Aircraft Design Report

AEROSPACE ENGG.
, IIT KANPUR
Project Report AE-462

Disaster Management & Surveillance Drone
Group 6
Pranav Kumar Singh
Jatin Mitruka
Parveen Kumar
4/25/2014
Table of Contents
1. Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Wing Box Configuration:.................................................................................................................................... 4
3. V-n Diagram with Gust Envelope:....................................................................................................................... 5
4. Procedures involved:......................................................................................................................................... 7
4.1. Material Description:.................................................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Calculation of Wing Section properties : ....................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Normal and Chordwise load per unit length Calculation:................................................................................ 8
4.4 Inertia-Gravity load per unit length Calculation: ............................................................................................ 8
4.5 Computation of Shear Force and Moment Distribution along span: ................................................................ 8
4.6 Net Loads at i th Wing Bay : ........................................................................................................................... 8
4.7 Idealization of Forces:.................................................................................................................................. 9
4.8 Shear forces and Moments at a Wing Section: .............................................................................................. 9
4.9 Wing Box Idealization: ............................................................................................................................... 10
4.10 Normal Stress Computation: .................................................................................................................... 12
4.11 Shear Stress Computation:....................................................................................................................... 12
4.11.1 Shear Stress due to Shear Forces:....................................................................................................... 12
4.11.2 Shear stress due to Torsion: ............................................................................................................... 12
4.12 Factor of Safety calculations:.................................................................................................................... 13
4.13 Crushing Loads: ....................................................................................................................................... 13
4.14 Buckling of stringers and spars: ................................................................................................................ 13
4.15 Buckling of panels:................................................................................................................................... 13
5. Results and Discussion: ................................................................................................................................... 14
6.Iterations for Weight Reduction:....................................................................................................................... 29
7. Summary:....................................................................................................................................................... 30
Appendix:........................................................................................................................................................... 31
1. Introduction:
Mission of our project is to design a drone aircraft for Disaster Monitoring and Surveillance Purpose. MQ -9
Reaper, Global Hawk are used for base calculations. V- n diagram and gust envelope are drawn using details
given in subsequent sections. Later we calculated Distributed Aerodynamic loads on the points obtained
along the span of the wing. All details have been described in respective sections.
Details of our design:

Range
2000km
Endurance 30 hrs
W(Total)
5400 kg
W(Payload) 1500 kg
Airfoil
NACA 653 618
Flaps
Plain
Details of wing:
b (in m)
Sw(in m2 )
26
45
CD 0
0.9
0.4
0.058
Details of V- n diagram:
Cza max
Cza min
Cz alpha
Vcruise
Vdiving
Vstall
positive
1.22
-0.8
5.41
360.89 ft/s
451.11 ft/s
130.14 ft/s
2. Wing Box Configuration:

A typical wing box of an aircraft consists of spars, ribs, stringers as well as skin covering them.
As an initial guess for half span of wing (13 m) two spars are situated at c/4 and 3c/4 from the leading edge .
There are around 20 ribs installed in the half span. Both ribs and spars are made of aluminium. The cutaway
of Global Hawk was used as baseline for the initial guess of wing box structure. The detailed structure of the
ribs would be decided later. The aerofoil chosen for the drone is 6-series NACA aerofoil named as
NACA-653-618. The plots obtained through the data for this aerofoil are given below:
Figure 1 Variation of Normal force Coefficient with angle of attack
Figure 2 Variation of Pitching moment Coefficient with angle of attack
3. V-n Diagram with Gust Envelope:
Figure 3 V-n Diagram with Gust Envelope
3.1 Steps to complete V-n Diagram :

Different attributes of the aircraft used in the following procedure are as given in introduction.
1) Positive Limit Manoeuvring Load Factor (n1 ) : Calculated using formula
In diagram line AC represents this limit.

2) Negative Limit Manoeuvring Load Factor (n2 ): with negative sign
This limit is indicate by line BE in the diagram.
3) Parabolic portion OA where Maximum positive lift coefficient of the airfoil section is the limiting
factor is obtained using the following relation:
where, - is in slug/ft3 at sea level

v Air relative speed in ft/s
W/S in lb/m2
Czmax - is maximum value of normal force coefficient.
Here normal lift coefficient is calculated using following expression:-
where, CL , CD, Cma are obtained from airfoil data.

cw and lt are wing chord and distance of tail a.c. from C.G. of aircraft.
4) Parabolic portion OE where Maximum negative lift coefficient of airfoil is the limiting fac tor is
obtained through following relation:
where Czmin is maximum value of negative normal force coefficient.

5) The upper limit of attainable air relative speed marked (also called Dive Speed ) through line BC is
obtained from the relation:
6) Point D corresponds to cruise velocity of drone. Points D and C are joined via a straight line.
3.2 Steps to complete Gust Envelope:

The normal load factor for drone corresponding to three different kinds of gusts (both positive
and negative) are analysed here. All are considered at sea level conditions up to different respective ranges
of speeds.
Rough Air Gust ( Speed 66 ft/s ) : It is considered only up to velocity at point A.

High Speed Gust ( Speed 50 ft/s ) : It is considered only up to cruise velocity.
Dive Speed Gust ( Speed 25 m/s ) : It is considered only up to dive speed.
The gust load factor is calculated from:
Where V is in knots
Ude in ft/s
where a= slope of a/c normal force coefficient
4. Procedures involved:
A body axes coordinate system was chosen for the aircraft to carry on further analysis. The yaxis is along the locus of AC of the wing. Since there is no sweep for the wing y-axis is perpendicular to
upstream velocity. Z- axis is positive upwards while x is positive forward as shown in the Fig
Figure 4. The body axis representation

To simplify the analysis wing was divided into 27 wing bays. Thus 28 wing sections were formed starting
from the root section to tip section. The partition was done to create bays of different lengths at different
locations along the wing as follows:
0 5 m5 10 m 10 13 m -
1m
0.5 m
0.25 m
4.1. Material Description:

Aluminium alloy 2024-T3 was chosen for present design of wing box. The mechanical properties of the
material obtained from Ref are as follows:
Mechanical /Physical
Properties
Density
Tensile Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Poissons Ratio
Shear Modulus
Modulus of Elasticity
Value
2780 kg/m3
345 MPa
483 MPa
0.33
28 GPa
73.1 GPa
4.2 Calculation of Wing Section properties :

As we know the wing is tapered so the mass per unit length varies accordingly apart from the
discontinuities arising because of ribs. A typical wing box structure was designed with 2 spars, 8 longerons
(up to 9 m along the span) and skin in SolidWorks. General wing box structure for different aircraft designs
was studied from Ref for this purpose. The cross-sectional characteristics of spars, longerons and skin were
assumed for the root section. Continuous reduction in area for all the components (except skin) proportional
to the taper was assumed as observed in the SolidWorks snapshot of the model in Fig. Properties of the wing
section that were extracted using SolidWorks tools are:
Coordinates of centroid of the section ( Since material is uniform it is also the CG for the section).
Area moment of Inertia (Ixx , Iyy , Ixy ).
Area of the section.
4.3 Normal and Chordwise load per unit length Calculation:

These are obtained via resolution of sectional lift and drag force along the two directions one
along the chord and other perpendicular to the chord. Former gives chordwise force per unit lenth while
latter gives normal force per unit length as shown below :
Here is angle of attack of the wing.
4.4 Inertia-Gravity load per unit length Calculation:

An initial design of the wing box was set up by locating spars and longerons at proper places in the
wing section. Ribs were distributed along the span with some prior assumptions. For half span, starting from
the root section, first 4 ribs were placed at distance of 0.25 m and the remaining 16 ribs were placed at a
distance of 0.75 m between them till the tip section. Inertia- gravity load per unit length was calculated using
following expression:
where nz is load factor and mi is the mass per unit length at ith station.
4.5 Computation of Shear Force and Moment Distribution along span:

We know that lift, drag and pitching moment act about AC of the wing section while the inertiagravity loads act about CG. These loads at each station were computed in initial steps. All these external
forces give rise to the shear forces ( Vz and Vx ), bending moments ( Mz and Mx ) and torsion ( MT )at each
section.
4.6 Net Loads at ith Wing Bay :

A linear variation of loads per unit length (along span) is assumed between stations i and i+1 on the ith
wing bay. The total load is computed by taking average of load per unit length at 2 stations and mult iplying
it with width of bay.
Normal Force :
Chordwise Force :
Pitching Moment:
Inertia-Gravity Load :
4.7 Idealization of Forces:

