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M uscles of m astication
Temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
Masseter
Tem poralis
Origin- Bone of temporal fossa and temporal fascia
Insertion- Coronoid process of mandible and anterior margin
of ramus
Nerve supply- Deep temporal nerves from anterior trunk of
mandibular nerve
Lateral P terygoid
Origin: Upper head infratemporal surface & crest of greater
wing of sphenoid bone; Lower head lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion : Pterygoid fovea on the anterior surface of neck of
mandible and Anterior margin of articular disc & capsule of TMJ
Nerve Supply: Pterygoid branch of Trigeminal nerve
Function: Depresses the mandible; Protrudes it forward for
opening of the jaw; Side Movements
M edial P terygoid
Origin- Medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process
and pyramidal process of palatine bone ; Superficial headtuberosity and pyramidal process of maxilla
Insertion- Medial surface of mandible near angle
Nerve supply- Nerve to medial pterygoid from the
mandibular nerve
Function- Elevation and side to side movements of the
mandible
M asseter
Origin- Zygomatic arch and Maxillary process of zygomatic
bone
Insertion- Lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible
Nerve supply-Masseteric nerve from the anterior trunk of the
mandibular nerve
Function- Elevation of the mandible
Infrahyoid muscles
Diagastric
Sternohyoid
Stylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Mylohyoid
Omohyoid
Geniohyoid
2) Deglutition (swallowing)
a) Infantile (visceral) swallow
Moyers lists the characteristics of the infantile swallow as
follows:
1) The jaws are apart with the tongue between the gum pads.
2) The mandible is stabilized primarily by contraction of
muscles of VII cranial nerve and the interposed tongue.
3) The swallow is guided and to a great extend controlled by
sensory interchange between the lips and the tongue.
As stated above, the gum pads are not usually in contact
during the act of swallowing. With liquid food particularly a
clucking is frequently heard.
The intrinsic and rhythmic peristaltic like muscle activity
steers the liquid or bolus of food back into the pharynx by
the superior, middle and the inferior pharyngeal constrictors,
past the epiglottis into the esophagus.
The glottis closes off the pharynx as the posterior peripheral
portion are forced backward against the superior constrictor
ring.
Phases of deglutition
Fletcher divides the deglutition cycle in 4 phases, highly
integrated and synergistically coordinated.
1) Preparatory
2) Oral phase
3) Pharyngeal phase
4) Esophageal phase
1) Preparatory
Starts as soon as liquids are taken in, or after the bolus has
been masticated. The liquid or bolus is then in a swallow
preparatory position on the dorsum of tongue. The position
on the dorsum of tongue. The oral cavity is sealed by lip and
tongue.
2) Oral phase
During the oral phase the soft palate moves upward and
tongue drops downward and backward. At the same time
the larynx and hyoid bone move upward. The combined
movement create a smooth path for the bolus as it is pulsed
from the oral cavity by the wave-like ripping of the tongue.
While solid food is pushed by tongue, liquid food flows
ahead of the lingual constrictions. The oral cavity, stabilized
by the muscles of masticating maintains an anterior and
lateral seal during this phase.
3) The pharyngeal phase
Begins as the bolus pulses through fauces. The pharyngeal
tube is raised upward and the nasopharynx is sealed off by
closure the soft palate against the posterior pharyngeal wall.
The hyoid bone and the base of the tongue move forward as
both the pharynx and the tongue continue these peristaltic
like movement of the bolus of food.
4) The esophageal phase
Swallowing commences as food passes the cricopharyngeal
sphincter. While peristaltic movement carries food through
the esophagus, the hyoid bone palate and tongue return to
their original positions.
Etiology
1) Naso-pharyngeal obstruction
Obstruction may be due to
a) Nasal deformities DNS
b) Irritation or thickening of mucosal membrane of nose
c) Bone pathology
d) Enlarged adenoids.
2) Mouth habits
Thumb sucking lip biting, finger or nail biting, tongue
thrusting
3) Abnormal development
a) Macroglossia
b) Short upper lip
4) Psychosomatic problems
May also show mouth breathing
Bruxism
Etiology
1) Psychic tension
Classification
a) Anterior tongue upper and lower incision.
b) Lateral or posterior premolar and molar region
c) Combined
a) Simple tongue thrust
Etiology
1) Bottle feeding due to rapid artificial with long feeding
nipple which may have enlarged opening.
2) Hereditary
The structure of the components of the face that is inherited,
rather than habit itself.
3) Oral habits Thumb sucking, open bite.
4) Ankyloglossia or macroglossia may cause tongue thrust.
5) Tonsillar tissue If tonsiller tissue enlarged, can create
destruction in oro-pharyngeal are a posterior to root of
tongue. As a consequence tongue may be boned to posture
formed.
6) CNS disorders Neuromuscular problems can be severe
enough to prevent normal adult swallow. Recent
investigations has been accumulating demonstrate that so
called tongue thrust seems more likely to be the effect than
the cause of malformations. The tongue is a very adoptive
organ on an auxiliary function of the tongue to seal the
anterior gap when the lip mastication is too weak to produce
and oral seal.
Lisping and stammering
These are commonly occurring speech defects.
Speech defect create difficulty for the child while speaking.
Social adjustment is also affected because other children
Etiology
- Hereditary
- Due to emotional tension
- Lack of balance among two hemispheres of the brain.
- Auditory amnesia
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Before any treatment is started or during diagnosis, all
functions of stomatognathic system should be checked and if
not proper it can be primary etiologic factor in a
malocclusion.
Many dysfunctions are acquired in the early stages of
development.
Malocclusions that are acquired as a result of dysfunctions
can usually be treated simply by elimination of disturbing
environmental influences, which will foster normal
development.
R espiration
M astication
Deglutition
Speech
During diagnosis attention should be given towards speech
also. The etiology of speech problem should be recognized
and proper treatment should be given.
The presence of speech defects in childhood is due to lack of
sufficient training and maturity. As these factors are provided
the speech defects disappears.
The guardians and teachers should therefore encourage
children to pronounce correctly.
If defect continued till late age then they are removed by the
means of surgery.
REFERENCES
Grays Anatomy for students 2nd Edition
Wikipedia
Friedman MH, Wusberg I. Screening procedures for
temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Am Fam Phys.
1982;25:15760.
Janda V. Some aspects of extracranial causes of facial pain.
J Prosthet Dent. 1981;56:4847
Orthodontics - Sridhar Premkumar