o

mna'f Itnrnd, ly ,J*x>

t.

chhorni, chhor denii,

t.

four,

9 &*.

lij

c/iar, ;l

fourfold,

chtiujund. 1*^^

fowl,

n.

friend,

n. m.

f.

front, in-of
fruit,

U^l$j ULa.

n.

murg.i^

^f*

<2o#,

^*-ji

Are

m.

ftimne, ^vol- ^.

mw>i

(h) p/i'/Z. (p)

purn, bhar, \p* ^J

full,

furniture, n. m.
gallop, v. int.

cause

to,

garden, n. m.

ashdh,

^J*^,\

dnu.nd, l js
v t., daurdnd,
>

60^,

&

1J

*\

Jlfj

8^*

137
gardener, n. m.
v.

gave,

t.

l.^

diyd,
n.

gentleman,

^^

malt,

m.

sahib, ^*-(*>

(h) dhire dhire, (p) ahista,

gently,

get, obtain, v.

t.

v. int

get up,

v. int.,

give,

v.

t.

given,

v.

t.

(with ko) milnd,

uthnd,
dend,

Uj

diyd,

go along,

v. int., chalm'i,

go away,

v. int.,

cause

to, v.

out,

tflj

pdnd,

jand, chalejdnd,
cfinldnd,

t.

(h)

U. J^>

ni.aljdnd,

v. int.,

bdan.rja.mi, Ul^^tilj

achchha, (p) u'mda,

goods, n. m. mt/l, Jl*

gone, v. int., guyd,
government, n. m. suriar, ;'^grain, n. m. ddnd, an-ij, ^l^i -

1*^

n.

gram,

m.

grammar, n
n.

grass,

chund,

cause

snrf o nahw,

f.

g.hds,

to,

t.

j"**-*

^4

chrnd,
v

jl

^^~

f.

v. t.

graze,

tj*-

chardnd,

lij

gratuitously, muft, ^s*-*

green,

(h) hard, (p) sabz,

groom,

n.

m.

sdis,

gruel,

n.

f.

l.dnji,

gun,

n.

f.

gunpowder,

La. -

v. int.,

jj

good,

L>H^.

\j&>

(j^-'L-*

^^- ^

banduq, &-*>

n. f.,

bdrud, ^^>

-J.>

138
half,

lAit

ddhd,

half done,

adhurd,

m.

n.

hand,

hdth,

handkerchief,
n.

harm,

fjjy^T
**JlA

n.

m.

m.

nuqsdn

harvest, n.

f.

fasl,

n.

f.

topi,

hat,

have to do,
head,
hear,

v.

heard

(be)

yih,

heaven,

v. int.,

sundi dend,

n.

m.

dsmdn, ^U-of

v.

t.

(&/)

bhdri,

helpless,

hen,

sunnd, U~

t.

heavy,
help,

f.

karnd,

J5,U. i.
x)

t#-cj

murgi,

is liya, is waste,

yahan,

liither,

idhar, ^4^1

hitherto,

hold,

v.

holiday,

n.

t.

f.

(h)'abtak, (p) hanoz,

pakafnti,

l>.fj

chhutti,

^/v*-

Honour, your,

huzur,

honour, n.

i'zzat,

n.

f.

m.

hot,

o^

here,

yhord,

garm,

hour,

n.

m.

gh'infd,

house,

n.

m.

ghar,

how,

^jl-j

madad

bechdra,
n.

hence,

horse,

karna pa.'nd,

v. int., (ko)

wuh,
n. m. sir,

he,

J^

nimdl,

kaisd,

ma\dn,jJ
I

j^

IJ

139

how much,

kitnd,

hungry,

bh^i/lhd,

Ui^j

hunt,

v.

t.

shikar khelna,

hurt,

v.

t.

chot lnydnd,

(p) agar,

(h)jo,J\

immediately,

faurun,

if,

^
lj-

^^v

bhdri,

important,

L&J

inculcate,

v.

t.

sfimjhd dend,

indicate,

v.

t.

batdnd,

infant,

n. m.

bachcha,

ink,

n.

siyahi,

f.

inkstand, inkpot, n.
v. t.
td.^d
insist,
inspect, v.

daivdt*

f.,

kamd,

muldkiza kurnd,

t.

Inspector (of police), n. m., ddrog'i,

m.

n.

invalid,

wmriz, bimdr,

iron (laundry),
is,

v. int.

n.

hai,

issue, offspring,
it,

yih, with,

m.

jacket,

n.