This step includes idealization of normal, chordwise and inertia-gravity loads. Here it is assumed
that net force on ith wing bay acts through a point which of course the centroid of force distribution. Three
different centroidal locations were computed for each of the three different loads. It was done for each bay
as a prior step required for computation of shear forces and moments. Locations of the 3 centroid namely A,
B and C corresponding to normal, chordwise and inertia-gravity loads respectively, were calculated with
respect to i+1 section for any ith section. The expressions used for this purpose are as follows:
A (X N , YN , Z N )
B (X C , YC , Z C )
C (X IG , YIG , Z IG )
Vzi 1 Vzi NWi FIG Zi

V X i 1 V X i CWi
M zi 1 M zi V X i Yi CWi Yi
Where,
dC w
dC w
1
dY i 1
dY
Yc
Yc
dC
dC
3
i
w
w
dY i 1 dY i
dC w
dC w Yi
CWi

dY i 1 dY i 2
M xi 1 M xi Vzi Yi NWi YN FIG Zi YIG
dN w
dN w
1
dY i 1
dY
YN
Yi
3
dN w
dN w
i
dY i 1 dY i
dN w
dN w Yi
NWi

dY
dY
i 2
i 1
dF
dF Y
FIG Zi IG z IG z i
dY
i 1 dY i 2
YIG
1
dFIGZ
dY
dF
IGZ
i 1 dY
dFIGZ
dY
dF
2 IGZ
i 1
dY
3
Yi
i
4.8 Shear forces and Moments at a Wing Section:

These were calculated at each of the 28 stations set up earlier. The calculations were done starting
from tip to root i.e. i = 1 denotes station at wing tip while i = 28 refers to wing root. For i= 1 i.e. wing
tip the shear forces and moments are zero. This is free end boundary condition similar to that in case of
cantilever beam. The expressions for loads at i+1 station at positive Y face are :
M ti 1 M ti M ac i N Wi X N FIG Zi X IG CWi Z c
dM aci
dM aci Yi

M aci
dY 2
dY
i 1
i
Z c
YIG
1
dFIGZ
3
dY
i 1
dCw
dCw
2
Z
Z aci 1 2 Z aci
ac
ac
i
1
i
dY i
dFIGZ dY i 1
dY i
1
dFIGZ
dY
dF
IGZ
i 1 dY i
dFIGZ
dY
dF
2 IGZ
dY
i 1
Yi
3
i
4.9 Wing Box Idealization:

Wing box was idealized in such a manner that both area and moments of inertia were conserved using
the procedure given in Ref. Spars were idealized into 6 booms each. It was assumed that whole C.S. area of
a longeron was concentrated into single boom. The skin segments remaining between the longerons and
spars were idealized into 2 booms each. Consequently, the portion of wing from root to 9m along span was
idealized to 48 booms cum webas shown in Fig. The remaining portion extending to tip due to absence of
longerons was idealized to 40 booms cum web as shown in Fig.
Coordinates of all the booms, their areas and thickness of we between them is given in following table. For
the wing section without stringers only corresponding booms are removed from the list while all other
values remain same.
Booms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
X
Y
0.066145
0.0918
0.24685
0.17745
0.313
0.2
0.3525
0.21
0.4605
0.2378
0.54964
0.25561
0.68526
0.27639
0.7738
0.28738
0.8801
0.29662
0.919
0.3
0.98197
0.29894
1.15402
0.29606
1.217
0.295
1.27955
0.28627
1.45045
0.26243
1.513
0.2537
1.56815
0.24151
1.71884
0.2082
1.8059
0.1877
1.8931
0.1652
2.040172
0.15458
2.35483
0.04142
2.35652 -0.00613
2.04648 -0.02287
1.8994 -0.03424
1.8076 -0.04856
1.7195
-0.0624
1.5705 -0.08598
1.516
-0.0946
1.4528
-0.1023
1.2802
-0.1233
1.217
-0.131
1.1536
-0.1335
0.9804
-0.1404
0.917
-0.143
0.8785 -0.14215
0.7734 -0.13984
0.6864
-0.136
0.5536
-0.128
0.4646 -0.12056
0.3544 -0.10844
0.314
-0.104
0.24764 -0.08202
0.0663 -0.02198
0.61
0.1801
0.61
-0.0491
1.8448
0.1297
1.8448
0.0034
Xcentroid
Ycentroid
-1.03733
-0.0196
-0.85662
0.06605
-0.79047
0.0886
-0.75097
0.0986
-0.64297
0.1264
-0.55383
0.14421
-0.41821
0.16499
-0.32967
0.17598
-0.22337
0.18522
-0.18447
0.1886
-0.1215
0.18754
0.05055
0.18466
0.11353
0.1836
0.17608
0.17487
0.34698
0.15103
0.40953
0.1423
0.46468
0.13011
0.61537
0.0968
0.70243
0.0763
0.78963
0.0538
0.936702
0.04318
1.25136
-0.06998
1.25305
-0.11753
0.94301
-0.13427
0.79593
-0.14564
0.70413
-0.15996
0.61603
-0.1738
0.46703
-0.19738
0.41253
-0.206
0.34933
-0.2137
0.17673
-0.2347
0.11353
-0.2424
0.05013
-0.2449
-0.12307
-0.2518
-0.18647
-0.2544
-0.22497
-0.25355
-0.33007
-0.25124
-0.41707
-0.2474
-0.54987
-0.2394
-0.63887
-0.23196
-0.74907
-0.21984
-0.78947
-0.2154
-0.85583
-0.19342
-1.03717
-0.13338
-0.49347
0.0687
-0.49347
-0.1605
0.74133
0.0183
0.74133
-0.108
Area
Thickness
0.000139
0.00075
0.000139
0.00075
0.000196
0.003
7.24E-05
0.00075
7.24E-05
0.00075
0.001188
0.01
0.001188
0.01
0.000148
0.00164
0.000148
0.00164
0.000196
0.003
0.000238
0.00164
0.000238
0.00164
0.000196
0.003
0.000239
0.00164
0.000239
0.00164
0.000196
0.003
0.000214
0.00164
0.000214
0.00164
0.00078
0.01
0.00078
0.01
0.000463
0.00164
0.000463
0.00164
0.00043
0.00164
0.00043
0.00164
0.000805
0.01
0.000805
0.01
9.8E-05
0.00075
9.8E-05
0.00075
0.000196
0.003
0.000113
0.00075
0.000113
0.00075
0.000196
0.003
0.000113
0.00075
0.000113
0.00075
0.000196
0.003
6.83E-05
0.00075
6.83E-05
0.00075
0.001152
0.01
0.001152
0.01
7.21E-05
0.00075
7.21E-05
0.00075
0.000196
0.003
0.000124
0.00075
0.000124
0.00075
0.001985
0.01
0.001985
0.01
0.001094
0.01
0.001094
0.01
4.10 Normal Stress Computation:

Normal stresses at any wing section arise predominantly due to bending moments. This leads to a particular
portion of wing under compression while other under tension. It is assumed that there is no normal force
acting on any wing station. Also there are no thermal stresses. The normal stress at any boom is computed
using following expression. Here x and y are with respect to centroid of the section as shown in Fig.
4.11 Shear Stress Computation:

4.11.1 Shear Stress due to Shear Forces:
Shear stress at any wing section was calculated by initially calculating shear flow in the idealized section
(procedure given in Ref ).
Imaginary small cut was made in between booms location (6, 7), (19, 20) and (22, 23 ).
Shear flow (q(0)) with open section acted by Vz and Vx (wrt to body axis) is calculated using the
formulae.
The remaining part of the shear flow (q (1)) which is constant for a particular cell was calculated by
solving three equations.
o The first equation is obtained from equilibrium condition.
o The remaining equations were obtained from the constraints that the section in rigid in its
own plane so twist is equal for all of them.
qi 1 qi
V y Qx
I XX
V X QY
I YY
Qx yi Ai
Qx xi Ai
1 2
1
ds 1
q1
A1 CELL1 t A2
1
1
ds
ds 1
ds
q
21 A 2 CELL
2 t A wall12 t 3 A
wall1 2 t
1
ds
1
q(0)ds 1

A1 cell1 t
A2
wall3 4 t
q(0)ds
t
cell 2
4.11.2 Shear stress due to Torsion:

