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15. Recall common prefixes for units including nano, micro, milli, centi,
deci, kilo, mega and giga.
Prefixes
Larger or smaller units are derived by multiplying by powers of 10. Prefixes added to the
base unit indicate whether the base unit has been increased or decreased:
15. Recall common prefixes for units including nano, micro, milli, centi, deci, kilo, mega and giga.
10. Define decibels and describe the decibel range of a variety of objects.
Decibels
The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio between two values of
a physical quantity, often power or intensity.
One of these quantities is often a reference value, and in this case the decibel can be
used to express the absolute level of the physical quantity. A common use of the
decibel unit is to measure sound pressure.
10. Define decibels and describe the decibel range of a variety of objects.
Wave properties
Waves are vibrations that transfer energy from place to place without matter (solid, liquid
or gas) being transferred.
Think of a Mexican wave in a football crowd: the wave moves around the stadium, while
each spectator stays in their seat only moving up then down when it's their turn.
Wave properties
Waves carry energy from one place to another. Think about the energy released when
waves break onto a beach or the immense energy carried along by a tidal wave or
tsunami.
These waves make the material in which they are travelling vibrate as they pass through
it. Experiments with the slinky spring and the water tank will have shown you that
vibrations make waves. The individual particles of the material do not move along, they
simply vibrate as the wave energy is passed to them.
Kinetic energy to ruler
Oscillating up and
down
Direction of energy
Direction of particles
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Transverse waves
A transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium are displaced in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of energy transport.
A transverse wave can be created in a rope if the rope is stretched out horizontally and
the end is vibrated back-and-forth in a vertical direction.
Movement
of hand
Direction of energy
Movement of
particles in the rope
Movement of
particles in the rope
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Movement
of hand
Direction of energy
Movement of
particles in slinky
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Because of the longitudinal motion of the air particles, there are regions in the air where
the air particles are compressed together and other regions where the air particles are
spread apart. These regions are known as compressions and rarefactions respectively.
The compressions are regions of high air pressure while the rarefactions are regions of
low air pressure. The diagram below depicts a sound wave created by a tuning fork and
propagated through the air in an open tube. The compressions and rarefactions are
labelled.
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Wavelength
The wavelength of a wave is
the distance between a point
on one wave and the same
point on the next wave.
3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of transverse and longitudinal waves.
3. Determine the frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of a wave.
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The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is common for kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and
gigahertz (GHz) to be used when waves have very high frequencies.
The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound. A high pitch sound
corresponds to a high frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low
frequency sound wave.
High frequency
Low frequency
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/wave-on-a-string/wave-on-a-string_en.html
3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of transverse and longitudinal waves.
3. Determine the frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of a wave.
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3. Define frequency, hertz (Hz), pitch, wavelength, amplitude of transverse and longitudinal waves.
3. Determine the frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of a wave.
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Mechanical waves
A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a
vacuum.
Mechanical waves require a medium in order to transport their energy from one location
to another. A sound wave is an example of a mechanical wave. Sound waves are
incapable of traveling through a vacuum.
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4. Define mechanical waves (including sound waves) as needing a medium to travel through.
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Half-fill the tray with water and place a small cork on the water surface. Use the eye
dropper to release drops of water near the cork. Observe the motion of the
cork and the motion of the waves made by the drops.
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3. Describe the motion of the ribbon as the wave moves along the slinky.
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4. Describe the motion of the ribbon as the wave moves along the slinky.
5. How is the motion of the ribbon different from that for the previous type of wave?
6. In each of the slinky waves produced in this experiment, energy is transferred from
one and of the slinky to the other.
(a) Where is the ribbon after the wave has passed in each case?
(b) Has any particle on the spring moved from one end to the other?
1. Perform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate waves as carriers of energy not matter.
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It should be noted that some particular waves have their own specific speeds.
The speed of light and all of the EM spectrum is 300,000,000 m/s or 3x108 m/s.
The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
The speed of light and sound in materials will alter
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and sound waves (where c = speed of wave (ms -1), 27
=
-1
wavelength of wave (m) and v = frequency of wave (s ).
2. Apply the formula c = v in describing characteristics of light and sound waves (where c = speed of wave (ms -1), 28
=
-1
wavelength of wave (m) and v = frequency of wave (s ).
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4. Investigate the relationship between amplitude/volume and pitch/frequency using a CRO and audio amplifier. Produce
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sounds using a microphone or use a simulation on the computer.
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The two angles have special names the angle of incidence is the angle at which
the rays hit the mirror and the angle of reflection is the angle at which the rays
leave the mirror.
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7. Relate the law of reflection, normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection in describing sound waves.
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Reflection of Sound
The reflection of sound follows the law "angle of incidence equals angle of reflection",
sometimes called the law of reflection. The same behaviour is observed with light and
other waves
Like all waves, sound waves can be reflected. Sound waves suffer reflection from the
large obstacles. As a result of reflection of sound wave from a large obstacle, the sound
is heard which is named as an echo. Ordinarily echo is not heard as the reflected sound
gets merged with the original sound. Certain conditions have to be satisfied to hear an
echo distinctly (as a separate sound).
