Load Accessed Directional Relay (LADR) An Innovative Concept for Power

System Stability.
J.K.Senapati
Dy. Gen. Manager

P.K.Pattanaik
P. K. Swain
Asst.Gen.Manager
Manager
OPTCL-Odisha

1. Introduction
The rapid development of power system with the
large number of interconnected lines, equipments in
synchronized manner for ensuring the continuity of
power supply at a good voltage regulation has
become the catch word for the utilities that deal
power system network. Reliability and stability are
the two most important aspects for the study of
electrical power system. To maintain stable and
reliable power, every utility/company should secure
competitive electrical equipments to accommodate
the rapidly changing power system network
situations. Progressive deregulation of market,
complexity of industrial processes and upcoming
demand of load in the network system have also
compelled and necessitated the utility for the
introduction of sophisticated protection schemes that
can employ a quick response to the fault occurrences
Many utilities use interconnected tie lines, ring main
network etc.. to enhance the system reliability and
stability. But this inter-connected net work has its
own advantages and disadvantages. One of the major
disadvantages of the system is to attain proper relay
co-ordination in the system. Some times the fault on
any line causes the tripping of the other healthy lines
connected in the system which results in cascade
tripping due to mismatch of Supply and Demand in
the net work. Instances of complete black out of the
system have also been observed due to the tripping of
the important line/lines.
Similarly the situation of over loading also develops
in the distributing sub-stations due to the tripping of
distribution transformers or inter-connected lines.
For this condition, the other available healthy system
also trips on over loading and causes the system
disturbance or black out etc. The power evacuation
from the generating station is also the critical
situation for the outage of the system network.
So, to avoid the precarious conditions as described
above and to maintain system stability, an innovative
design approach have been selected in the protection
schemes. This concept is named as LADR (Load
Accessed Directional Relay). The detail of the
concept has been dealt in this paper with suitable

G.P.Mishra
Asst. Manager

example of the network. Various application of the

concept has also been described as follows
i. Power Flow Control in Grid Sub-Station
ii. Development of un-interrupted power
supply in distribution network.
iii. Power generation control
iv. System stability during disturbance

2. Working Concept of LADR:This relay works on the principle of change in

electrical parameters (dI/dt, dV/dt) on the system.
Similar to conventional directional relay (67), this
relay also requires both current and voltage
parameters for its working operation. The pick up
direction depends upon the flow of current and
voltage direction. As per the requirement of the
protection scheme, the relay can be set either in
forward or in reverse direction. This LADR is
programmed on the basis of change of current on the
system. The change of current on the system occurs
due to the following causes
1.
2.

3.

Over current drawal due to rise of consumer load

on a healthy system
Change of electrical parameters (Voltage and
Current) due to outage of one or more
ties/feeders on the system for fault condition.
Change of electrical parameters (Voltage and
Current) due to sudden rise of fault current in the
system.

The rate of change of current due to the rise of load

in the system becomes slow as compared to the rate
of change of current due to fault in the system. So,
di/dt (Rate of change of current) decides the
parameters to the logic function of the relay, either to
change the plug setting to next groups or to issue the
trip command without change of setting. The
discrimination between the di/dt for both the
condition is clearly indicative and becomes suitable
to develop the logic function. Relay is so
programmed that when current rises beyond certain
limit due to isolation of a part or parts of the network
system or due to rise of load demand in the system,
then PSM (Plug Setting Multiplier) changes
accordingly to meet the extra load demands on the

system. This change of PSM can be programmed till

to the electrical current carrying strength of the line
conductor or as per the required final limit of the
current in the conductor. But for the condition of
fault in the line the relay issues trip command directly
without change of PSM and accordingly isolates the
faulty line.

change over of plug settings automatically according

to the load demand on the system. During this
condition the pre defined logic gets activated and
allows the relay to raise the setting to accommodate
the over and above load rise in the available network
with tripping command to the pre-defined target
feeders for maintaining the power system stability in
the system.

3. Programming of LADR:LADR can be programmed for setting of different

values in groups. The selection groups can be chosen
as per the requirement of the protection scheme and
the associated network in the system. The change of
group setting is done by the signal either received
internally from the logic equation or from the
external triggering by certain binary input signals.
Two binary inputs are required for the purpose of
changing four set of groups. One binary input must
be set for Group Bit 0 and other for Group Bit 1.
The setting groups can be selected as per the
requirement of the load on the system. The
characteristic of this type of relay is to change the
setting and also becomes ready to adopt with the new
setting quickly.