Torsion generates constant shear flow in each of the cells. Shear flow due to Torsion is calculated by solving
three equation as in earlier case. The first equation is equilibrium equation while other two are derived
through constraints similar to above step. Since material is uniform throughout there is no requirement of
modulus weighted entities.
4.12 Factor of Safety calculations:

Factor of Safety is a term describing the structural capacity of a system beyond the expected loads or actual
loads. Essentially, how much stronger the system is than it usually needs to be for an intended load. FOS
was computed for all the booms at all stations, for critical cases of loading. von Mises yield criterion was
used for this purpose.
von Mises stress ( v ) is calculated using following formula for plane stress condition:
where 1 and 2 are normal stresses and 12 is shear stress for plane stress loading.
FOS is given by :
4.13 Crushing Loads:

Crushing loads on box beams occurs due to curvature developed from bending, which can be ignored for
solid but not for box beams and hence intermediate ribs are required.
Firstly change in Aero loads ( wCw, Mac)and inertial + gravity loads (F) are calculated using
formulae
Linear variation of aerodynamic centre (A.C.) is used between all the stations
Using the bending moment distribution crushing force (P crush ) is calculated directly using
4.14 Buckling of stringers and spars:

Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stress,
where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that
the material is capable of withstanding.
Buckling of stringers due to normal stress considering simply supported at each ribs location is
calculated
It is then compared with the critical stress (cr) for the component.
4.15 Buckling of panels:

Buckling failure can occur at reduced primary critical stress levels if the structure is subjected to orthogonal
compressive stresses or high shear stresses.
Buckling of panels due to force Vy (wrt to body axis) considering simply supported at each ribs
location is calculated
Firstly the wing is divided into many rectangular panels (Aspect ratio 3) and some trapezoidal pane l
Then buckling is calculated on these panels using the maximum normal stress and minimum crosssection are present in the panel
It is then compared with the critical stress (cr) of the material
2500
5. Results and Discussion:

Mass/length (in kg/m)
2000
Wing section properties:
Figure 5 plots shown for C.G.,Mass per unit

length and Area Moment of inertia along the
span location.
1500
1000
500
10
12
14
Span Location (y)

5
10
x 10
XCG
9
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
Ixx
Iyy
Area Moment of Inertia ( in cm )
0.5
Ixy
7
Distance ( in m )
-0.5
-1
3
-1.5
1
-2
10
12
10
12
14
Span Location (y) (in m )along AC
14
Span Location (y) (in m )
Normal and chordwise load per unit length:

1000
10000
n = 3.19,v = 63.4 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 3.19,v = 63.4 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
9000
500
8000
7000
dN/dy (in N/m)
dC/dy (in N/m)
-500
-1000
6000
5000
4000
3000
-1500
2000
-2000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
1000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
5500
1400
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
1200
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
5000
4500
4000
dN/dy (in N/m)
dC/dy (in N/m)
1000
800
600
3500
3000
2500
2000
400
1500
200
1000
500
10
12
14
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
Span Location (y)

0
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
-100
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
-500
-200
-1000
dN/dy (in N/m)
dC/dy (in N/m)
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-1500
-2000
-2500
-800
-3000
-900
-1000
10
12
-3500
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
1500
7000
n=
n=
n=
n=
1000
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
n=
n=
n=
n=
6000
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
dN/dy (in N/m)
dC/dy (in N/m)
5000
500
4000
3000
2000
-500
1000
-1000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
2500
n=
n=
n=
n=
1500
1000
500
n=
n=
n=
n=
1500
dC/dy (in N/m)
dN/dy (in N/m)
2000
2000
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
1000
500
10
12
14
-500
Span Location (y)
Figure 6 : Normal and chord force variation along the span location
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Inertia-Gravity load per unit length:
-100
-200
/dy (in N/m)
-300
-400
IGz
-500
-600
dF
Figure 7: Plot shows the variation of Inertia

gravity load per unit length with the span locat
ion.
-700
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
-800
-900
-1000
10
12
14
Span Location (y)

700
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
-200
600
-400
500
dFIGz/dy (in N/m)
/dy (in N/m)
-600
dF
IGz
-800
-1000
-1200
400
300
200
-1400
-1600
-1800
100
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
-50
-200
dFIGz/dy (in N/m)
-400
-600
dF
IGz
/dy (in N/m)
-100
-800
n=
n=
n=
n=
-1000
-1200
Span Location (y)
10
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
12
14
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
Span Location (y)
n=
n=
n=
n=
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
10
12
14
Shear Force and Moment

distribution:
-2000
MT (in Nm)
-4000
-6000
-8000
Figure 8: Shear force and Moment distribution

shown along the span location
n=
n=
n=
n=
-10000
-12000
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
x 10
n=
n=
n=
n=
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
n=
n=
n=
n=
2.5
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
M (in Nm)
-2
1.5
M (in Nm)
x 10
-4
-6
0.5
-8
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
x 10
12000
n=
n=
n=
n=
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
n=
n=
n=
n=
10000
8000
2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

1.2,v = 38.9 m/s
1.7,v = 137.5 m/s
0.62,v = 28 m/s
6000
4
V (in N)
2000
Vz (in N)
4000
0
2
-2000
-4000
1
-6000
-8000
0
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14

-1000
-2000
-4000
M (in Nm)
-3000
-5000
-6000
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
-7000
-8000
10
12
14
Span Location (y)

4
x 10
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
2.5
M (in Nm)
1.5
0.5
10
12
14
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
Span Location (y)
4.5
x 10
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
-1000
-2000
3.5
-3000
3
Vx (in N)
-4000
V (in N)
Mz (in Nm)
x 10
2.5
-5000
-6000
1.5
-7000
1
0.5
n = 1.6,v = 45 m/s
n = 1.86,v = 63 m/s
n = 1.44,v = 42 m/s
-8000
-9000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
-10000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
-2000

-4000
MT (in Nm)
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
-14000
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
-16000
-18000
10
12
14
Span Location (y)

4
x 10
12
4.5
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
10
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
3.5
M (in Nm)
M (in Nm)
2.5
1.5
0
1
-2
0.5
-4
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
x 10
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
0.5
6
0
Vx (in N)
Vz (in N)
-0.5
3
-1
2
-1.5
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
-2
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Figure 11: Shear force and Moment

distribution shown along the span location
-200
-400
M (in Nm)
-600
-800
-1000
-1200
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
-1400
-1600
10
12
14
Span Location (y)

4
x 10
x 10
-2
-1
-4
-2
M (in Nm)
-8
-3
M (in Nm)
-6
-4
-10
-12
-5
-7
-14
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
-6
10
12
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
-16
-18
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
x 10
12000
-0.5
10000
-1
8000
V (in N)
-1.5
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
6000
Vz (in N)
-2
4000
n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

n = -1.27,v = 55.1 m/s
n = -0.125,v = 109.7 m/s
-2.5
-3
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
2000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14

n=
n=
n=
n=
-500
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
M (in Nm)
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
x 10
12
n=
n=
n=
n=
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
x 10
n=
n=
n=
n=
10
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
M (in Nm)
-2
M (in Nm)
-4
-6
-8
-10
10
12
14
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
Span Location (y)
x 10
n=
n=
n=
n=
1.8
1.6
15000
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
n=
n=
n=
n=
0.14,v = 63.9 m/s

0.7,v = 29.6 m/s
0.83,v = 32.4 m/s
0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
10000
1.4
V (in N)
5000
V (in N)
1.2
0.8
0.6
0
0.4
0.2
-5000
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Normal stress distribution along span:
Boom no. 35
x 10
2.5
Boom no. 26
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
2.5
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Normal Stress (in Pa)
Normal Stress (in Pa)
2
2
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
10
12
0
0
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
Figure 13: Normal stress distribution shown along the span location for booms 26 and 35
Shear stress distribution along span:
Boom no. 23
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Shear Stress due to Torsion (in Pa)
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0
Boom no. 23
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Shear Stress due to shear force(in Pa)
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
-12
0
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
1.5
Figure 14: Shear stress distribution due to Torsion ,

shear force and Total are shown along the span
location for booms 23 and 9
Boom no. 23
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Shear Stress Total (in Pa)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
Boom no. 9
x 10
Shear Stress due to shear force(in Pa)
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
-1
-2
-3
0
10
12
Boom no. 9
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0
14
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
Span Location (y)
1.5
Boom no. 9
x 10
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Shear Stress Total (in Pa)
Shear Stress due to Torsion (in Pa)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
C rus hing load variation:

