7.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Synopsis :
1. Let R. Take an angle of measure radians in the standard position. Let P(x, y) be a point on
the terminal side of the angle such that OP = r( > 0). Then
y

i) r
x
r

ii)
iii)
iv)

y
x
x
y

is called sine of and it is denoted by sin.

is called cosine of and it is denoted by cos
(x 0) is called tangent of and it is denoted by tan.
(y 0) is called cotangent of and it is

denoted by cot.

v)

r
x

(x 0) is called secant of and it is denoted by sec.

vi)

r
y

(y 0) is called cosecant of and it is denoted by cosec.

These six functions (ratios) are called trigonometric functions (ratios).

1
cos ec

2.

sin.cosec = 1, sin =

3.

cos.sec = 1, cos =

5.

tan.cot = 1, tan =

cos

, cot =

cot

= tan
sin ,

sin

, sec =

sec

4.

, cosec =

tan

cos
= cot
sin

cos

6. sin + cos =
2
1, sin = 1
2
2
cos , cos = 1
2
sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
7. 1+tan = sec , tan = sec 1, sec tan =1.
2

8. 1 + cot = cosec , cot = cosec

2

1, cosec cot = 1.
9.

1
sec tan

sec + tan =

.
1
2

1
cos ec cot

10. cosec + cot =

Trigonometric Functions

11. The values of the trigonometric functions of some standard angles :

/6

/4

sin

1/2

1/

cos

1/

1/2

/2

/3
/2

/2

3/2

12. Trigonometric functions of 2n + ; nZ

1) sin(2n + ) = sin, cos(2n + ) = cos
2) tan(2n + ) = tan, cot(2n + ) = cot
3) sec(2n + ) = sec, cosec(2n + ) = cosec
13. Trigonometric functions of (), for all values of

1) sin() = sin ,
2) cos() = cos ,
3) tan() = tan ,
4) cot() = cot ,
5) sec() = sec ,
6) cosec() = cosec
14. The values of trigonometric functions of any angle can be represented in terms of an angle in the
first quadrant
Let A = n.

where nZ, 0

i) sinn.

2

= cos , if n is odd
= cos , if n is even

ii) cos n.

= sin , if n is odd
= tan , if n is even

iii) tan n.

= cot , if n is odd
= cot , if n is even

iv) cot n.

= tan , if n is odd
= sec , if n is even

v) sec n.

. Then

= sin , if n is even

= cosec , if n is odd

vi) cosec n. = cosec , if n is even

2

= sec , if n is odd

1
2

8. COMPOUND ANGLES
Synopsis :
1.

i) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

ii) cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

2.

i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

ii) sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

3.

i) tan (A + B) =

tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B

ii) tan (A B) =
4.

i) cot (A + B) =

tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B
cot A cot B 1
cot B + cot A
cot A cot B + 1
cot B cot A

ii) cot (A B) =
5.
6.

sin (A + B) sin (A B) = sin A sin B

2
2
= cos B cos A
2
2
cos (A + B) cos (A B) = cos A sin B
2

= cos B sin A
7.

i) tan

+ A
4

1 + tan A
1 tan A

cos A + sin A
cos A sin A

1 tan A

tan A =
1
4
+ tan A

ii)

cos A sin A

= cos A + sin A
8.

i) sin (A + B + C) = (sin A cos B cos C) sin A sin

(sin A sin B cos C)

ii) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C

iii) tan (A + B + C) =
9.

tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C

1 tan A tan B tan B tan C tan C tan A

i) sin 15 + cos 15 = 3 / 2 = sin 75 + cos 75

ii) cos 15 sin 15 = 1/ 2 = sin 75 cos 75
Compounds Angles

10. i) tan 15 + cot 15 = 4 = tan 75 + cot 75

ii) cot 15 tan 15 = 2 3 = tan 75 cot 75
11. i) sin 105 = cos15 =

3+ 1
2 2

ii) cos 105 = sin 15 =

1 3
2 2

12. i) tan 105 = cot 15 = 2 3

ii) cot 105 = tan 15 = 3 2

13. i) If tan =

m
m +1

1
2m + 1

, tan =

, then

tan ( + ) = 1
ii) If tan
=

m +1

, tan =

( ) = 1.

