A. P. J.

Abdul Kalam
This article is about the former President of India. For from where he graduated in physics in 1954.[10] Towards
the Indian freedom ghter, see Abul Kalam Azad.
the end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about the
subject and would later regret the four years he studied
to Madras in 1955 to study aerospace
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam it. He then moved
engineering.[7] While Kalam was working on a senior
i
( /bdlklm/; born 15 October 1931) is an
Indian scientist who served as the 11th President of India class project, the Dean was dissatised with the lack
of progress and threatened revoking his scholarship unfrom 2002 to 2007.
less the project was nished within the next three days.
Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu He worked tirelessly on his project and met the deadand studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent line, impressing the Dean who later said, I [Dean] was
the next four decades as a scientist and science admin- putting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meet
istrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Develop- a dicult deadline.[11] He narrowly missed achieving his
ment Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research dream of becoming a ghter pilot, as he placed ninth in
Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in the qualiers, and only eight positions were available in the
Indias civilian space program and military missile de- IAF.[12]
velopment eorts.[1] He thus came to be known as the
Missile Man of India for his work on the development
of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He
also played a pivotal organizational, technical and polit- 2 Career as a scientist
ical role in Indias Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the
rst since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.[3]
This was my rst stage, in which I learnt leadership from
In 2002, Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002 three great teachersDr Vikram Sarabhai , Prof Satish
with the support of the both the ruling Bharatiya Janata Dhawan and Dr Brahm Prakash. This was the time of
Party and the opposition Indian National Congress. After learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
serving a term of 5 years, he returned to civilian life of

education, writing, and public service. He has received

several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna,

A P J Abdul Kalam[13]
Indias highest civilian honor.

After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology

(MIT Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical
Development Establishment of Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist.
Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter
for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the
choice of his job at DRDO.[14] Kalam was also part of the
INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[7] In 1969, Kalam was
transferred to the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) where he was the project director of Indias rst
indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earths orbit
in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalams biggest
achievements in life and he is said to have found himself
when he started to work on the Satellite Launching Vehicle (SLV) project. Kalam rst started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In
1969, Kalam received the governments approval and expanded the programme to include more engineers.[13]

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15

October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family to Jainulabudeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, at
Rameswaram, Ramanathapuram District, located in the
Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[4][5][6][7] He came from a
poor background and started working at an early age
to supplement his familys income.[8] After completing
school, Kalam distributed newspapers to nancially contribute to his fathers income.[8][9] In his school years, he
had average grades, but was described as a bright and
hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn
and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.
He was just a simple man with a great erceful heart in
his childhood [9] After completing his school education
at the Ramanathapuram Schwartz Matriculation School,
Kalam went on to attend Saint Josephs College, Tiruchirappalli, then aliated with the University of Madras, In 196364, he visited NASA's Langley Research Cen1

3 PRESIDENCY
period in which he played an intensive political and technological role. Kalam served as the Chief Project Coordinator, along with R. Chidambaram during the testing
phase.[5][19] Media coverage of Kalam during this period
made him the countrys best known nuclear scientist.[20]
However, the director of the site test, K Santhanam, said
that the thermonuclear bomb had been a "zzle" and criticisied Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[21] Both
Kalam and R. Chidambaram dismissed the claims.[22]

In 1998, along with cardiologist Soma Raju, Kalam developed a low cost coronary stent, named the Kalam-Raju
Stent.[23][24] In 2012, the duo, designed a rugged tablet
computer for health care in rural areas, which was named
[25]
ter in Hampton Virginia, Goddard Space Flight Center in the Kalam-Raju Tablet.
Greenbelt, Maryland and Wallops Flight Facility situated
at Eastern Shore of Virginia.[5][15] During the period between the 1970s and 1990s, Kalam made an eort to de- 3 Presidency
velop the Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV) and
SLV-III projects, both of which proved to be success.
Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding
Kalam addresses engineering students at IIT Guwahati

