Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Specific Heats
Cyclic Processes
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Carnot Cycle
Things to remember:
U depends on T only!
W = PdV
Q = U + W
The largest work done
by the gas will require
the most heat transfer!
Q = U + W
W = PdV
U = nCv T
Adiabatic Processes
Q=0
U = W
Ti
Tf
Vi
Vf
For He = 5/3.
For isothermal expansion the volume increases by 2.5 or Vf = 1.21L.
For adiabatic expansion:
Whats up??
Internal energy may be more than just translational kinetic energy!
Equipartition Theorem:
In thermodynamic equilibrium, the
average energy per molecule is 1/2kT
for each degree of freedom
This means Cv=R/2 for each degree of freedom
For a diatomic molecule there are 5 degrees of freedom
Equipartition theorem
1/2kT average molecular energy
for each degree of freedom
Cyclic Processes
What is so special about them?
The system returns to the same point (state)
Cyclic Processes
Since U = 0, all we have to do is calculate W. How do we do that?
In the simplest case we can divide the process into two parts:
expansion A B, with positive work done;
contraction B A with negative work done.
WAB > 0
WBA < 0
Find the work done by the gas in the cycle BACB. First the work done along BA,
Since the work along CB is zero the total work during the cycle is
Adiabatic compression:
Isothermal expansion:
Why is it negative??
Question:
The gas goes from the state i to the state f.
What is the minimum amount of work that
the gas can do?
What if the pressure is not allowed to drop
below Pf ?
1
2
10 loops
1
W121 < 0
2
Wi12 f > 0
U = Q W
PV = nRT W = PdV
Isothermal engine
U = 0
W =Q
V2
W = nRT ln
V1
Isothermal Engine
W = PdV
V2
W = nRT ln
V1
W<0
W>0
As the system
contracts back,
though, the same
amount of work is
done by the
surroundings and all
the energy is
returned to the
reservoir.
Adiabatic Engine
W = U Q = 0
W = PdV
W<0
Ti
Tf
W>0
Vi
Vf
= Qh - Qc
Has an efficiency e
= W/Qh
W Qh Qc
=
e=
Qh
Qh
Carnot Cycle
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heatengines/Carnot%20cycle.html
Carnot Cycle
B
D
Since ThVB1=TcVC-1
and ThVA-1=TcVD-1
Qc Tc
=
Qh Th
Efficiency
We have VB / VA = VC / VD and
W Qh Qc Th Tc
=
=
e=
Qh
Qh
Th
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency
W Qh Qc Th Tc
e=
=
=
Qh
Qh
Th
Carnot Cycle
Efficiency
W Qh Qc Th Tc
=
=
e=
Qh
Qh
Th
(a) How much work does the engine do during each cycle?
(b) What is the efficiency of the engine?
(c) What temperature is the cool reservoir?
http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/heatengines/Carnot%20cycle.html