OVERVIEW

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
TECHNICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Design of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Ground Reflection Model
Outdoor Propagation Model by using Okumura Model
Measurements
Analysis
CONCLUSION

ABSTRACT
IMT2000 is a federation of system for
third-generation of Mobile
Telecommunication which provide
High Speed Access
Support for broadband multimedia
services
Universal mobility

We need to determine whether the quality of the signal received by

the mobile cellular user in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor is better by
doing field measurement on the received power signal by using LTE
Spectrum Analyzer and supporting calculation to support the results.

INTRODUCTION
As Telecomm Engineer in FCS Telecommunication Berhad, we were
assigned to investigate the quality of power received by the user of
the Mobile Cellular Network in Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor.
The spectrum that we need to investigate are for Frequency Division
Duplex (FDD) for IMT 2000 as follows :a)
b)

Lower Band for Digi - 1956MHz to 1980MHz

Upper Band for Digi 2155MHz to 2170MHz

Sources
SKMM Malaysia

INTRODUCTION
Frequency Spectrum A scientific method of plotting and
classifying electromagnetic waves as they occur in space
and in the everyday environment
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) A technique where to
separate frequency bands used are used at transmitter
and receiver side. FDD is better choice than Time
Division Duplex (TDD) for symmetric traffic such as voice
applications in broadband wireless networks.
FDD is a technique where the transmitter and receiver
operate at different carrier frequencies. For instance, in
mobile wireless networks, one block of the
electromagnetic spectrum is allocated for uplink, which
carries data from mobile phones to a base station.

A triangle wave pictured in the time domain

(top) and frequency domain (bottom)

FDD where there are two frequency band

assigned, one for downlink and one for uplink.
The difference between uplink carrier
frequency and downlink carrier frequency is
called duplex spacing

INTRODUCTION

Received
Antenna
Aperture

Free Space Propagation Model assume a transmit

antenna and a received antenna to be located in an
otherwise empty environment. Neither absorbing
obstacles nor reflecting surface are considered which is in
particular, the influence of the earth surface is assume to
be entirely absent.

Transmit Antenna

This model is used to predict :

Transmit antenna modelled as a point source.
Transmit power is spread over the surface area of
a hypothetical sphere. The receiver antenna has an
aperture A, illustrated in triangle

Received signal strength when the transmitter and receiver has

a clear, unobstructed LoS between them
This model assume a transmit antenna and a received antenna
to be located in an otherwise
Satellite communication systems and microwave line-of-sight
radio links typically undergo free space propagation

INTRODUCTION

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a

piece of equipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user
equipment (UE) such as mobile phone
and a network.

INTRODUCTION

2-Ray Ground Reflection diagram including variables for the

2-ray ground reflection propagation algorithm.

Ground Reflection Model Radio Propagation Model that predicts path loss when the
signal received consists of the line of sight component and multipath component formed
predominately by a single ground reflected wave.
Outdoor Propagation Model based on systematic interpretation of measurement data
obtained in the service area. There are three type of this model, which is
Okumura Model (Which is used in this investigation)
Hata Model
Okumura and Hata Model

METHODOLOGY
Many methodology and finding from this field mainly generated into journal
for others to take advantage and improve as upcoming studies. The method
use is use to achieve the objective of the project that will accomplish a
perfects result. In order to evaluate of the results, the methodology is based
on system development life cycle (SDLC), generally three major step which
is planning, implementing and analysis.

Planning

Measurement

Implementation

Analysis and
Discussion

METHODOLOGY
Literature Review
Planning
Work Planning

Implementing

Measurement using LTE

Spectrum Analyzer
Theory Calculation

Analysis

Analyze the results and

measurement
Discussion and conclusion

This studies used three major steps to implements this task from planning,
implementing and analysis. All the methods used for finding and analyzing
data regarding of the studies

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Design of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
UTHM is located in rural area in Johor, call Parit Raja, Batu
Pahat. In this area, it still categorized as sub-urban area,
which is the user of mobile phone is considering still not
many compare to urban area. Due to that, service provider
has installed macrocells base station around this area in
order to enable mobile user across this area to make a call.

Example of Macrocell that have been

install in rural area

A Macrocells provides the main coverage in a mobile

network. The antennas from macrocells are mounted on
the ground-based masts, huge towers, rooftops and other
existing structures. Macrocell based stations have a typical
power output of tens of watts. Tower height for this BTS is
about 30m to 35m.

