Bio Review Body Systems

Cell Types and Systems of Regulation

Levels of Organization
-Cellular level
-Tissue level
-Organ Level
-Organ Sys. Level
-Organism Level
Vocab
-Tissue: integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function
-Organ: two or more types of tissues that together perform a task
-Organ Sys: multiple organs that work together to perform vital function
-Organism: a number of organ systems, specialized and functioning together as an
integrated, coordinated unit
Tissue Types
-Epithelial: coverings of surfaces and linings of internal organs and cavities
-Connective: sparse pop. of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
-Muscle: long cells containing molecules of contractile proteins
-Nervous: tissues that sense stimuli and rapidly transmit info

Types of Connective Tissue

Types of Epithelial

Types of Muscle Tissue

Types of Nervous Tissue

Body Systems
-There are 12 body systems, broken down to 4 main categories: regulation, nutrient
absorption, and support/movement and defense from illness or injury
Systems of Regulation
-Nervous System: Coordinates bodys activities, detects stimuli, integrates info,
direct responses
-Nerve cells function pretty much same throughout animal kingdom
-Diversity in nervous sys.
>Nerve net: interconnected neurons, effective in radial symmetry
>Bilateral Symmetrycephalization with nerve cords
>Ventral nerve cord with ganglia, more complex
>Centralized nervous sys. in vertebrates: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves,
sense organs
-Endocrine sys- chemical signals to regulate body activities
-mostly in vertebrates
-Hormone: regulatory chem. that travels in the blood from the production site to
target cells (have receptors for spec. hormone)
-Some hormones affect the nervous sys. as well
-There is a lot of interaction b/t the nervous and endocrine sys.
-Many sys. are controlled by pairs of hormones with opposite effects to maintain
homeostasis
***-Negative Feedback: a change in one thing triggers a response that counteracts
the initial change (insulin and glucagon)
-major control mechanism for endocrine and several other sys.
-Excretory System: osmoregulation- control of uptake and loss of water and solutes
-Water control in aquatic focuses on getting rid of excess water; in terrestrial
animals, focuses on preventing excess water loss
-Solute control is related to Na+ ions and N compounds
-Both types depend on control of excretion and filtration of solutes

-Diversity of excretory sys: diffusion, nephridia, gills, kidneys

-most aquatic animals have ammonia as waste product, mammals, most
amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes produce urea, and birds and many other
reptiles, insects, land snails produce uric acid
-kidney filtration and reabsorption: uses nephrons

Nutrient absorption and reproduction

Systems of Nutrient Absorption
-Digestive sys: ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes
-Digestion occurs in specialized compartments
-GVC in lower animals
Alimentary canal: digestive tract w/ 2 openings
-Specialized compartments in some animals: pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard,
stomach
-Digestion includes both chemical and mechanical methods
-Mechanical breaks up food into smaller parts- inc. surface area for chemical
action
-Chemical breaks up molecules by hydrolysis using enzymes and acids
-Food moves through sys. by muscular contractions: peristalsis
-Length of alimentary canal varies w/ diet
-Herbivores have longer canals than carnivores
-Absorption: occurs in intestine, thin walls, blood vessels nearby
-Liver: processes nutrients from digestion
-removes excess glucose, stores a glycogen
-synthesizes essential proteins
-Modifies toxins into less harmful substances
-Produces bile to assist in fat digestion

-villi increases surface area

-Respiratory Sys: allows for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)
-occurs most efficiently through thin, moist membranes
-Oxygen necessary for cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is waste from respiration
-Diversity of gas exchange mechanisms: moist skin, tracheal tubes, gills, lungs
-Vertebrate organs intimately associated w/ blood vessels for transport
-Circulatory System: transports nutrients from digestive and respiratory sys. to cells
throughout body
-Diversity of circulatory systems: open (blood in sinuses not vessels, comes into
direct contact w/ body cells), and closed (blood in vessels, gas and nutrient
exchange take place through vessel walls)
-Reproductive Sys.: creation of new ind. from existing one
-Asexual Reproduction: genetically identical offspring form single parent: enables
animals to produce many offspring quickly, but produces genetically uniform
populations
-Sexual Reproduction: fusion of two haploid gametes from diff. parents- produces
unique combos of genes, and increases genetic variability within populations
Human Reproduction
-regulated by hormone cycles (endocrine)
-Dev. (maturation) of organs
-Production of gametes (spermatogenesis and oogenesis)
-Preparation of organs for fertilization and gestation
Systems of support, movement, and protection
-skeletal sys: provides body support and protects organs
-Types of skeletal sys.
>Hydrostatic skeleton: invertebrates, fluid held under pressure in a closed body
compartment
>Exoskeleton: hard external skeleton for protection and muscle attachment
>Endoskeleton: hard skeleton within soft tissues

-Vertebrate Skeleton
>composed of axial and appendicular skeletons
>Axial: skull, vertebrate, and rib cage
>Appendicular: bones of appendages and those attaching them to axial
-All vertebral skeletons are variations on a basic theme
Bone Structure
-composed of compact and spongy bone
>bone cells (osteocytes) in a mineral matrix
>Red marrowblood cells
>Yellow marrow stored fat
-bone solidifies or ossifies from softer, more flexible cartilage
Ligaments and Joints
-Ligaments: tough connective tissue holding bones together in joints
-different types of joints allow different types of movement
Muscular System: sys. consisting of muscle tissue that can contract when
stimulated
-Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones
-3 types of muscle tissue
>Cardiac: striated muscle tissue of branched cells found in heart
>Smooth: involuntary muscle tissue
>Skeletal: striated muscle tissue attached to skeleton for movement
How muscles contract
-muscle tissue: composed of thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin
-muscles contract when thin filaments slide along thick filaments
>Requires energy (ATP)
>Myosin heads attach to actin filaments, forming cross bridges
>As ATPADP, head snaps back, causing movement

Integumentary System: composed of skin, hair and nails- protects from drying out,
mechanical injury, and infection
>Also helps thermoregulation (maintaining body temp.)
-Immune sys: system of defense against pathogens