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Sonar
Sonar is a similar technique to radar but instead uses sound waves to travel through
water to locate submerged objects. There are 2 types of sonar used, active and passive.
Active sonar emits pulses of sound waves, often called a "ping", that travel through the
water, reflect off the target and return to the ship.
By knowing the speed of sound in water and the time for the sound wave to travel to
the target and back, the computers can quickly calculate distance between the emitter
and the target. Passive sonar involves listening to sounds generated by the target.
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Echolocation
Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several kinds of
animals.
Toothed whales (including dolphins) have developed a remarkable sensory ability used for
locating food and for navigation underwater called echolocation. Toothed whales produce
a variety of sounds by moving air between air-spaces or sinuses in the head. Sounds are
reflected or echoed back from objects, and these are thought to be received by an oil filled
channel in the lower jaw and conducted to the middle ear of the animal.
When swimming normally, the sounds emitted are generally low frequency; the echoes
from these sounds provide information about the seafloor, the shorelines, underwater
obstacles, water depth, and the presence of other animals underwater.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging (sonography) uses high-frequency sound waves to view soft tissues
such as muscles and internal organs.
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It is a desirable property of auditoriums to the extent that it helps to overcome the inverse
square law drop off of sound intensity in the enclosure. However, if it is excessive, it
makes the sounds run together with loss of articulation - the sound becomes muddy,
garbled.
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Doppler effect
The Doppler effect is observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to
an observer.
The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of waves
in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the
source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from
whom the source is receding. It is important to note that the effect does not result
because of an actual change in the frequency of the source.
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Doppler effect
You hear the high pitch of the siren of the approaching ambulance, and notice that its
pitch drops suddenly as the ambulance passes you. That is called the Doppler effect.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is the general name given to the known range of
electromagnetic radiation. Wavelengths increase from approximately 10-18 m to 100 km,
and this corresponds to frequencies decreasing from 3 1026 Hz to 3 103 Hz.
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12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and uses.
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12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and uses.
Electromagnetic spectrum
Hazards of electromagnetic radiation
Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful. The higher
the frequency of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the body:
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12. Identify the components of the electromagnetic spectrum, their properties (energy, frequency, wavelength) and uses.
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Radio waves
Radio waves are emitted naturally by stars. They can also be produced artificially when
electrons in a metal rod are made to vibrate rapidly.
This metal rod is called a transmitting antenna or transmitter. These vibrations
cause radio waves to travel through the air (at about 300 000 kilometres per second).
The radio waves can be detected by a receiving antenna, which is a metal rod just like
the transmitter.
The radio waves cause electrons in the receiving antenna to vibrate rapidly, producing an
electrical signal.
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AM and FM radio
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the
atmosphere or free space.
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AM and FM radio
Each AM radio station has a particular frequency of radio waves on which it
transmits sound signals. The sound signal must firstly be changed to an electrical
signal called an audio signal.
The waves on which messages are sent are called carrier waves. The audio signal is
superimposed on the carrier wave, producing a modulated wave
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AM and FM radio
Like AM radio stations, each FM radio station has its own carrier wave frequency.
Instead of adding the audio signal to the
carrier wave (which changes the
amplitude of the wave), the audio signal
changes the frequency of the carrier
wave.
FM stands for Frequency Modulation.
FM radio waves are affected less by electrical interference than AM radio waves and
therefore provide a higher quality transmission of sound. However, they have a shorter
range than AM waves and are less able to travel around obstacles such as hills and large
buildings.
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Electronic communication
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Optical fibres
Optical fibres are used in endoscopes that
allow surgeons to see inside their patients.
Optical fibres can also carry enormous amounts
of information as pulses of light.
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Electromagnetic pollution
Radiofrequency in the Environment
Mobile network base stations emit
radiofrequency electromagnetic energy
(EME) as "radio waves". Other radio
wave signals transmitted by
communications facilities include TV
signals, AM and FM radio signals, taxi
service signals, paging network signals,
emergency service communications,
police two-way radio and cordless
phones.
Radiofrequency EME is something we've
been living with for generations - literally
since the invention of "the wireless".
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Issue to be compared:
Similarities
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Differences
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Point:
Elaboration and support:
Conclusion and judgement:
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10. Research the existence of radio and visible light windows in the
atmosphere. Explain why these windows exist. Discuss the problems
with ground-based observatories and how we obtain data from the
universe outside the visible and radio windows.
Explain relate cause and effect; make the
relationships between things evident.
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Space telescopes have the advantage of being above the blurring effects of the Earth's atmosphere. In addition, there are
many wavelengths from the electromagnetic spectrum that do not reach Earth because they are absorbed or reflected by
the Earth's atmosphere. In fact, as you can see from the diagram below, it is only the wavelengths of visible light, a
small portion of infrared, and a part of the radio wavelengths that reach Earth at all. To observe ultraviolet, x-rays,
gamma rays or infrared, astronomers have had to put telescopes outside of Earth's atmosphere -normally in orbit around
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the Earth.
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