Kalam was invited by Raja Ramanna to witness the countrys rst nuclear test Smiling Buddha as the representative of TBRL, even though he had not participated in
the development, test site preparation and weapon designing. In the 1970s, a landmark was achieved by ISRO
when the locally built Rohini-1 was launched into space,
using the SLV rocket.[16] In the 1970s, Kalam also directed two projects, namely, Project Devil and Project
Valiant , which sought to develop ballistic missiles from
the technology of the successful SLV programme.[16] Despite the disapproval of Union Cabinet, Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi allotted secret funds for these aerospace
projects through her discretionary powers under Kalams
directorship.[16] Kalam played an integral role convincing the Union Cabinet to conceal the true nature of these
classied aerospace projects.[16] His research and educational leadership brought him great laurels and prestige in
the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an
advanced missile programme under his directorship.[16]
Kalam and Dr V S Arunachalam, metallurgist and scientic adviser to the Defence Minister, worked on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister, R Venkataraman
on a proposal for simultaneous development of a quiver
of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after
another.[17] R Venkatraman was instrumental in getting
the cabinet approval for allocating 388 crores for the
mission, named Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as the chief
executive.[17] Kalam played a major part in developing
many missiles under the mission including Agni, an intermediate range ballistic missile and Prithvi, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, although the projects have
been criticised for mismanagement and cost and time
overruns.[17][18]

K R Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election

with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing 107,366
votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. He served from 25 July
2002 to 25 July 2007.
On 10 June 2002, the National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed to
the leader of opposition, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi that they would propose Kalam for
the post of President.[26] The Samajwadi Party and the
Nationalist Congress Party backed his candidacy.[27][28]
After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for
him, Narayanan chose not to seek a second term in ofce, leaving the eld clear for Kalam.[29]
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere
both in Internet and in other media, I have
been asked for a message. I was thinking what
message I can give to the people of the country
at this juncture.
Kalam responding to the announcement of
his candidature by Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee[30]

On 18 June, Kalam led his nomination papers in the

Parliament of India, accompanied by Vajpayee and his
senior Cabinet colleagues.[31]

The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July

2002 in the Parliament and the state assemblies with media claiming that the election was a one-sided aair and
Kalams victory was a foregone conclusion. The counting
was held on 18 July.[32] Kalam won the presidential election in a highly one-sided contest. He became the 11th
Kalam was the Chief Scientic Adviser to the Prime Min- president of the Republic of India.[33] He moved into the
ister, and the Secretary of Defence Research and Devel- Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[34]
opment Organisation from July 1992 to December 1999. Kalam was the third President of India to have been honThe Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this oured with a Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian hon-

3
tially backed his nomination, saying that the party will
lend their support if Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi
Party and Indian National Congress proposes his name
for the 2012 presidential election.[52][53] Just a month
ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata
Banerjee also expressed their support to Kalam and revealed that they both would suggest his name.[54] Days
after expressing support, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed
out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as a solitary supporter.[55]
On 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest 2012 presidential poll after much speculations.[56]
Kalam along with Vladimir Putin and Manmohan Singh during
his presidency

our, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were the
earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the
President of India.[35] He was also the rst scientist and
the rst bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[36]
During his term as President, he was aectionately known
as the Peoples President.[37][38][39] In his words, signing
the Oce of Prot Bill was the toughest decision he had
taken during his tenure.[40]
Kalam is criticised for inaction as a President in deciding
the fate of 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions.[41] Article 72
of the Constitution of India empowers the President of
India to grant pardon, suspend and remit death sentences
and commute the death sentence of convicts on death
row.[41][42] Kalam acted on only one mercy plea in his
5-year tenure as a President, rejecting the plea of rapist
Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was hanged thereafter.[41]
The most important of the 20 pleas is thought to be that
of Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri terrorist who was convicted
of conspiracy in the December 2001 attack on the Indian
Parliament and was sentenced to death by the Supreme
Court of India in 2004.[42] While the sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, the pending
action on the mercy plea resulted in him continuing in the
death row.[42]
At the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed
his willingness to consider a second term in oce provided there was certainty about his victory in the 2007
presidential election.[43] However, two days later, he decided not to contest the Presidential election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving Rashtrapati Bhavan
from any political processes.[44] He did not have the support of the Left parties, Shiv Sena and UPA constituents
to receive a renewed mandate.[45][46]
Nearing the term expiry of the 12th President Pratibha
Patil, whose tenure ended on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[47][48][49] After the reports,
social networking sites were abuzz with activities extending their support for his candidature.[50][51] BJP poten-