Jutnna,

p. n.

f.

iatri,

,>

n.
*J

m.

avltid,

kurtd,

Jamnd

khichari,

n.

f.

khicharl,

kill,

v.

t.

mdrnd, mar ddlna,

kite,

n.

f.

chtl,

knife,

n.

f.

chhuri,

know,
known,

v.

t.

to be,

j'dnnd,

n.

f.

^l*

Jl-^-

_cj*^
L*

v. int., (,.oi

mi'liim hond,

mihnnt, <^^<
labourer (hired) n. m. ma..dtir,

labour,

140
lacking, (without),

ke bagair.

lacking, (incomplete),

b/iq/',

lady,

n.

f.

biwf,

lamp,

n.

m.

chirdp,

^^

(The English word lamp

land,

n.

f.

zamt'n,

lane,

n.

f.

gait,
f.

zdhdn, e/0

bad, n.

f.

gdli,

barii,

large,

\y.

v. int.,

laugh,

law, (doctor

hnnvnd,
n. m.
maulvi,

of),

learn (to acquire knowledge*,

v.

(to study),

t.

learned man, n. m.
v.

leave,

also used.)

n.

language,

is

e^- )

U,^

UAJJ

jiarhmt,
'dlim,

chho nd,

t.

v. t., st.'chnd,

^Jl*

l\^-^*L

leave (of absence), n.

n.

lentils,

aisd

lest,

let go,
let,

v.

f.

ki

mdbada,

chhor dend,

t.

(permit, allow), v.

letter,

chhutfi,

^H^

J'o

ddl,

na ho

f.

n.

m.

n.

f.

n.

m. jhuth,

&')&

Liu^

*-;

lj|

(p) khatt,

L'U>o

j^^-

karne dend,
*

t.

Uj^ L.f

*i,

lie,

lies,

to

lift,

v.

tell,
t.

(h) chit (hi,

v. int.

lamp),

light,

n.

like,
live,

f.

* J ^"^

jhuth bolnd,

v. t

bdrnd.jnldnd,

roshni,

M mdnind,
v. int., (p)

U^ 4^^

UlJ|

uthdnd,

light, (a

^V

^' lx)

^^
^

zinda hand, (\\)jind,

141
load,

m.

n.

load, to,

^.'K

Iddud,

t.

ladnd

v. int.

loaded, to be,
look,

^H

bojh,
v.

v. t.

de hnd, Lw^v

v.

de,.h lend,

t.

l^

<*

look for,

v.

t.

tald*h karnd,

loss,

n.

m.

nufjsdn,

(pirt of parnd) para,

btindnd, l-w

lying, resting,

make,

v.

t.

mat), (homo),

n.

m.

ddmi.

^^

man, (wVi,

n.

m.

mard,

Sj*>

mango,

n.

m.

dm,

many,

bahut,

mare,

n.

f.

margin,

n.

m.

mason,

n.

m.

matter,

n.

f.

n.

m.

maund,
by means

i.indra,

r;
(p.),

m.

mistri,

mu'dmalu,

phdwrd,

';^J

mnn,

&*

A/

of,

n.

;'}lj

(h) fca,

J,

meat,

*J-

bdzdr,

n. in.

n.

^ y$

ghon,

n. tn.

mattock,

pf

*^v?

m arifat. ^ j
wnsile

m.

gosht,

se, <?L

medicine,

n.

f.

dawd,

meditate,

v.

t.

g.aur karnd,

meet,

v. int.,

merchant,

n.

midnight, n.
in the midst,
milk,

n.

milnd,

c^iy
I

9t
<

\>j

liu

m.

sanddgar,

f.

adki rdt,

m.

durmiydn, ^U
dudh,
*^ij
Le,

jf^y
cut;

^j

142

mind,

n.

f.

