Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac

Seminar paper work

- Bearings- Engleski jezik 2-

Student
:
Gari Slobodan 324/2013

Professor:
Stefanovi Sandra

Kragujevac, january 2014

Table of Contents
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................
2. Plain bearings..............................................................................................................................
3. Antifriction bearings...................................................................................................................
4. Bearings loads.............................................................................................................................
5. Ball bearings...............................................................................................................................
6. Roller bearings.....................................................................................................................
7. Bearing selection........................................................................................................................
8. Bearing classifications................................................................................................................
9. Shaft and housing fits.................................................................................................................
10. Symbols..................................................................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................................

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1.

INTRODUCTION

Bearings permit smooth, low-friction movement between two surfaces. The

movement can be either rotary (a shaft rotating within a mount) or linear (one surface moving
along another). Bearings can employ either a sliding or a rolling action. Bearings based on
rolling action are called rolling-element bearings. Those based on sliding action are called
plain bearings.

2.

PLAIN BEARINGS

A plain bearing is any bearing that works by sliding action, with or without lubricant. This
group encompasses essentially all types other than rolling-element bearings.
Plain bearings are often referred to as either sleeve bearings or thrust bearings, terms that
designate whether the bearing is loaded radially or axially.
Lubrication is critical to the operation of plain bearings, so their application and function is
also often referred to according to the type of lubrication principle used. Thus, terms such as
hydrodynamic, fluid-film, hydrostatic, boundary-lubricated, and self-lubricated are designations for particular types of plain bearings.
Mostly bearings are oil-lubricated. The designs shown in Fig. 1 illustrate simple, effective
arrangements for providing supplementary lubrication.

Fig. 1 Common methods of lubricating plain bearings.

Journal or Sleeve Bearings

These are cylindrical or ring-shaped bearings
designed to carry radial loads. See Fig. 2. The terms
sleeve and journal are used more or less
synonymously since sleeve refers to the general
configuration while journal pertains to any portion
of a shaft supported by a bearing. In another sense,
however, the term journal may be reserved for twoFig. 2 Journal or sleeve bearings.
piece bearings used to support the journals of an engine
crankshaft.
The simplest and most widely used types of sleeve bearings are cast-bronze and porousbronze (powdered-metal) cylindrical bearings. Cast-bronze bearings are oil-, or greaselubricated. Porous bearings are impregnated with oil and often have an oil reservoir in the
housing.
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Plastic bearings are being used increasingly in place of metal. Originally, plastic was used
only in small, lightly loaded bearings where cost saving were the primary objective. More
recently, plastics are being used because of functional advantages, including resistance to
abrasion, and they are being made in large sizes.
Thrust Bearings
This type of bearing differs from a sleeve bearing in that
loads are supported axially rather than radially. See Fig.
3. Thin, disk like thrust bearings are called thrust
washers.
Bearing Materials
Babbitts Tin and lead-base babbitts are among the most
widely used bearing materials. They have an ability to
embed dirt and have excellent compatibility properties
under boundary-lubrication conditions.
In bushings for small motors and in automotive engine
bearings, babbitt is generally used as a thin coating

Fig. 3 Thrust bearings.

over a steel strip. For larger bearings in heavy-duty

equipment, thick babbitt is cast on a rigid backing of steel or cast iron.
Bronzes and Copper Alloys
Dozens of copper alloys are available as bearing materials. Most of these can be grouped into
four classes: copper-lead, lead-bronze, tin-bronze, and aluminum-bronze.
Aluminum
Aluminum bearing alloys have high wear resistance, load-carrying capacity, fatigue strength,
and thermal conductivity; excellent corrosion
resistance; and low cost. They are used extensively in
connecting rods and main bearings in internalcombustion engines; in hydraulic gear pumps, in oilwell pumping equipment, in roll-neck bearings in
steel mills; and in reciprocating compressors and
aircraft equipment.
Porous Metals
Sintered-metal self-lubricating bearings, often called
powdered-metal bearings, are simple and low in cost.
They are widely used in home appliances, small
Fig. 4 Supplementary lubrication for
motors, machine tools, business machines, and farm oil impregnated bearings.
and construction equipment.
Common methods used when supplementary lubrication for oil-impregnated bearings is
needed are shown in Fig. 4.

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Plastics
Many bearings and bushings are being produced in a large variety of plastic materials. Many
require no lubrication, and the high strength of modern plastics lends to a variety of
applications.

3. ANTIFRICTION
BEARINGS
Ball, roller, and needle bearings are
classified as antifriction bearings since
friction has been reduced to a
minimum. They may be divided into
two main groups: radial bearings and
thrust bearings. Except for special
designs, ball and roller bearings consist
two rings, a set of rolling elements, and
cage. The cage separates the rolling
elements and spaces them evenly
around the periphery (circumference of
the circle). The nomenclature of an
antifriction bearing is given in Fig. 5.

4.