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Design of Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Below is the specification of Macrocells Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and other BTS by
using standard that have been use for commonwealth country:-

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Ground Reflection Model
The two way ground reflection model is a useful propagation model that is based on
geometric optic and considers both the direct path and a ground reflected propagation
path between transmitter and receiver. The equation for Ground Reflected Model as
below:
Pr d =
Pr(d)
Pt
Gt
Gr
d
ht
hr

2 2
4

= Received Power
= Transmitted Power
= Transmitter Antenna Gain
= Receiver Antenna Gain
= T-R separation distance
= Transmitter height
= Receiver height

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Ground Reflection Model

Term

Value

Description

Gt

20 db

Base Station Antenna, Dual Polarization 1710Mhz

to 2170Mhz.

Pt

300 W

Base Station Antenna, Dual Polarization 1710Mhz

to 2170Mhz.

ht

30m

Microcell (25Km)

hr

3m

1 - 3 meter

Gr

0.001 W

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Ground Reflection Model (calculation)

Gt W
Pr d

= 300
= 300

20
= 100 W
10
100
100

0.001
0.001

30 2 (3)2
(2400)4
30 2 (3)2
(2400)4

= 7.324 x 109
Pr d
Pr d

= 10 ( 7.324 x 109 ) = 81.35

= 81.35 + 30 = .

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model
The Okumura Model for urban areas is a radio propagation model that was built using
the data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities with
many urban structures but not many tall blocking structures. Okumura model was built
into three modes. The ones for urban, sub-urban and open areas. The model for urban
areas was built first and used as the base for others. Since Parit Raja located in suburban / rural area, this model is suitable to applied on this analysis.
Formula for Okumura Model:
= + ,

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model
where :
50

: 50th percentile of path loss (i.e median)

: free space propagation pathloss.

: median attenuation relative to free space

(Can be obtained from Okumuras emperical plots)

: base station antenna height gain factor

: mobile antenna height gain factor

: gain due to type of environment

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model

It is cover :
Frequency : 1501920 MHz
Mobile station antenna height: between 1 m and 10 m
Base station antenna height: between 30 m and 1000 m
Link distance: between 1 km and 100 km

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model (Calculation)
50 = + ,
= -130dB + 40dB (-16.48 dB) - (0dB) -10dB
= -83.52dB
The free space path loss is:
= 10

= 10

2
(4)2 2

3 108
2170 106

(4)2 (35 103 )

= 130

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model (Calculation)
Median attenuation relative to free space:

From the Okumura curves:

Amu (2170 MHz(35 km)) = 40 dB

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model (Calculation)
Correction factor, , for different types of terrain:

Correction factor, Garea = 10 dB

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Outdoor Propagation Model by Using Okumura Model (Calculation)

Transmitter and receiver gain :

30
= 20
= 20
= 16.48
200
200

3
= 10
= 10
= 0
3
3

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Measurements
The Project assignment needs to find International Mobile
Telecommunication - 2000 (IMT-2000) Frequencies. The project
needs to measure Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Lower Band
(1965 - 1980 MHz) and Upper Band (2125 2170 MHz) spectrum.
In the measurement, the frequencies spectrum only for Upper
Band is detected. The Lower Band is not detected at UTHM area.
The Measurement result for Lower Band is as figure 1 and for
Upper Band is as figure 2.

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Lower Band Spectrum

(1965-1980MHz)

Upper Band Spectrum

(2155- 2170MHz)

RESULT & ANALYSIS

Analysis

The analysis result from the calculation and measurement has

some different value. The differences in measurement are
happen because of attenuation during transmission propagation
from the transmitter (BTS). The Result is as table 1 below.
Model/Measurement

Power Receive (dbM)

Ground Reflected Model

-51.35

Okumura Model

-83.52

Measurement

-50.30
Table 1: Analysis result

CONCLUSION
This assignment project very helpful for student because its show the student
to more understand about the mobile spectrum in UTHM area. This project
shows the calculation and the measurement have some differences value.
The measurement power receive is lower compare to the calculation,
because of losses during propagation from the transmitter (BTS).
The measurement only detected for Upper Band spectrum. The reason, is to
make more spectrum efficiency because the number of user in this area.
Other than that The DIGI service provider are sharing another provider
facilities in certain area.