4.1.1 Typical Design for Sub-Station Loads

Consider the tripping of the transformer no.1 and
over loading situation of transformer no.2. With the
present situation and relay co-ordination principle,
the O/L back up relay on the available transformer
changes its plug setting automatically to the next
desired setting to accommodate the extra rise of the
load in the healthy transformer. Some times the over
loading values becomes more than the next desired
and allowable setting. For such case at the time of
tripping of the 1st transformer, it issues simultaneous
trip command to the down stream out going feeders,
called TARGET FEEDERS as desired by the user.
The selection of these feeders can be done from the
study of the load pattern and importance of the
feeders in the system network.

4. Application of the Relay

By the consideration of the requirements, this relay
can be utilized for different applications in Grid substations,
Transmission
lines,
interconnected
networks, generating station etc.. The details of the
applications are described below.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Power Flow Control in Grid Sub-Station

Development of un-interrupted power supply
in distribution network.
Power generation control
System stability during disturbance

4.1. Power Flow Control in Grid SubStation

Every EHT Grid Sub-stations are generally equipped
with Feeder bays (Load Links) and Transformers/
Generators/ Motors Bays (Equipment Links). For the
protection of these links, two categories of relays are
generally used in the system (Main and Back up
Protection). For the situation like tripping of any one
or more number of bays due to fault in the system,
causes over loading of the other healthy links in the
network. So the system stability gets hampered and
many a times it has been observed with the complete
blackout of the system.
This situation of over load tripping can be controlled
by the use of LADR concept in the relay by the

4.1.1.a. DATA FOR A 220/132/33 KV GRID

SUB-STATION
1.
a.
b.
c.

Sub-Station Load
Maximum station load :- 180 MW
Minimum station load :- 100 MW
Average station load :- 140 MW

2. 132 KV system Load

a. Feeder One :65 MW
b. Feeder Two :20 MW
c. Feeder Three :60 MW
d. Feeder Four 40 MW
e. Feeder Five
55 MW
3. Available System
a. 2 Nos of Transformers of rating ( 2x100MVA )=
200 MVA
b. Power factor on the system = 0.90
c. Available Full Load rating = ( 200x0.90)= 180MW
d. Allowable loading of each transformer on the
basis of (120% for 30minutes@) = 100x0.9x1.2)=
108MW
e. Target feeders on the basis of load pattern and
importance :-Feeder No. 2, and 4
f. Additional Feeder for safety cut-off:- FEEDERFIVE

HT

LT BUS

transformer should be designed to accommodate the

load up to 108 MW. So the transformer load should
be tracked or scheduled from the normal operating
condition with the individual loading of (108/2 = 54
MW). The available relay (51 -1 & 51-2) on the
transformer in normal condition starts to pick up
from the individual loading of 52# MW. The
contacts of these relays provide binary input to the
directional B/U relays and changes the PSM ( Plug
Setting Multiplier) to the next desired higher setting
( 120% as desired). For the case of tripping of any
transformer, the O/L situation on the system starts
to cause tripping of the target 132 KV down stream
feeders, till to the limiting value of 90 MW ( safety
continuous loading of the transformer). If this
allowable limiting condition attains, then the
additional safety cut-off feeder does not trip.
During this allowable time of 30 minutes, the down
stream users may be requested to reduce the load to
avoid the tripping of the additional safety cut-off
feeder. Sometimes due to failure of communication,
non-availability of operational staffs or failures
operational equipments (Like non-operation of

Tripping Schedule

(Fault acting contact) 2

+
86-2

(Fault acting contact) 1

86-1
51-1(52 MW)
R1
51-2(52 MW)
R2
51-1( 90 MW)
S1
M1
51-2( 90 MW)

(Low

M2

Imp.