Many, many citizens have also expressed

the same wish. It only reects their love
and aection for me and the aspiration of
the people. I am really overwhelmed by this
support. This being their wish, I respect it. I
want to thank them for the trust they have in
me.
Kalams message to public upon denying to
contest Presidential poll 2012.[56]

4 Post-presidency
He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of
Management Shillong, Indian Institute of Management
Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore,
honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,[57] Chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professor
of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),
JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty
at many other academic and research institutions across
India.
In May 2012, Kalam launched his mission for the youth
of the nation called the What Can I Give Movement with
a central theme to defeat corruption.[58][59] He also has
interests in writing Tamil poetry and in playing veenai, a
South Indian string instrument.[60]
He was nominated for the MTV Youth Icon of the Year
award in 2003[61][62] and in 2006.[63] In the 2011 Hindi
lm I Am Kalam, Kalam is portrayed as an extremely positive inuence to a poor but bright Rajasthani boy named
Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his
idol.[64]
Kalam was frisked by airport security at the JFK Airport
in New York in September 2011, which led to protests by
the Indian Ministry of External Aairs and an expression
of regret by US Government.[65] Kalam had previously
frisked by the ground sta of the Continental Airlines
at the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi in
July 2009 and was treated like an ordinary passenger, despite being on the Bureau of Civil Aviation Securitys list
of people exempted from security screening in India.[66]

In 2011, Kalam was criticised by civil groups over his

stand on the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant, where
he supported setting up of the nuclear power plant and
never spoke with the local people.[67] The protesters were
hostile to his visit as they perceived to him to be a pronuclear scientist and were unimpressed by the assurance
provided by him on the safety features of the plant.[68]

Writings

BOOKS AND DOCUMENTARIES

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students

during the two years after his resignation from the post
of scientic adviser in 1999.[9] In his own words, I
feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to
share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their
imagination and preparing them to work for a developed
India for which the road map is already available.[9]
He continued to interact with students during his term
as a President and also during his post-presidency period as a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad[72] and Indian Institute of Management Indore,[73] Chancellor of Indian Institute of
Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,[74]
a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai),[75] JSS University (Mysuru),[76] and an
adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India. Kalam is strong supporter of Space based solar power.[77] In 2012 China
proposed joint development between India and China towards developing a solar power satellite, during a visit by
Kalam.[78]

6 Awards and honours

A P J Abdul Kalam delivering a speech

In his book India 2020, Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower
and a developed nation by the year 2020. He regards his
work on Indias nuclear weapons programme as a way to
assert Indias place as a future superpower. In this regards
he says [69]
I have identied ve areas where India has
a core competence for integrated action: (1)
agriculture and food processing; (2) education
and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable
and quality electric power, surface transport
and infrastructure for all parts of the country;
and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies.
These ve areas are closely inter-related and
if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to
food, economic and national security.
It was reported that, there was a considerable demand in
South Korea for translated versions of books authored by
him.[70]
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the eld of science and technology. He
has proposed a research programme for developing bioimplants. He is a supporter of Open Source over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of free software
on a large scale will bring the benets of information technology to more people.[71]

A P J Abdul Kalams 79th birthday was recognised as

World Students Day by United Nations.[79] He has also
received honorary doctorates from 40 universities.[80][81]
The Government of India has honoured him with the
Padma Bhushan in 1981 and the Padma Vibhushan in
1990 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role
as a scientic advisor to the Government.[82] In 1997,
Kalam received Indias highest civilian honour, the Bharat
Ratna, for his immense and valuable contribution to the
scientic research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[83] In 2005, Switzerland declared 26
May as science day to commemorate Kalams visit in
the country.[84] In 2013, he was the recipient of the Von
Braun Award from the National Space Society to recognize excellence in management of and leadership for a
space-related project.[85]

7 Books and documentaries

Kalams writings
Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology by A P J Abdul Kalam and Roddam
Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988[102]
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A
P J Abdul Kalam, Y S Rajan; New York, 1998.[103]
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography by A P J Abdul
Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[5]

5
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India
by A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[104]
The Luminous Sparks by A P J Abdul Kalam, by;
Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2004.[105]
Mission India by A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings by
Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005[106]
Inspiring Thoughts by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal &
Sons, 2007[107]
Indomitable Spirit by A P J Abdul Kalam; Rajpal and
Sons Publishing[108]
Envisioning an Empowered Nation by A P J Abdul
Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi
You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond
by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean
Books, 2011.[109]