Boom no. 7
Boom no. 6
4000
3500
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s
n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
3000
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
3500
3000
Crushing load (in N)
2500
2000
1500
1000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
500
0
0
10
12
0
0
14
10
12
14
Boom no. 20
Boom no. 19
350
800
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s
n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
700
n = 3.19,v = 63.42 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
300
600
250
Span Location (y)
Span Location (y)
500
400
300
200
150
100
200
50
100
0
0
Span Location (y)
10
12
14
0
0
10
Span Location (y)
Figure 15 : Variation of crushing load with span location is shown for 4 different booms 6,7,19,20
12
14
Buckling of Panels:
9
3.5
3.5
n = 3.19,v = 137.5 m/s

8
33
(Critical stress/Normal stress) ratio
stress/Normal
(Critical
ratio
stress)ratio
stress/Normalstress)
(Critical
n =n3.19,v
= 63.42
m/s m/s
= 3.19,v
= 63.42
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
Span Location (y)

3
4
5
0
0
Span Location (y)
Span Location (y)

12
n = 0.29,v = 137.5 m/s
Figure 16 : Buckling of Panels with station

location is shown
10
0
0
Span Location (y)
Buckling of stringers:
40
6
35
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
30
25
20
15
10
n = 0.295,v = 137.5 m/s
2
n = 3.19,v = 63.5 m/s
1.5
5
0
Span Location (y)

1
0
Span Location (y)
Figure 17 : Buckling of stringers with station

location is shown
Factor of safety:
Figure 18: Factor

of safety is plotted
for n= 0.29,
v=137.5
Figure 19: Factor

of safety is plotted
for n=3.19, v=63.5
Figure 20: Factor of

safety is plotted for
n=3.19,v=137.5
Wing Section Properties:

Plot for mass distribution for wing box along span is shown in Fig5. The kinks at regular distances show
position of ribs along span. Location of CG for any wing section along span is plotted with respect to locus
AC ( y = 0 ) in Fig5. Variation of CS moments of inertia for wing box (without ribs) is shown in Fig5. It can
be observed that Iyy is significantly higher than other two.
Normal and Chordwise Loads for Critical Loading Conditions:

The normal and chordwise load per unit length variation alo ng span is plotted in Fig6. Both decrease from
root to tip. The normal force per unit length is positive or negative depending upon whether load factor is
positive or negative respectively. While the chord force per unit length doesnt follow such behaviour as it
can be seen in Fig6. the negative values correspond to the PHAA flight condition in V-n diagram where
contribution due to lift force dominates over drag force. The reason for this difference is that lift force
contributes predominantly to normal force in all cases while in case of chord force it depends on the angle of
attack whether lift or drag force is dominant. High non- linear behaviour towards the tip basically for normal
force is because of similar behaviour of lift. It is also important to notice that in many case shown in Fig6.
for chord force, the variation is nearly linear. The reason can be attributed to the dominance of drag force
contribution and also within that predominance of parasite drag.
Variation of Inertia-Gravity Loads:

Inertia gravity loads depend on the load factor and mass per unit length of a wing section. Thus for a
particular load condition it decreases from root to tip proportionally to the reducing mass per unit length of
tapered wing. Overlap of the plots can be seen in case of PHAA and PLAA flight conditions from Fig.7
Variation of Shear Forces and Moments:

Shear forces and moments increase from tip to root. As a result root section handles highest magnitude of
internal forces and moments. Shear force along normal (Vz) is positive or negative depending on the
behaviour of normal force which dominates or the sign of load factor. While for chordwise shear force
shows different behaviours depending on variation of chord force. In case of PHAA this is negative because
of dominance of lift component over that of drag. The highest shear forces and moments are obtained at root
section corresponding to PHAA and PLAA points of the flight envelope. One more point at n = 0.29,
V=137.5 m/s shows peak load resultants at root. These 3 points were used to further analyse the different
aspects of the design and are used for plotting as shown in Fig 8, 9, 10 , 11, 12.
Variation of Normal and Shear stress:

It is observed that at the root section the magnitude of Normal as well as shear stress is highest. The plots as
shown in Fig. 13, 14 are made for three different values of n and v namely n= 3.19, v=63.5, n= 3.19,
v=137.5, n= 0.29, v=137.5 for two booms having no. 23 and 9 in case of shear stress for all the three
cases only due to shear force, only due to Torsion and due to both, while in case of Normal stress the plots
are made for booms having no. 26 and 52, these booms number for both shear as well as normal stress case
have the most critical values and are selected out of all the 48 booms.
Variation of Crushing load:

Crushing load is plotted for 4 critical booms namely 6, 7, 19, 20 for the three critical n and v values namely
n= 3.19, v=63.5, n= 3.19, v=137.5, n= 0.29, v=137.5 as shown in Fig 15. There are 4 plots
corresponding for each boom with all three n values together in each plot. As expected the crushing load
values decreases from the root to tip and having the maximum value at the root for all the cases. Because of
the low n value crushing load values for the case n=0.29 is very less compared to the remaining cases.
Variation of Buckling of Panels:

It is observed from the graph that the panels for which the value of critical stress/Normal stress is less than 1
buckles but other panels do not buckle having the ratio greater than 1. The analysis is done for all the three
critical n values namely n= 3.19, v=63.5, n= 3.19, v=137.5, n= 0.29, v=137.5 as shown in Fig 16.
Variation of Buckling of stringers:

It is observed from the graph that the ratio of critical stress/Normal stress is greater than 1 for all the cases
and hence concludes that none of the stringer buckles. The analysis is done for all the three critical n cases
as shown in Fig 17.
Variation of Factor of safety:

Factor of safety for all the booms at each station was calculated using von Mises criterion. It can be
observed through the scatter plots given in Fig.18, 19, 20. The two sets of plot show first and last stages of
iterations done to reduce the weight of wing box structure. Initially FOS was very high for almost all the
booms along the span. After iterations the weight was significantly reduced basically due to faster tapering
of spars along the span.
6.Iterations for Weight Reduction:

A number of iteration were done to reduce the weight of current wing box design. Some of the steps
pertaining to the procedure include reduction of skin thickness for some portion of the wing while increasing
at those locations where we encountered shear failure. Another step included faster tapering of spars along
the span. This helped to reduce wing weight considerably while maintaining the strength of spars to requisite
level. Comparisons of wing weight estimated through current design procedure is done with that obtained
through empirical relation given in literature is as follows.
Empirical relation estimate for wing weight = 428.89 kg
Initial Design:
Wing weight = 701.72 kg
Percentage difference w.r.t theoretical = 63.6 %
Improved Design after fe w Iterations:
Wing weight = 640 kg
Percentage difference w.r.t theoretical = 49.2 %
7. Summary:
Present work is dedicated to understand important techniques and procedures involved in design of aircraft
wing box. Here the design was specifically done for a UAV aircraft (Drone). The whole work can be
summarized into following steps:
Initial Take Off weight estimate, wing design features and aerofoil were directly taken from earlier
design work.
V-n Diagram and Gust Load Factor Diagram were drawn according to current mission requirements.
16 critical points were chosen specifically for further analysis.
Wing was partitioned into 27 wing bays and hence 28 stations. 20 ribs were placed in a half span of
the wing.
Lift and drag per unit length was calculated along the span for the 16 points. Normal and chordwise
forces were further obtained.
Wing section properties were obtained using both SolidWorks and MatLab.
Inertia gravity loads were estimated.
Wing was idealized with 48 booms for 1st part and 40 for second.
Shear forces and moments were obtained at the stations.
Resultant Normal and Shear stresses were computed.
Critical booms were analysed.
FOS was plotted for all the booms.
Wing weight was estimated and compared with the theoretical estimate.
Iterations were done to reduce the wing weight and finalize the design.
Appendix:
%% Name of each item is mentioned above its part in the code.
y =
[0,1,2,3,4,5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7.5,8,8.5,9,9.5,10,10.25,10.5,10.75,11,11.25,11.5,11.75,12,12.
25,12.5,12.75,13];
ynew =
[13,12.75,12.5,12.25,12,11.75,11.5,11.25,11,10.75,10.5,10.25,10,9.5,9,8.5,8,7.5,7,6.5,6
,5.5,5,4,3,2,1,0];
S = 45;
b = 26;
t = 0.4;
d = 1.225;
%densit
W = 5400;
ar = 15;
e = 0.9;
Cd1 = 0.05815;
points3D = zeros(48,3,28);
n = [3.19,3.19,-1.27,-1.27,0.1256,1.61,1.865,1.436,2.1256,1.199,1.705,0.6213,0.135,0.696,0.8338,0.2947];
v =
[63.425832,137.498328,109.999272,55.065168,109.7219,45.01408,63.8885,42.52112,109.7215,
38.8559,137.5029,27.96631,63.8885,29.6058,32.3984,137.4989];
CL = [1.55675,0.329,-0.19675,-0.79,0.02425,1.55975,0.8915,1.559125,0.343875,1.559,0.174125,1.55938,0.06138,1.5588,1.55938,
0.02725];
Cm = [-0.0224,-0.0294,-0.0098,-0.0271, -0.00087,-0.0221,-0.0511,-0.0221,-0.0296,0.0222,-0.017,-0.0221, -0.0075, -0.0222, -0.0221, -0.0053];
alpha = [16.51975806,6.618548387,2.378629032,-2.405645161,
3.7697,16.54395,11.15484,16.53891,6.7385,16.5379,5.36955,16.5409, 4.4603, 16.5359,
16.5409, 4.1851];
Cd = 0;
den = 2720;
c = zeros(1,28);
m1 = zeros(1,28);
m2 = zeros(1,28);
x = zeros(1,28);
L = zeros(1,28);
D = zeros(1,28);
M = zeros(1,28);
N = zeros(1,28);
C = zeros(1,28);
dN
dC
dM
dF
=
=
=
=
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
F = zeros(1,28);
yC = zeros(1,27);
Fz = zeros(1,27);
Mass = zeros(1,27);
dy = zeros(1,27);
Vx = zeros(1,28);
Vz = zeros(1,28);
Mz = zeros(1,28);
Mx = zeros(1,28);
MT = zeros(1,28);
X = zeros(3,27);
Y = zeros(3,27);
Z = zeros(3,27);
Ixx = zeros(1,28);
Iyy = zeros(1,28);
Ixy = zeros(1,28);
sigmaxx = zeros(48,28);
for i = 1:27
dy(i) = y(i+1)-y(i);
end
for j = 1
Vz(1)
Vx(1)
Mz(1)
Mx(1)
MT(1)
=
=
=
=
=
0;
0;
0;
0;
0;
for i = 1:28
c(1,i) = (2*S/((1+t)*b))*(1-(2*(1-t)*y(i)/b));
if i < 15
m1(1,i) = (5.1015*0.001175*((c(1,i)/2.47)^2))*den;
%skin
Thickness - 0.02"
m2(1,i) = (( 0.008363+0.005134)*((c(1,i)/2.47)^3)+(0.00003*(c(1,i)^2)))*den;
else
m1(1,i) = (5.1015*0.001175*((c(1,i)/2.47)^2))*den;
m2(1,i) = ( ( 0.008363+0.005134)*((c(1,i)/2.47)^3))*den;
end
F(1,i) = -n(j)*9.8*(m1(1,i)+m2(1,i));
L(1,i) = (1/2)*(c(i) + (4*S/(pi()*b))*(1(2*y(i)/b)^2)^(1/2))*(CL(j)*(0.5*d*v(j)^2)) ;
Cl = L(1,i)/(0.5*d*c(i)*(v(j)^2));
%Section lift coeff
Cd = Cd1 + Cl*CL(j)/(pi()*ar*e);
D(1,i) = Cd*(0.5*d*c(i)*(v(j)^2));
M(1,i) = Cm(j)*(0.5*d*(c(i)^2)*(v(j)^2));
N(i) = L(i)*cosd(alpha(j))+D(i)*sind(alpha(j));
C(i) = D(i)*cosd(alpha(j))-L(i)*sind(alpha(j));
x(i) =
-(1.10347*c(i)/2.47-(c(i)/4));
if ( c(i) < 9 )
Ixx(i) =
(((4312.505*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((28798.823+4882.13)*((c(i)/2.47)^5)))*10^(-8);
Iyy(i) =
(((284293.1384*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((434706.159+18393.025)*((c(i)/2.47)^5)))*10^(-8);
Ixy(i) = (((19714.5*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((-4123.445350)*((c(i)/2.47)^5)))*10^(-8);
else
Ixx(i) = (((4312.505*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((28798.823)*(((c(i)/2.47)^5))))*10^(8);
Iyy(i) =
(((284293.1384*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((434706.159)*((c(i)/2.47)^5)))*10^(-8);
Ixy(i) = (((19714.5*1.6)*((c(i)/2.47)^4))+((-4123.445)*((c(i)/2.47)^5)))*10^(-8);
end
end
for i = 1:27
dN(i) = ((N(i)+N(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dC(i) = ((C(i)+C(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dM(i) = ((M(i)+M(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dF(i) = ((F(i)+F(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
end
%
% Mt = 0;
% for j = 1:27
%
yC(1,j) = (1/2)*(y(j) + y(j+1));
%
Fz(1,j) = (1/2)*(y(j+1) - y(j))*(F(1,j)+F(1,j+1));
%
Mass(1,j) = (1/2)*(m(j) + m(j+1));
%
Mt = Mt + Mass(1,j)*(y(j+1) - y(j));
% end
%
for i=1:27
Y(1,i) = (1/(N(28-i+1)+N(28-i)))*(N(28-i+1)+2*N(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
% tip to root
Y(2,i) = (1/(C(28-i+1)+C(28-i)))*(C(28-i+1)+2*C(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
Y(3,i) = (1/(F(28-i+1)+F(28-i)))*(F(28-i+1)+2*F(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
X(3,i) = (1/(3*(F(28-i+1)+F(28-i))))*((F(28-i+1)*(2*x(28-i+1)+x(28-i)))+(F(28i)*(2*x(28-i)+x(28-i+1))));
X(1,i) = 0;
X(2,i) = 0;
Z(2,i) = 0;
Z(1,i) = 0;
end
for i=1:27
Vz(i+1) = Vz(i)+ dN(28-i)+dF(28-i);
is from tip to root but earlier i is from root to tip
Vx(i+1) = (Vx(i) + dC(28-i));
Mz(i+1) = Mz(i) +Vx(i)*dy(28-i)+dC(28-i)*Y(2,i);
Mx(i+1) = (Mx(i) - Vz(i)*dy(28-i)-dN(28-i)*Y(1,i)-dF(28-i)*Y(3,i));
MT(i+1) = MT(i) + dM(28-i)-dF(28-i)*X(3,i);
two terms are zero
end
% i here
% here
Point1 = zeros(48,6);
Crushload = zeros(4,28);
%%
Calculation of Normal stress and crush load
for k = 1:48
for i = 1:28
Point1(:,3) = Point(:,3)*c(i)/2.47;
Point1(:,4) = Point(:,4)*c(i)/2.47;
points3D(:,1,i) = Point1(:,3);
points3D(:,3,i) = y(i);
sigmaxx(k, i) = (- ( Mz(28-i+1)*Ixx(i)+ Mx(28-i+1)*Ixy(i) )*(Point1(k,3)) +(
Mx(28-i+1)*Iyy(i)+ Mz(28-i+1)*Ixy(i))*(Point1(k,4)))/(Ixx(i)*Iyy(i)-Ixy(i)*Ixy(i));
Crushload(1,i)
Crushload(2,i)
Crushload(3,i)
Crushload(4,i)
=
=
=
=
(2*0.001*(10^(-9))*sigmaxx(6,i)^2)/(2*Point1(6,4)*73.1);
(2*0.001*(10^(-9))*sigmaxx(7,i)^2)/(2*Point1(7,4)*73.1);
(2*0.001*(10^(-9))*sigmaxx(19,i)^2)/(2*Point1(19,4)*73.1);
(2*0.001*(10^(-9))*sigmaxx(20,i)^2)/(2*Point1(20,4)*73.1);
end
end
%% Buckling of stringers
Ixxst = zeros(1,15);
Areast = zeros(1,15);
lengthst = zeros(1,14);
for i=1:14
Ixxst(i) = (4.9*((c(i))^4)/((2.47)^4))*10^(-8);
Areast(i)
= (1.96*((c(i))^2)/((2.47)^2))*10^(-4);
lengthst(i) = y(i+1)-y(i);
end
lengthst(1) = 0.6998*lengthst(1);
ratiost = zeros(1,14);
sigmacr = zeros(1,14);
for l= 1:14
sigmacr(l) = (pi()^2*73.1*(10)^9)*Ixxst(l+1)/(Areast(l+1)*lengthst(l)^2);
ratiost(l) = sqrt((sigmacr(l)/sigmaxx(18,l))^2);
end
xr = zeros(1,14);
xr = y(1:14);
figure(1)
plot(xr,ratiost(:),'ko-');
XLABEL('Span Location (y)','fontsize',15)
YLABEL('(Critical stress/Normal stress) ratio','fontsize',15)
h_legend = legend('n = 3.19,v = 63.5 m/s');
set(h_legend,'FontSize',13);
set(gca,'fontsize',13)
%%
Calculation of Shear stress separately due to shear force and Torsion
for r = 1:28
for p=1:44
if (p ~= 3)&&(p ~= 6)&&(p ~= 7)&&(p ~= 10)&&(p ~= 13)&&(p ~= 16)&&(p ~= 19)&&(p
~= 20)&&(p ~= 21)&&(p ~= 25)&&(p ~= 26)&&(p ~= 29)&&(p ~= 32)&&(p ~= 35)&&(p ~= 38)&&(p
~= 39)&&(p ~= 42)
sigmaxx(p,r) = sigmaxx(p,r)/10;
end
end
end
qo = zeros(52,28);
qs1o = zeros(3,28);
qs2o = zeros(3,28);
ds1 = zeros(14,28);
ds2 = zeros(30,28);
ds3 = zeros(8,28);
Aij = zeros(52,28);
sumcell1 = zeros(14,28);
sumcellq1 = zeros(14,28);
% down to up
sumqA = zeros(51,28);
wall1 = zeros(1,28);
wall2 = zeros(1,28);
A1 = zeros(1,28);
A2 = zeros(1,28);
A3 = zeros(1,28);
Totalq = zeros(52,28);
shear = zeros(52,28);
Totalq1 = zeros(52,28);
shear1 = zeros(52,28);
shearT = zeros(52,28);
sigma1 = zeros(52,28);
sigma2 = zeros(52,28);
Tau = zeros(52,28);
generalstress = zeros(48,28);
Factorofsafety = zeros(48,28);
Q = zeros(3,1);
Q1 = zeros(3,1);
for k=1:28
Point1(:,3) = Point(:,3)*c(k)/2.47;
Point1(:,4) = Point(:,4)*c(k)/2.47;
for ii = 1:48
if (p ~= 6)&&(p ~= 7)&&(p ~= 19)&&(p ~= 20)&&(p ~= 25)&&(p ~= 26)&&(p ~= 38)&&(p
~= 39)&&(p ~= 45)&&(p ~= 46)&&(p ~= 47)&&(p ~= 48)
Point1(ii,5) = Point(ii,5)*(c(k)/2.47)^2;
else
Point1(ii,5) = Point(ii,5)*(c(k)/2.47)^(3);
end
end
Point1(:,1) = Point(:,1)*c(k)/2.47;
Point1(:,2) = Point(:,2)*c(k)/2.47;
Point1(:,6) = Point(:,6)*c(k)/2.47;
if k>14
Point1(3,5) = 0;
Point1(10,5) = 0;
Point1(13,5) = 0;
Point1(16,5) = 0;
Point1(29,5) = 0;
Point1(32,5) = 0;
Point1(35,5) = 0;
Point1(42,5) = 0;
end
for i=0:51
if i==0
qo(i+1,k) = 0 + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) + ((Vz(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),4)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Iyy(k));
elseif i>0 && i<14
qo(i+1,k) = qo(i,k) + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) + ((Vz(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),4)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Iyy(k));
elseif i == 14
qo(i+1,k) = 0 + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) +
k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),4)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Iyy(k));
elseif i>14 && i<44
qo(i+1,k) = qo(i,k) + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) +
elseif i==44
qo(i+1,k) = 0 + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) +
elseif i>44
qo(i+1,k) = qo(i,k) + ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),3)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),5))/Ixx(k)) +
end
end
((Vz(29-
((Vz(29-
((Vz(29-
((Vz(29-
qs1o(1,k) = qo(12,k) - qo(29,k);