143
only,

o^

sirf,faqat,

open, (as a flower), v.

int.,

khilnd,
9

open,

v. int.,

open,

v.

t.

n.

m.

or.

kholnd,

yd,

order,
order,

khulna,

to,

v. t.

hukm,

hukm

p
dend,

otherwise,

warna,

out, outside,

bdhar,

li

&
j&

ox,

n.

m.

bail,

<J

pain,

n.

m.

dard,

patlun,

&

pantaloon, n. m.

pass away, v.

int.,

guzarjdnd,

patient,

n.

m.

mariz,

pebbles,

n.

m.

kankar,

peck,

144
plant,

v.

t.

plough,

n.

m.

to,

Ingdnd,
hal,

v. t.

haljotna,

point out,

v.

t.

police,

n.

m.

batand,

"pulis"

policeman, u. m.

si pah t,

poor, indigent, (n.

and

adj.

poor, helpless, (n.

and

adj.), bechdra, >;U.

possible,

mum ^in,

post

d'i'c, da, c

(office),

pot,

n.

m.

gh<nd,

prayer, to say, v.

namciz, }U>

f.,

taiyar,

present,

hdzir,

press, cupboard, n.

primer,

hnri,

taiydr karnd%

v. t.

prepared,

price,

\}j

namiz pa

prayers, liturgy, n.
prepare,

^+0
khina,

n.

m.

n.

f.

n.

m.

(dmirf,,

(h>,

dam,

(p>,

qimd,

q'aid'i,

proficient,

(men) mdhir

proper,

muudsib,

property,

n.

m.
f.

pulse,

punish,

v.

t.

8'izii

pupil,

n.

m.

sh igird,

t.

ra'.hnd,

put on,

.t.

quarrel,

v.

t.

v.

t.

quickly,
raise,

*-

JU

mil, asbdb,

n.

put, place, v.

*>

ddl,

dend,

\*

pnhinnd,
lurdi karnd,

jnld,

uthdnd.

l^l

145
rather,

balki,

read, to oneself, v.

read, aloud, v.

t.

t.,

dekhnd,

parhnd,

ready,

taiydr,

reason,

sa&ab,

pdnd,

IJL>

red,

Idl,

J3J

regularly,

v.

receive,

t.

release,

v.

t.

bardbar,
chhor dend

reliance,

n.

m.

bharosd,

represent, report (case), v.

require,

v.

t.

chdhnd,

rest,

n.

m.

dram,

result,

n.

m.

natija,

rice, grain, crop, n. m.,

t.,

dhdn,

'arz karnd,

o^

ready for cooking, n. m., chdwal,

cooked, n. m., bhdt, al^

daulatmand,

rich,

rider,

n. m., sawdr,

ride,

v. int.,

rise,

v. int.,

river,

n.

way

road,

m.

sawar hona,
uthnd,

daryd,

road, material road, n.

n.

room,

m.

v.

cause

t.

away,

to, v.

sarak,

guldbv,

malnd,

LU

t.,

v. int.,

ij

v. int.,

run,

f.,

kamrd,

rose-coloured,

rub,

10

(j^

to a place, n. m., rdsta, &*\)

daurnd,

daurdna,

daurjdnd,

l>j
I>f
Li

146
rupee,

n.

m.

rupiya,

saddle,

n.

m.

zint

m.

salt,

n.

salute,

v.

t.

saldm

sash,

n.

saucer,

n.

m.
m.

pirich,

namak,
Jcarnd,

Jcamarband,

say,

v. t. (se),

scales,

n.

m.

tardzu,

school,

n.

m.

Madrasa,

kahnd,

schoolmaster, n. m. ustdd,
schoolmistress, n.
sea,

n.

m.

second,

.,

ustdni,

daryd,
dusrd,

see,

v. t.

seed,

n.

dekhnd,

m.

sell,

v.

t.

dechnd,

send,

v.

t.

bhejnd,

separate,

alag,judd,

separately,

alag,judd,

ser,

sert

servant,

n.

m.

naukar,

set forth,

v.

t.

baydn kdrnd,

settle,

v.

t.

tnh karnd,

v.

t.

seven,

sew,

l>

sdt,

sind,

wuh,

she,
sheet,

n.

f.

cnadciT,

shelter,

n.

f.

dr,

shine,

v. int.,

shirt,

n.

m.

chamaknd,
qamfa,

*j

}<

147

shoe,

n.

shoot,

v. t.

shop,

n. f .

/#,

f.

banduq chaldnd,
dukdn,

n. m., baniyd,

shopkeeper,
v.
show,

show,

dikhdnd,

t.