9 References
[1] editor; Ramchandani, vice president Dale Hoiberg; editor
South Asia, Indu (2000). A to C (Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas
to Cypress). New Delhi: Encyclopdia Britannica (India).
p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
[2] Pruthi, R. K. (2005). Ch. 4. Missile Man of India.
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Anmol Publications. pp.
6176. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
[3] Sen, Amartya (2003). India and the Bomb. In M. V.
Ramana and C. Rammanohar Reddy. Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. Sangam Books. pp. 167188. ISBN 97881-250-2477-4.
[4] Dr Abdul Kalam, Peoples President in Sri Lanka. Daily
News (Sri Lanka) via HighBeam Research. 23 January
2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.

Turning Points: A journey through challenges by A

P J Abdul Kalam; Harper Collins India, 2012.[110]

[5] Kalam, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul; Tiwari, Arun (1

January 1999). Wings of Fire: An Autobiography. Universities Press. ISBN 978-81-7371-146-6. Retrieved 3
May 2012.

Target 3 Billion" by A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 | Publisher Penguin
Books.

[6] Jai, Janak Raj (1 January 2003). Presidents of India,

19502003. Regency Publications. p. 296. ISBN 97881-87498-65-0. Retrieved 22 April 2012.

My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions by

A P J Abdul Kalam; August 2013 by the Rupa Publication.

[7] Bio-data: Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. Press

Information Bureau, Government of India. 1 March 2012.
Retrieved 1 March 2012.

A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020 by

A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 by
Harper Collins.[111]

[8] Sharma, Mahesh; Das, P.K.; Bhalla, P. (2004). Pride of

the Nation : Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. Diamond Pocket
Books (P) Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-288-0806-7. Retrieved 30 June 2012.

Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam by S
Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[112]
President A P J Abdul Kalam by R K Pruthi; Anmol
Publications, 2002.[113]
A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India by K
Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[114]

[9] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The

Visionary of India. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 110,153. ISBN 9788176483803.
[10] K. Raju; S. Annamalai (24 September 2006). Kalam
meets the teacher who moulded him. The Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[11] Dixit, Sumita Vaid (18 March 2010). The boy from
Rameswaram who became President. Redi.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

A Little Dream (documentary lm) by P. Dhanapal;

Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[115]
[12] Failed in my dream of becoming pilot: Abdul Kalam in

The Kalam Eect: My Years with the President by P

M Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.[116]

new book. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 18 August 2013.

Retrieved 18 August 2013.

My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr A K

George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[117]

[13] Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

See also
List of Presidents of India

Vision Poem of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

[14] Gopalakrishnan, Karthika (23 June 2009). Kalam tells

students to follow their heart. The Times of India (Chennai, India). Retrieved 4 July 2012.
[15] Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.
(November 1989). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. pp.
32. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

[16] Missile Chronology, 19711979 (PDF). James Martin

Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute
of International Studies, Nuclear Threat Initiative. July
2003. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[17] The prime motivator. Frontline. 22 June 5 July 2002.
Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[18] Pandit, Rajat (9 January 2008). Missile plan: Some hits,
misses. The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[19] Jerome M. Conley (2001). Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in
South Asia. Lexington Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-73910217-6. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
[20] ANI (8 November 2011). Koodankulam nuclear plant:
A. P. J. Abdul Kalams safety review has failed to satisfy nuke plant protestors, expert laments. The Economic
Times (Chennai, India). Retrieved 20 June 2012.

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August 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
[65] U.S. 'regrets inconvenience' after Kalam faces double security check. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 13 November
2011. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[66] Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam frisked at Delhi airport. The
Times of India. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[67] Dr Kalams 'assurance' on nuclear power plants draws
ak. Financial Magazine. 7 November 2011. Retrieved
11 November 2011.
[68] Kalam bats for Kudankulam but protesters unimpressed. The Times of India. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
[69] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (October 1, 2011). IDG Session
Address (PDF). NUJS Law Review. Retrieved January 1,
2015.

[83] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.