qs1o(2,k) = qo(13,k) - qo(28,k) - ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(13),3)*Point1(Pointer(13),5))/Ixx(k)) - ((Vz(29k)*Point1(Pointer(13),4)*Point1(Pointer(13),5))/Iyy(k));
qs1o(3,k) = qo(14,k) - qo(27,k);
qs2o(1,k) = qo(42,k) - qo(49,k);
qs2o(2,k) = qo(43,k) - qo(48,k) - ((Vx(29k)*Point1(Pointer(43),3)*Point1(Pointer(43),5))/Ixx(k)) - ((Vz(29k)*Point1(Pointer(43),4)*Point1(Pointer(43),5))/Iyy(k));
qs2o(3,k) = qo(44,k) - qo(47,k);
qo(12,k) = qs1o(1,k);
qo(13,k) = qs1o(2,k);
qo(14,k) = qs1o(3,k);
qo(29,k) = qs1o(1,k);
qo(28,k) = qs1o(2,k);
qo(27,k) = qs1o(3,k);
qo(42,k) = qs2o(1,k);
qo(43,k) = qs2o(2,k);
qo(44,k) = qs2o(3,k);
qo(49,k) = qs2o(1,k);
qo(48,k) = qs2o(2,k);
qo(47,k) = qs2o(3,k);
for i=1:52
if i<14
ds1(i,k) = sqrt((Point1(Pointer(i+1),2)-Point1(Pointer(i),2))^2 +
(Point1(Pointer(i+1),1)- Point1(Pointer(i),1))^2);
Aij(i,k) = abs((Point1(Pointer(i),1)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),2)Point1(Pointer(i),2)*Point1(Pointer(i+1),1))/2);
elseif i==14
ds1(14,k) = sqrt((Point1(Pointer(1),2)-Point1(Pointer(i),2))^2 +
(Point1(Pointer(1),1)- Point1(Pointer(i),1))^2);
Aij(14,k) = abs((Point1(Pointer(i),1)*Point1(Pointer(1),2)Point1(Pointer(i),2)*Point1(Pointer(1),1))/2);
elseif i>14 && i<44
ds2(i-14,k) = sqrt((Point1(Pointer(i+1),2)-Point1(Pointer(i),2))^2 +
elseif i==44
elseif i>44 && i<52
ds3(i-44,k) = sqrt((Point1(Pointer(i+1),2)-Point1(Pointer(i),2))^2 +
elseif i==52
end
end
for i=0:51
if i==0
sumcell1(i+1,k) = 0 + ds1(i+1,k)/Point1(Pointer(i+1),6);
sumcellq1(i+1,k) = 0 + (ds1(i+1,k)*qo(i+1,k))/Point1(Pointer(i+1),6);
sumqA(1,k) = 0 ;
elseif i>0 && i<14
sumcell1(i+1,k) = sumcell1(i,k) + ds1(i+1,k)/Point1(Pointer(i+1),6);
% use 15
for cell 1, 14
sumcellq1(i+1,k) = sumcellq1(i,k) + (ds1(i+1,k)*qo(i+1,k))/Point1(Pointer(i+1),6);
sumcellq1(12,k) = sumcellq1(11,k) + (ds1(12,k)*qs1o(1,k))/Point1(Pointer(12),6);
sumqA(i+1,k) = sumqA(i,k) + 2*Aij(i,k)*qo(i,k);
elseif i==15
sumcell2(1,k) = 0 + ds2(i-14,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
sumcellq2(1,k) = 0 + (ds2(i-14,k)*qo(i,k))/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
elseif i>15 && i<=44
sumcell2(i+1-15,k) = sumcell2(i-15,k) + ds2(i-14,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
% use
44 for cell 2, 30
sumcellq2(i+1-15,k) = sumcellq2(i-15,k) + (ds2(i14,k)*qo(i,k))/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
elseif i == 45
sumcell3(i+1-45,k) = 0 + ds3(i-44,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
sumcellq3(i+1-45,k) = 0 + (ds3(i-44,k)*qo(i,k))/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
elseif i>44
sumcell3(i+1-44,k) = sumcell3(i-44,k) + ds3(i-44,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6); % use 52
for cell 3, 8
sumcellq3(i+1-44,k) = sumcellq3(i-44,k) + (ds3(i44,k)*qo(i,k))/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
end
end
A1(k) = 0.173495596*(c(k)^2)/(2.47^2);
A2(k) = 0.473302955*(c(k)^2)/(2.47^2);
A3(k) = 0.057928*(c(k)^2)/(2.47^2);
wall1(k) = sumcell1(14,k)-sumcell1(11,k);
wall2(k) = sumcell2(30,k)-sumcell2(27,k);
A11 = sumcell1(14,k)/A1(k) + wall1(k)/A2(k);
A12 = -(sumcell2(30,k)/A2(k) + wall1(k)/A1(k));