(itself), v. int.,

sick,

n.

m.

dikhdi dend,

b'imdr, martz,

chunki,

since,

sing,

v. t.

gdnd,

sink,

v. int.

dubnd,

sister,

n.

bahin,

sit,

v. int., baithnd,

f.

chahh,

six,

sky,

n.

m.

slay, slaughter, v.

sleep,

dsmdn,
t.,

mar ddlnd,

v. int., sond, sojdnd,

chhotd,

small,

vj>

tor dalnd,

smash,

v.

t.

snake,

n.

m.

so,

adj.

so,

conj.

sock,

n.

m.

moza,

soldier,

n.

m.

sipdhi,

solicit,

v.

t.

'arz karnd,

sdmp,

and

yil-*

adv., aisd waisd,

chundnchi,

some,

kuchh,

sometimes,

kadhz kabhi,

sometime or other, kabhi na kabhi,

l>j
n. m. beta,
son,
m.

sorrow,

n.

sound,

n. f.

(n)

dukh

dwdz,

(p) afsos,
j\)\

148
v.

sow,

t.

spade, mattock,

bond,
n. m.,

&y.

phawrd,

speak,

v. int., bolna,

spend,

v.

split,

v. int.,

phatnd,
Jchardb,

spoilt,

m.

n.

stand,

v. int.,

chamach,
khard hond,

state, to,

v.

t.

'arz karnd,

stay,

v. int.,

thaharnd,
(h) taubhi, (p)

yet,
n.

f.

straighten, v.

t.

v.

t.

dukdn,

JU>

tdham,

\J^^>

do. with karnd, IJ/

mdrnd,

^U

kdft,

sufficient,

suit, of clothes, n. ra.,jord}

sunshine,

n.

f.

dhup,

support,

n.

m.

sahdrd,

v. t.

,,

(f),

(h) sidha, (p) durust,

straight,

strike,

IJ

kalaf (m) kdnji

starch,

still,

Wy

kharch karnd, U

t.

spoon,

store,

tj'

dend,

syntax.

n.

f.

sweep,

v.

t.

sweetmeats, n.

f.

nahw,
jhdru dend,
mithdt,
jald,

swiftly,

table,

n. f .

tailor,

n.

m.

darzi,

take,

v.

t.

lena,

up,

v.

t.

uthdnd,

LLgjf

away,

v. int., le-jdnd,

mez,

U(^

149

maza ddr

tasty,

teacher, m. n.
f.

,,

n.

m.

ustdd,

f.

ustdn'i,

teach, a matter, v.

t.,

teach, a subject, v.
v.

tell,

sikhdnd,

t.,

parhand,

kahnd, batdna,

t.

terrible,

khaufndk,

then,

tab, to,

there,

wahdn,

therefore,

to, is liye,

these,

yih*

>

thing,

n.

think,

v. int., sochnd,

upon,

v.

n.

thief,

f.

t.

chit,

^r*

(par), g.aur karnd,

m.

chor,

)j^
*J

this,

yih,

those,

wuh,

*j

three,

tin,

&

throw away,
down,

v.

t.,

phenk dend,

v.

t.,

gird dend,

tighten,

v. t.

time,

n.

kasnd,

m.

waqt,

tin (canister), n. m., pipd,

tired, to be, v. int.,

to-day,

to,

f.

kal,

n.

f.

torn, to be, v. int.,

LJLx

mihnat,

v. t.

to-morrow,
tongue,

thakjdnd,
a;,

n.

toil,

^J

zubdn,

karnd,
J>

LJ

c>^3

phatjdnd, UU

150

bilkull,

totally,

v. int., ko laynd,

touch,

ki taraf,

towards,

trade,

n.

traveller,

n.

m.

musafir,

treat,

v.

t.

suluk karna,

f.

tijdrat,

treatment, n. m.

suluk,

trowel, mason's, n.

f.,

gardener's, n.

m.

n.

true,

m. patlun,

n.

trousers,

<

karni,
f.,

khurpi,

sach,

,.

g*

truth, tell the, v. int., sach bolnd,

turn,

v. int.

phirnd,
do.

two,
lee

under,

understand, v.

t.

niche,

^j

j&

e~^

samajhnd,

unless,

warna,

uselessly,

befaida,

vainly,

bahut,

very,
vest,

n.

m.

kurtd,

vigilance,

n.

f.

hoshiydri,

voice,

n.

f.

dwdz,

wall,

n.

f.

diwdr,

zor se,

vigorously,

warm,

garm,

was,

v. int., ihd,

wash,

v. t.

washerman,
waistcoat,

n.

dhond,

m.^dhobt,
"

n. (?),

wdskit,'

151

water,

n.

152

wound,

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j

i-j

,2

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