BEARING LOADS

of
a

Fig. 5 Antifriction-bearing nomenclature. (SKF

Company)

Radial Load

Loads acting perpendicular to the axis of the bearing are called radial loads. See Fig. 6(A).
Although radial bearings are designed primarily for straight radial service, they will
withstand considerable thrust loads when deep ball tracks in the raceway are used.
Thrust Load
Loads applied parallel to the axis of the bearing are called thrust loads. Thrust bearings are
not designed to carry radial loads. See Fig. 6(B)

Fig. 6 Types of bearing loads.

Combination Radial and Thrust Loads

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When loads are exerted both parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, a
combination radial and thrust bearing is used. See Fig. 6(C). The load ratings listed in the
manufacturers catalogs for this type of bearing are for either pure thrust loads or a
combination of both radial and thrust loads.

5.

BALL BEARINGS

Ball bearings fall roughly into three classes: radial, thrust, and angular-contact. Angularcontact bearings are used for combined radial and thrust loads and where precise shaft
location is needed. Uses of the other two types are described by their names: radial bearings
for radial loads and thrust bearings for thrust loads. See Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Ball bearings. (SKF Company)

Radial Bearings
Deep-groove bearings are the most widely used ball bearings. In addition to radial loads, they
can carry substantial thrust loads at high speeds, in either direction. They require careful
alignment between shaft and housing.
Self-aligning bearings come in two types: internal and external. In internal bearings, the
outer-ring ball groove is ground as a spherical surface.
Externally self-aligning bearings have a spherical surface on the outside of the outer ring,
which matches a concave spherical housing.
Double-row, deep-groove bearings embody the same principle of design as single-row
bearings. Double-row bearings can be used where high radial and thrust rigidity is needed
and space is limited. They are about 60 to 80 percent wider than comparable single-row,
deep-groove bearings, and they have about 50 percent more radial capacity.
Angular-contact thrust bearings can support a heavy thrust load in one direction combined
with a moderate radial load. High shoulders on the inner and outer rings provide steep contact
angles for high thrust capacity and axial rigidity.
Thrust Bearings
In a sense, thrust bearings can be considered to be angular-contact bearings. They support
pure thrust loads at moderate speeds, but for practical purposes their radial load capacity is
nil. Because they cannot support radial loads, ball thrust bearings must be used together with
radial bearings.
Flat-race bearings consist of a pair of flat washers separated by the ball complement and a
shaft-piloted retainer, so load capacity is limited. Contact stresses are high, and torque
resistance is low.
One-directional, grooved-race bearings have grooved races very similar to those found in
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radial bearings.
Two-directional, groove-race bearings consist of two stationary races, one rotating race, and
two ball complements.

6.

ROLLER BEARINGS

The principal types of roller bearings are cylindrical, needle, tapered, and spherical. In
general, they have higher load capacities than ball bearings of the same size and are widely
used in heavy-duty, moderate-speed applications. However, except for cylindrical bearings,
they have lower speed capabilities than ball bearings. See Fig. 8.

(D) NEEDLE

Fig. 8 Roller bearings.

Cylindrical Bearings
Cylindrical roller bearings have high radial capacity and provide accurate guidance to the
rollers. Their low friction permits operation at high speed, and thrust loads of some
magnitude can be carried through the flange-roller end contacts.
Needle Bearings
Needle bearings are roller bearings with rollers that have high length-to-diameter ratios.
Compared with other roller bearings, needle bearings have much smaller rollers for a given
bore size.
Loose-needle bearings are simply a full complement of needles in the annular space between
two hardened machine components, which form the bearing raceways. They provide an
effective and inexpensive bearing assembly with moderate speed capability, but they are
sensitive to misalignment.
Caged assemblies are simply a roller complement with a retainer, placed between two
hardened machine elements that act as raceways. Their speed capability is about 3 times
higher than that of loose-needle bearings, but the smaller complement of needles reduces load
capacity for the caged assemblies.
Thrust bearings are caged bearings with rollers assembled like the spokes of a wheel in a
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wafer like retainer.

Tapered Bearings
Tapered roller bearings are widely used in roll-neck applications in rolling mills,
transmissions, gear reducers, geared shafting, steering mechanisms, and machine-tool
spindles. Where speeds are low, grease lubrication suffices, but high speeds demand oil
lubrication, and very high speeds demand special lubricating arrangements.
Spherical Bearings
Spherical roller bearings offer an unequaled combination of high load capacity, high tolerance
to shock loads, and self-aligning ability, but they are speed-limited.
Single-row bearings are the most widely used tapered roller bearings. They have a high radial
capacity and a thrust capacity about 60 percent of radial capacity.
Two-row bearings can replace two single-row bearings mounted back-to-back or face-to-face
when the required capacity exceeds that of a single-row bearing.

7.