A13 = wall2(k)/A2(k);
A21 = sumcell1(14,k)/A1(k);
A22 = wall2(k)/A3(k) - wall1(k)/A1(k);
A23 = -sumcell3(8,k)/A3(k);
A31 = 2*A1(k);
A32 = 2*A2(k);
A33 = 2*A3(k);
C1 = -sumcellq1(14,k)/A1(k) + sumcellq2(30,k)/A2(k);
C2 = -sumcellq1(14,k)/A1(k) + sumcellq3(8,k)/A3(k);
C3 = -Vz(29-k)*(2.47)/4 - sumqA(52,k);
D3 = -MT(29-k);
A = [A11 A12 A13 ; A21 A22 A23 ; A31 A32 A33];
C = [C1 C2 C3];
D = [C1 C2 D3];
Q = A\transpose(C);
Q1 = A\transpose(D);
for i = 1:52
if i<15
Totalq(i,k) = qo(i,k)+ Q(1,1);
shear(i,k) = Totalq(i,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
Totalq1(i,k) = qo(i,k)+ Q1(1,1);
shear1(i,k) = Totalq1(i,k)/Point1(Pointer(i),6);
shearT(i,k) = shear(i,k) + shear1(i,k);
elseif i>=15 && i<45
elseif i>=45
end
end
%%
Calculation of Factor of safety
for i=1:52
sigma1(i,k) = sigmaxx(Pointer(i),k)/2 + sqrt((sigmaxx(Pointer(i),k)/2)^2 +
shear(i,k)^2);
sigma2(i,k) = sigmaxx(Pointer(i),k)/2 - sqrt((sigmaxx(Pointer(i),k)/2)^2 +
shear(i,k)^2);
Tau(i,k) = sqrt((sigmaxx(Pointer(i),k)/2)^2 + shear(i,k)^2);
end
for m = 1:48
generalstress(m,k) = sqrt(sigmaxx(m,k)^2 + 3*(shearT(PointerI(m),k)^2));
Factorofsafety(m,k) = (345*10^6)/generalstress(m,k);
end
end
%%
Plots
% if j==1
%
figure(1)
%
plot(y,Crushload(1,:),'o-', 'LineWidth',2);
%
%
YLABEL('Crushing load (in N)','fontsize',15)
%
hold on
%
figure(2)
%
%
%
%
hold on
%
figure(3)
%
%
%
%
hold on
%
figure(4)
%
%
%
%
hold on
%
figure(5)
%
plot(y,shear1(25,:),'o-', 'LineWidth',2);
%
%
YLABEL('Shear Stress due to Torsion (in Pa)','fontsize',15)
%
hold on
%
figure(6)
%
plot(y,shear1(52,:),'o-', 'LineWidth',2);
%
%
YLABEL('Shear Stress due to Torsion (in Pa)','fontsize',15)
%
hold on
%
figure(7)
%
plot(y,shearT(25,:),'o-', 'LineWidth',2);
%
%
YLABEL('Shear Stress Total (in Pa)','fontsize',15)
%
hold on
%
figure(8)
%
plot(y,shearT(52,:),'o-', 'LineWidth',2);
%
%
YLABEL('Shear Stress Total (in Pa)','fontsize',15)
%
hold on
% Aluminium alloy 2024-T3, young modulus 73.1 GPa
%% Buckling of Panels
y =
[0,1,2,3,4,5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7.5,8,8.5,9,9.5,10,10.25,10.5,10.75,11,11.25,11.5,11.75,12,12.
25,12.5,12.75,13];
ynew =
[13,12.75,12.5,12.25,12,11.75,11.5,11.25,11,10.75,10.5,10.25,10,9.5,9,8.5,8,7.5,7,6.5,6
,5.5,5,4,3,2,1,0];
S = 45;
b = 26;
t = 0.4;
d = 1.225;
%densit
W = 5400;
ar = 15;
e = 0.9;
Cd1 = 0.05815;
points3D = zeros(48,3,28);
n = [3.19,3.19,-1.27,-1.27,0.1256,1.61,1.865,1.436,2.1256,1.199,1.705,0.6213,0.135,0.696,0.8338,0.2947];
v =
[63.425832,137.498328,109.999272,55.065168,109.7219,45.01408,63.8885,42.52112,109.7215,
38.8559,137.5029,27.96631,63.8885,29.6058,32.3984,137.4989];
CL = [1.55675,0.329,-0.19675,-0.79,0.02425,1.55975,0.8915,1.559125,0.343875,1.559,0.174125,1.55938,0.06138,1.5588,1.55938,
0.02725];
Cm = [-0.0224,-0.0294,-0.0098,-0.0271, -0.00087,-0.0221,-0.0511,-0.0221,-0.0296,0.0222,-0.017,-0.0221, -0.0075, -0.0222, -0.0221, -0.0053];
alpha = [16.51975806,6.618548387,2.378629032,-2.405645161,
3.7697,16.54395,11.15484,16.53891,6.7385,16.5379,5.36955,16.5409, 4.4603, 16.5359,
16.5409, 4.1851];
Cd = 0;
den = 2720;
c = zeros(1,28);
m = zeros(1,28);
x = zeros(1,28);
L = zeros(1,28);
D = zeros(1,28);
M = zeros(1,28);
N = zeros(1,28);
C = zeros(1,28);
dN
dC
dM
dF
=
=
=
=
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
zeros(1,27);
F = zeros(1,28);
yC = zeros(1,27);
Fz = zeros(1,27);
Mass = zeros(1,27);
dy = zeros(1,27);
Vx = zeros(1,28);
Vz = zeros(1,28);
Mz = zeros(1,28);
Mx = zeros(1,28);
MT = zeros(1,28);
X = zeros(3,27);
Y = zeros(3,27);
Z = zeros(3,27);
Ixx = zeros(1,28);
Iyy = zeros(1,28);
Ixy = zeros(1,28);
sigmaxx = zeros(48,28);
for i = 1:27
dy(i) = y(i+1)-y(i);
end
for j = 1:16
Vz(1)
Vx(1)
Mz(1)
Mx(1)
MT(1)
=
=
=
=
=
0;
0;
0;
0;
0;
for i = 1:28
c(1,i) = (2*S/((1+t)*b))*(1-(2*(1-t)*y(i)/b));
m(1,i) = (2.0654*0.001*c(1,i)+ ( 0.00139833+0.00044256)*(c(1,i)^2))*den;
%skin Thickness - 0.02"
F(1,i) = -n(j)*9.8*m(1,i);
L(1,i) = (1/2)*(c(i) + (4*S/(pi()*b))*(1(2*y(i)/b)^2)^(1/2))*(CL(j)*(0.5*d*v(j)^2)) ;
Cl = L(1,i)/(0.5*d*c(i)*(v(j)^2));
%Section lift coeff
Cd = Cd1 + Cl*CL(j)/(pi()*ar*e);
D(1,i) = Cd*(0.5*d*c(i)*(v(j)^2));
M(1,i) = Cm(j)*(0.5*d*(c(i)^2)*(v(j)^2));
N(i) = L(i)*cosd(alpha(j))+D(i)*sind(alpha(j));
C(i) = D(i)*cosd(alpha(j))-L(i)*sind(alpha(j));
x(i) =
-(1.10347*c(i)/2.47-(c(i)/4));
if ( c(i) < 9 )
Ixx(i) = (78097.37183*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
Iyy(i) = (759626.49564*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
Ixy(i) = (22151.37743*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
else
Ixx(i) = (73215.24*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
Iyy(i) = (741233.47*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
Ixy(i) = (22401.02*((c(i)*100)^4)/((2.47*100)^4))*10^(-8);
end
end
for i = 1:27
dN(i) = ((N(i)+N(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dC(i) = ((C(i)+C(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dM(i) = ((M(i)+M(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
dF(i) = ((F(i)+F(i+1))*dy(i))/2;
end
%
% Mt = 0;
% for j = 1:27
%
yC(1,j) = (1/2)*(y(j) + y(j+1));
%
Fz(1,j) = (1/2)*(y(j+1) - y(j))*(F(1,j)+F(1,j+1));
%
Mass(1,j) = (1/2)*(m(j) + m(j+1));
%
Mt = Mt + Mass(1,j)*(y(j+1) - y(j));
% end
%
for i=1:27
Y(1,i) = (1/(N(28-i+1)+N(28-i)))*(N(28-i+1)+2*N(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
% tip to root
Y(2,i) = (1/(C(28-i+1)+C(28-i)))*(C(28-i+1)+2*C(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
Y(3,i) = (1/(F(28-i+1)+F(28-i)))*(F(28-i+1)+2*F(28-i))*(dy(28-i)/3);
X(3,i) = (1/(3*(F(28-i+1)+F(28-i))))*((F(28-i+1)*(2*x(28-i+1)+x(28-i)))+(F(28i)*(2*x(28-i)+x(28-i+1))));
X(1,i) = 0;
X(2,i) = 0;
Z(2,i) = 0;
Z(1,i) = 0;
end
for i=1:27
Vz(i+1) = Vz(i)+ dN(28-i)+dF(28-i);
is from tip to root but earlier i is from root to tip
Vx(i+1) = (Vx(i) + dC(28-i));
Mz(i+1) = Mz(i) +Vx(i)*dy(28-i)+dC(28-i)*Y(2,i);
Mx(i+1) = (Mx(i) - Vz(i)*dy(28-i)-dN(28-i)*Y(1,i)-dF(28-i)*Y(3,i));
MT(i+1) = MT(i) + dM(28-i)-dF(28-i)*X(3,i);
two terms are zero
end
% i here
% here
Point1 = zeros(48,6);
for k = 1:48
for i = 1:28
Point1(:,3) = Point(:,3)*c(i)/2.47;
Point1(:,4) = Point(:,4)*c(i)/2.47;
points3D(:,3,i) = y(i);
sigmaxx(k, i) = (- ( Mz(28-i+1)*Ixx(i)+ Mx(28-i+1)*Ixy(i)
)*(Point1(k,3)) +( Mx(28-i+1)*Iyy(i)+ Mz(28-i+1)*Ixy(i))*(Point1(k,4)))/(Ixx(i)*Iyy(i)Ixy(i)*Ixy(i));
end
end
end
Ixxst = zeros(1,15);
Areast = zeros(1,15);
lengthst = zeros(1,14);
for i=1:14
Ixxst(i) = (4.9*((c(i))^4)/((2.47)^4))*10^(-8);
Areast(i)
= (1.96*((c(i))^2)/((2.47)^2))*10^(-4);
lengthst(i) = y(i+1)-y(i);
end
ratiost = zeros(1,14);
sigmacr = zeros(1,14);
for l= 1:14
sigmacr(l) = (pi()^2*73.1*(10)^9)*Ixxst(l+1)/(Areast(l+1)*lengthst(l)^2);
ratiost(l) = sqrt((sigmacr(l)/sigmaxx(18,l))^2);
end
xr = zeros(1,14);
xr = y(1:14);
figure(1)
plot(xr,ratiost(:),'ko-');
YLABEL('(Critical stress/Normal stress) ratio','fontsize',15)
h_legend = legend('n = 0.295,v = 137.5 m/s');
set(h_legend,'FontSize',13);
set(gca,'fontsize',13)
%% Calculation of mass distribution and C.G. location