Redi.com.
26 November 1997.
Retrieved 13
March 2012.
[84] Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queens University Belfast. Chennai, India: The Hindu. 26 May
2005.
[85] National Space Society, NSS Von Braun Award (retrieved
10 February 2015)
[86] Ex-President of India Abdul Kalam visits the Forum.
University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
[87] Honorary Degrees Convocation Simon Fraser University. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved 31 August
2012.
[88] IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients (PDF). IEEE.
p. 1. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
[89] Yet another honorary doctorate for Kalam. Redi.com.
6 October 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2012.

[70] Kalam, the author catching on in South Korea. Outlook

magazine. 9 February 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

[90] A.P.J Abdul Kalam Honorary Degree, 2009. Oakland

University.

[71] Becker, David (29 May 2003). India leader advocates

open source. CNET. Retrieved 17 July 2012.

[91] Former President Kalam chosen for Hoover Medal.

New York: Indiatimes. 27 March 2009. Retrieved 30
October 2010.

[72] Campus Connect, Class Apart (PDF). Ahmedabad:

The Times of India. 14 September 2008. Retrieved 5
July 2012.
[73] Former President Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam teaches the
students of IIM Indore. IIM Indore. 2009. Retrieved 5
July 2012.
[74] Mission moon and Mars our goals: Kalam. Thiruvananthapuram: The Hindu. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 5 July
2012.

[92] Caltech GALCIT International von Krmn Wings

Award. galcit.caltech.edu. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
[93] Dr Abdul Kalam, former President of India, receives
NTU Honorary Degree of Doctor of Engineering.
Nanyang Technological University. 26 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
[94] King Charles II Medal for President. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 12 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

10

EXTERNAL LINKS

[95] King Charles II Medal for Kalam. The Economic Times [115] Documentary on Kalam released. The Hindu (Chennai,
(India). 11 July 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
India). 12 January 2008. Archived from the original on
11 May 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
[96] Royal Society King Charles II Medal. Royal Society.
Retrieved 14 November 2012.
[116] Nair, P. M. (2008). The Kalam Eect: My Years with the
President. HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with
[97] Kalam conferred Honorary Doctorate of Science. The
the India Today Group. ISBN 978-81-7223-736-3.
Economic Times (India). 23 October 2007. Retrieved 1
March 2012.
[117] Fr A K George (2009). My Days with Mahatma Abdul
Kalam. Novel Corp. ISBN 978-81-904529-5-3.
[98] Dr. Abdul Kalams Diverse Interests: Prizes/Awards.
Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Retrieved 1
March 2012.
[99] List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (PDF). Ministry of
Home Aairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[100] List of Distinguished Fellows. Institute of Directors (India). Retrieved 9 November 2014.
[101] Bharat Ratna conferred on Dr Abdul Kalam.
Redi.com. 26 November 1997. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[102] Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 1 March
2012.
[103] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul; Y.S., Rajan (1998). India 2020:
A Vision for the New Millennium. New York. ISBN
9780670882717.
[104] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2002). Ignited minds: unleashing
the power within India. Viking.
[105] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2004). The luminous sparks : a
biography in verse and colours. Bangalore: Punya Pub.
ISBN 978-81-901897-8-1.
[106] Rajan, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam with Y.S. (2005). Mission India : a vision for Indian youth. New Delhi, India: Pun
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-333499-6.
[107] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2007). Inspiring thoughts. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-684-4.
[108] Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul (2006). Indomitable Spirit. Delhi:
Rajpal & Sons. ISBN 978-81-7028-654-7.
[109] You Are Born To Blossom : Take My Journey Beyond.
New Delhi, India: Ocean Books. ISBN 81-8430-037-9.
[110] Turning Points:A journey through challenges. Harper
Collins India.
[111] Dr. Abdul Kalams new Book A Manifesto for Change
to release on July 14. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved
27 June 2014.
[112] Rohde, David (19 July 2002). Nuclear Scientist, 70, a
Folk Hero, Is Elected Indias President. The New York
Times. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
[113] Pruthi, Raj (2003). President Apj Abdul Kalam. Anmol
Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-1344-6.
[114] Bhushan, K.; Katyal, G. (2002). A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: The
Visionary of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-81-7648380-3.

10 External links
Ocial website

11
11.1

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10

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11.2

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File:APJ_Kalam_-_Vikramjit_Kakati_2012.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_
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