Tfr

90

MW

M3
S4
M4

51 F 2 (70 MW)
M5
51 F3 (70 MW)

6.1.1.b. Scheduling of the Load and Tripping

Pattern
For the situation of the tripping of any one of the
transformer, the O/L relay on the available

D1

breakers, isolators etc...) may lead to the situation of

over loading on the available transformer. But this
situation will not affect the transformer and cause the

tripping of the additional safety cut-off feeder and in

result reduces the load below the desired setting.
In the schedule
86-1 :- Master trip Relay of 220side of Transformer-1
86-2 :- Master trip Relay of 220side of Transformer-2
R1:Over Load Back Up Directional Relay on
Transformer-1
R2:Over Load Back Up Directional Relay on
Transformer-2
M1,M2, M3, M4 :- Master trip Relay of 132 KV
Target Feeders
M5:- Master trip Relay of 132 KV Additional Safety
Cut-off Feeder
D1:- On Delay 30 minutes Timer
S1,S2,S3,S4 :- Selection Switch For Trip selection.
51-1(52 MW):- Non-Directional Over Load Relay
setting for 52 MW Load on Transformer-1
51-2(52 MW):- Non-Directional Over Load Relay
setting for 52 MW Load on Transformer-2
51-1(90 MW):- Non-Directional Over Load Relay
setting for 90 MW Load on Transformer-1
51-2(90 MW):- Non-Directional Over Load Relay
setting for 90 MW Load on Transformer-2

4.1.2. Typical Design for FEEDER Loads

Consider the case of two different stations being
inter-connected by means of three feeders as like
shown in the figure. These feeders are equipped with
Distance Protection relays as the Main protection and
O/C relays are the back up protection with LADR
concept.
Here 1,2,3,4,5,6 All Load Accessed Directional
1,
1
G1

4,
48

2
2,
28

5,
58
3

3,
38

6,
68

Relays ( LADRs )
1*,2*,3*,4*,5*,6* - Main Distance Protection Relays.
4.1.2.a. Fault Realization and Programme
For the case of fault on the line No.1, the distance
protection relay 1*, 4* actuate and isolate the faulty
part from the system. But due to reduction of tie link,
rest of the two lines share the extra loads, with a

result of rise in load current on the line. But because

of LADR at both ends of line 2 &3, the said relays
are sensed by the external trigger from the DP relays
with conditional rise of load current on the system
and other logical conditions in the system. So, the
next group settings are activated automatically to
accommodate the extra rise of current in the system.
Similarly with the available of two lines say 2 & 3, if
the fault occurs on any one of the line, then the
LADR on the healthy line being actuated with next
settings, manages the extra loads till to the current
carrying strength of the line conductor or to the
desired value of power flow. But for the condition of
actual fault on the line, the LADR instead of
changing the setting to next group, issues trip
command for isolation of fault in the system.

4.2. Development of Un-interrupted

Power Supply
This relay can also be utilized for inter-connected
ring main system to develop the un-interrupted power
supply to the distribution network. For the case of
this inter-connected network, the outage of any
feeder will cause the change of load flow scenario on
the available healthy feeders. During this condition
the LADR used in the available feeders will sense the
command for re-adjustment of the load flow without
allowing the feeders to trip on Overload condition. So
the system stability can be maintained in the network.

4.3. Power generation control

The practical case of a Hydel Station has
been considered for the study named
Burla Power, situated in the Sambalpur
district, Western side of Odisha. This
G2
station has the installed capacity of 275.5
MW with 7 units in the system. The
network connectivity to this station is
from different grids for successful
evacuation of the generated power from
the station. This station controls the power
flow to the Western Odisha Command area load
being interconnected with few vital links as follows
1. 132 KV DC line with 220/132/33 B.Padar Grid
Sub-Station.
2. 132 KV DC line with Chiplima Power House.
3. 132 KV DC line with ALCO, Hirakud.
4. 132 KV Line with 132/33 KV Sambalpur Grid
Sub-Station.

5.

132 KV Line with 220/132/33 KV Katapali

Grid Sub-Station.

OFFOFF-PEAK LOAD POWER TRANSACTION

CPH

-48
-210

ALCO

BPH

102

13

50 SBPR
45

BPADAR
132

Katapali
132 Main

11

30

Katapali 132 Res.

BRGH

50

Katapali
220

Sl
1.

2.

RRKHL 15

SITUATIONS
Over
loading
Situation of 132 KV
Burla- B.Padar DC
line.

Over
loading
Situation of 132 KV
Burla- Katapali line

BLGR

Bpadar 220

SCHEMES
1. Numerical Relay at
Burla PH end on each
B.padar line will provide
ALARM from load limit
of 75 MW (375 Amp) for
ramping down of the
machines till to the
resetting limit of this relay.
2. Relay will issue trip
command after 4 minutes
for the load of 80 MW (
400 Amp) and above.
3. The numerical Relay will
trip Bpadar end after 5
Minutes as Back up.
Relay at KATAPALI end
will
trip
the
AUTO
TRANSFORMER after 75
MW and cause extra load
flow to the allowable limit
through BPADAR lines
from BPH
NOTE 1. If 132Kv ALCO
draws load from BPH above
40 MW then this scheme
will
be
disabled
at
KATAPALI end for system
stability.