y =
[0,1,2,3,4,5,5.5,6,6.5,7,7.5,8,8.5,9,9.5,10,10.25,10.5,10.75,11,11.25,11.5,11.75,12,12.
25,12.5,12.75,13];
ylong = 0:0.05:13;
S = 45;
b = 26;
t = 0.4;
n = -1.28;
den = 2720;
c = zeros(1,261);
m1 = zeros(1,261);
m2 = zeros(1,261);
mtt = zeros(1,261);
F = zeros(1,261);
yC = zeros(1,260);
Fz = zeros(1,260);
M1 = zeros(1,260);
M2 = zeros(1,260);
loc = 1;
for i = 1:261
c(1,i) = (2*S/((1+t)*b))*(1-(2*(1-t)*ylong(i)/b));
if i < 15
m1(1,i) = (5.1015*0.001175*((c(1,i)/2.47)^2))*den;
%skin
Thickness - 0.02"
m2(1,i) = (( 0.008363+0.005134)*((c(1,i)/2.47)^3)+(0.00003*(c(1,i)^2)))*den;
else
m1(1,i) = (5.1015*0.001175*((c(1,i)/2.47)^2))*den;
m2(1,i) = ( ( 0.008363+0.005134)*((c(1,i)/2.47)^3))*den;
end
F(1,i) = -n*9.8*(m1(1,i)+m2(1,i));
if ( ylong(i) == yrib(loc))
mtt(i) = (m1(1,i)+m2(1,i)+mlrib(loc));
loc = loc + 1;
else
mtt(i) = (m1(1,i)+m2(1,i));
end
end
Mt1 = 0;
Mt2 = 0;
for j = 1:260
yC(1,j) = (1/2)*(ylong(j) + ylong(j+1));
Fz(1,j) = (1/2)*(ylong(j+1) - ylong(j))*(F(1,j)+F(1,j+1));
M1(1,j) = (1/2)*(m1(j) + m1(j+1));
M2(1,j) = (1/2)*(m2(j) + m2(j+1));
Mt1 = Mt1 + M1(1,j)*(ylong(j+1) - ylong(j));
Mt2 = Mt2 + M2(1,j)*(ylong(j+1) - ylong(j));
end
% plot(y,c);
% hold on
plot(ylong,mtt,'r','LineWidth',2);
YLABEL('Mass/length (in kg/m)','fontsize',15)
% YLABEL('d(F)IGz/dy (in N/m)','fontsize',15)

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Aircraft Design Report

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AEROSPACE ENGG.

Project Report AE-462

Details of our design:

2. Wing Box Configuration:

Figure 1 Variation of Normal force Coefficient with angle of attack

Figure 2 Variation of Pitching moment Coefficient with angle of attack

3. V-n Diagram with Gust Envelope:

Figure 3 V-n Diagram with Gust Envelope

3.1 Steps to complete V-n Diagram :

In diagram line AC represents this limit.

where, - is in slug/ft3 at sea level

where, CL , CD, Cma are obtained from airfoil data.

where Czmin is maximum value of negative normal force coefficient.

3.2 Steps to complete Gust Envelope:

Rough Air Gust ( Speed 66 ft/s ) : It is considered only up to velocity at point A.

where a= slope of a/c normal force coefficient

Figure 4. The body axis representation

4.1. Material Description:

4.2 Calculation of Wing Section properties :

4.3 Normal and Chordwise load per unit length Calculation:

Here is angle of attack of the wing.

4.4 Inertia-Gravity load per unit length Calculation:

4.5 Computation of Shear Force and Moment Distribution along span:

4.6 Net Loads at ith Wing Bay :

4.7 Idealization of Forces:

Vzi 1 Vzi NWi FIG Zi

4.8 Shear forces and Moments at a Wing Section:

4.9 Wing Box Idealization:

values remain same.

4.10 Normal Stress Computation:

4.11 Shear Stress Computation:

4.11.2 Shear stress due to Torsion:

4.12 Factor of Safety calculations:

4.13 Crushing Loads:

4.14 Buckling of stringers and spars:

4.15 Buckling of panels:

5. Results and Discussion:

Wing section properties:

Figure 5 plots shown for C.G.,Mass per unit

Span Location (y)

Area Moment of Inertia ( in cm )

Span Location (y) (in m )along AC

Span Location (y) (in m )

Normal and chordwise load per unit length:

n = 3.19,v = 63.4 m/s

n = 3.19,v = 63.4 m/s

dN/dy (in N/m)

dC/dy (in N/m)

Span Location (y)

Span Location (y)

n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

dN/dy (in N/m)

dC/dy (in N/m)

Span Location (y)

Span Location (y)

n = -1.27,v = 110 m/s

dN/dy (in N/m)

dC/dy (in N/m)

Span Location (y)

Span Location (y)

2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

2.13,v = 109.7 m/s

dN/dy (in N/m)

dC/dy (in N/m)