BEARING SELECTION

Machine designers have a large variety of bearing types and sizes from which to choose.
Each of these types has characteristics, which make it best for a certain application. Although
selection may sometimes present a complex problem requiring considerable experience, the
following considerations are listed to serve as a general guide for conventional applications.
1. Generally, ball bearings are the less expensive choice in the smaller sizes with lighter
loads, while roller bearings are less expensive for the larger sizes with heavier loads.
2. Roller bearings are more satisfactory under shock or impact loading than ball
bearings.
3. If there is misalignment between housing and shaft, either a self-aligning ball or
spherical roller bearing should be used.
4. Ball thrust bearings should be subjected to pure thrust loads only. At high speeds, a
deep-groove or angular-contact ball bearing will usually be a better choice even for
pure thrust loads.
5. Self-aligning ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings have very low friction
coefficients.
6. Deep-groove ball bearings are available with seals built into the bearings so that the
bearing can be pre-lubricated and thus operate for long periods without attention.

8.

BEARING CLASSIFICATIONS

Because of standardization of boundary dimensions, it is possible to replace a bearing by

another bearing produced by a different manufacturer without any modification to the
existing assembly.
Ball and roller bearings are classified into various series:

rigid ball journals

self-aligning ball journals

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rigid roller journals, etc.

Each series is subdivided into typesextra light, light,

medium, and heavyto meet varying load requirements.
Each type is manufactured to a range of standard sizes,
which are usually represented by the diameter of the bore.
Therefore, when a bearing is ordered, the series, type, and
size are specified.
Figure 9 shows a range of bearings to a common bore at
A and to a common outside diameter at B. A selection can
therefore be made for a given shaft size or for a given
housing diameter, and the series selected will depend on
the load which is applied to the bearing.

9.

SHAFT AND HOUSING FITS

If a ball or roller bearing is to function satisfactorily, both

the fit between the inner ring and the shaft and the fit Fig.9 Standard bearings sizes.
between the outer ring and the housing must be suitable for
the application. The desired fits can be obtained by selecting the proper tolerances for the
shaft diameter and the housing bore.
Seals for Grease Lubrication
In order that ball or roller bearings may operate
properly, they must be protected against loss of
lubricant and entrance of dirt and dust on the
bearing surfaces.
In its simplest and least space-requiring form, this
accomplished in some types of bearings by the use
a thin steel shield on one or both sides of the bearing, fastened in a groove in the outer ring and
reaching almost to the inner rings as illustrated in
Fig. 10. All other types of bearings require a seal
between the bearing housing and the shaft; the Fig. 10 Bearing seals for grease lubrication.
types and designs of which are shown in Fig. 11.
Seals for Oil Lubrication

Fig. 11 Housing seals for grease lubrication.

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is
of

With oil lubrication, the sealing devices have the double function of protecting the bearing
against contamination and retaining the lubricant in the housing. Protection is obtained by
means of friction seals or fingers, as when grease lubrication is used. The essential feature for
retaining the oil is a groove in the rotating shaft, or a rotating ring or collar from whose edges
the oil is thrown by centrifugal force. The oil-groove seal shown in Fig. 12A retains the oil
effectively but should be used only in dry and dust-free places where there is little danger of
contamination. Figure 12B shows examples of labyrinth seals, which retain the oil and
protect against contamination.
Fig. 12 Housing seals for oil lubrication.

10.

BEARING SYMBOLS
Simplified Representation
The simplified representation (general symbol) of rolling bearings (see Fig. 13) should be
used in all types of technical drawings, wherever it is not necessary to show the exact form or
size of the rolling bearings or details of their inner design. Where it is desirable to show the
functional principle of the set of rolling elements, symbols for the appropriate type of rolling
element and raceway surface are added. See Fig. 13C.
Pictorial Representation
Pictorial representation of bearings, as shown in Fig. 14A, is used chiefly in catalogs and
magazines. It is not recommended for production drawings produced using traditional
pencil/board because of
Fig. 13 Simplified representation of ball
the extra drafting time required. However, using AutoCAD
already drawn symbol for bearings could be inserted.

and roller bearings.

Schematic Representation
Designers and engineers frequently use schematic layouts in their initial design layout. The
schematic diagrams of bearing types and their application are shown in Figs. 14C and 15.

BALL BEARINGS
RADIAL
DEEPGROOVE

ANGULAR
CONTACT

RADIL
DOUBLE
ROW

ROLLER BEARINGS
SELF
ALIGNING
DOUBLE

CYLINDRICAL

SPHERICAL
SELF

TAPER
ED

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THRUST
BEARINGS
BALL

ROLEER

NEEDLE
BEARINGS
RADIAL

AXIAL

ROW

ALIGNING

Fig. 14 Representation of bearings on drawings.

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Fig. 15 schematic representation of bearings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)
[2] http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2010/types/index.html
[3] http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2011/Bearings/index.html
[4] http://www.bearing-king.co.uk/how-to-measure-a-bearing.php
[5] http://www.ntn.co.jp/english/products/pdf/ball/pdf/Bearing_en_all.pdf

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