Some times disturbance in the system and

subsequent mismatch of the Supply and Demand had
been observed with outage of all generators in the
system total and black out of the Burla Power
house. In this paper the detail study of these
incidences have been analyzed and possible
solutions by considering the relay co-ordinations
with the use of few numerical relays in the system
have also been focused.
This study has been taken for the highest
generation condition being 210 MW for both peak
and off peak load condition and observed with
variation of load flow in the 132 KV DC flexible
links being 62 MW to 102 MW. During Peak
Load condition outage of any one line of this link,
manages the load with available link, resulting no
disturbance. But during OFF- Peak Load
condition, outage causes the over loading on the
healthy link and results the tripping of the link and
disconnection. This load through of 102 MW
causes the disturbance on the system with black
out of the POWER HOUSE

4.4. System
Disturbance:-

stability

During

The practical example has been taken for power hub

named 220/132/33 KV Budhipadar Grid sub-station.
This is one of the biggest Grid, situated in the
Jharsuguda district, Western side of Odisha. This grid
has 25(Twenty Five) nos 220 KV bays,
17(Seventeen) Nos of 132 KV bays with MVA
capacity of 320 MVA. The generators to the system
are from thermal units (IB Thermal, Starelite system,
Bhusan System) and hydel units from Burla P.H.
This Grid controls the power flow to the Western
Odisha Command area load and interconnected
WESTERN region load through Korba system.
Some times disturbance in the system and subsequent
mismatch of the Supply and Demand has been
observed with total black out of the Budhipadar
command area with outage of all inter-connected
generators in the system. For designing of the
application of LADR in the system, the connected
links at the stations have been categorised as LOAD
LINK, GENERATOR LINK and FLEXIBLE LINK.
The power flow on the flexible links during the
abnormality condition has been studied.

BUSCOUPLER
20

adjustment of Supply and Demand to avoid the

In this study the relay called LADR monitors the
possible incidence of system disturbance.
change of electrical parameters on the system and the
relay is also set with
certain
pre-decided
ABprogrammes as per the
AB-NORMAL POWER FLOW in SUBSUB-STN
critical study of the
AUT O-2
IB-1
IB-4
O-1
load
flow
during AUT
100
90
90
100
abnormal condition. So
during such condition,
the pre-defined target
BUS-2
loads or generators are
cut down accordingly
to result the balancing
of the demand and
supply, for which the
possible
situation
BUS-1
disturbance
gets
avoided. The following
conditions could be
depicted
for
this
article.

SPS-1 (20)

VAL-2 (200

VAL-1(200)

BHUSAN-2 (40)

BHUSAN-1(40

BURLA-2) 90

BURLA-1 (90

TARKRA-2
(-20 to 235 )

3. Disturbance of the adjacent System Network:Some time the flexible links participate in the
abnormal power flow due to
the system
disturbance of the adjacent Network. So the values
of electrical parameters also change. For this
situation also LADR relay plays the role of

TARKRA-1
( -20 to 235)

2. Outage important/ major Generator Links:- For

this condition, the Loads become surplus and
cause under voltage and under frequency situation
and tripping out of other healthy generators if the
setting value reaches the limit, resulting further
disturbance. Now LADR relay as per the change
of the electrical parameters decides and activates
the pre-defined programme for tripping/ shading
of the target loads
from
the system in
proportionate according to the requirement of the
network and avoids the system disturbance due to
match of supply and demand.

IB-3( 90

IB-2 (90

KORBA-3
( - 220 to + 40)

KORBA-2
(- 220 to +40)

RAIGRH
(40- 200)

1. Outage important/
major Load Links:For this condition,
the
generators
become surplus and cause over voltage and over
frequency situation and tripping out of those
generators if the setting value reaches the limit,
resulting further disturbance. Now LADR relay as
per the change of the electrical parameters decides
and activates the pre-defined programme for
ramping down the available generators in the
system in proportionate according to their share to
the network and avoids the system disturbance due
to match of supply and demand.

7. CONCLUSION:- The detail scheme by the

use of innovative concept called LADR could be
utilized in the presently used Numerical relays by
considering the system load flow during and after the
occurrence of disturbance in the system. But for
special case like regional load flow control this logic
could be synchronised to the WAMS (Wide
Monitoring System )