, then tan

2m + 1

14. i) cos cos (60 + ) cos (60 ) = 0

ii) cos + cos (120 + ) + cos (120 ) = 0
iii) cos + cos (240 + ) + cos (240 ) = 0
iv) sin sin(60 + ) + sin (60 ) = 0
v) sin + sin (120 + ) sin (120 ) = 0
vi) sin + sin (240 + ) sin (240 ) = 0
15. i) If A + B = 45, then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
ii) If A + B = 135, then (1 tan A) (1 tan B) = 2
iii)If A + B = 225, then (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
iv) If A + B = 45, then (1 cot A) (1 cot B) = 2
v) If A + B = 135, then (1 + cot A) (1 + cot B) = 2
vi) If A + B = 225, then

(1 + cot A )(1 + cot B)

cot A cot B

16. i) tan (45 + ) tan (45 ) = 1

ii) cot (45 + ) cot (45 ) = 1

=2

9. MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES

Synopsis :
1. i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
=

2 tan A
2

1+ tan A

ii) cos 2A

=
iii)tan 2A =
2.

= cos A sin A
= 1 2 sin 2A
= 2 cos 2A 1
1 tan2 A
2

1+ tan A
2 tan A
1 tan

i) sin 3A = 3 sin A 4 sin3 A

3
ii) cos 3A = 4 cos A 3 cos A
3

iii)tan 3A = 3 tan A tan A

1 3 tan2 A

3.

The values of Trigonometric functions of some standard angles :

sin

18
5 1

36

5.

5 +1

10 + 2 5

10 2 5

i) sin A . sin (60 A) sin (60 + A) =

1
sin
4

72
10 + 2 5
4
5 1
4

3A

ii) sin A .sin (120 A) sin (120 + A) =

1
sin
4

3A

i) cos A . cos (60 A) cos (60 + A) =

1
cos
4

3A

ii) cos A . cos (120 A) cos (120+ A) =

6.

4.

5 +1

10 2 5

cos

54

1
cos
4

3A

i) tan A .tan (60 A) tan (60 + A) = tan 3A

ii) tan A .tan (120 A) tan (120 + A) = tan 3A

7.

i) cot A cot (60 A) cot (60 + A) = cot 3A

ii) cot A cot (120 A) cot (120 + A) = cot 3A
2

iv) cos + cos (120 + ) +

2

8. i) sin + sin (60 + ) + sin (60 ) = 3/2 ii)

2

cos + cos (60 + ) + cos (60 ) = 3/2

2

iii)sin + sin (120 + ) + sin (120 ) = 3/2

cos (120 ) = 3/2

9. i) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C,

then A + B + C = n, n Z.
ii) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1,
then A + B + C = (2n + 1) /2, n Z.
n

10. cosx cos2x cos4x cos (2 x) =

n +1

sin(2
x)
.
n+1
2 sin x

Multiple and Submultiple Angles

10. TRANSFORMATIONS
Synopsis :
1. i) sin (A + B) + sin (A B) = 2 sin A cos B
ii) sin (A + B) sin (A B) = 2 cos A sin B
iii)cos (A + B) + cos (A B) = 2 cos A cos B
iv) cos (A B) cos (A + B) = 2 sin A sin B
2.

i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin C + D cos C D

ii) sin C sin D = 2 cos C + D sin C D

iii)cos C + cos D = 2 cos C + D cos C D

iv) cos C cos D = 2 sin C + D sin C D

= 2sin C + D sin D C

3. i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)

ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
iii)2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
4.

If cos x + cos y = a, sin x + sin y = b, then

i) tan

x +y b
=
2
a

ii)
2

iii)cos (x + y) = a b
a +b

5.

iv)

sin (x + y) =

tan (x + y) =

2ab
2
2
a +b

2ab
a

b 2

If cos x cos y = a, sin x sin y = b, then

i) tan

x +y
a
=
2
b

Transformation
2ab

ii) sin (x + y) =

a +b
2

iii)cos (x + y) = b a
b +a

iv) tan (x + y) =
6.

2ab
2

a b

If tan x + tan y = a, cot x + cot y = b, then

i) tan (x + y) =
ii) cot (x + y) =
7.

If tan x tan y = a, cot x cot y = b, then

i) tan (x y) =
ii) cot (x y) =

8.

ab
b a
b a
ab

ab
a +b
a +b
ab

If A + B + C = 180, then
i) sin (A + B) = sin C

ii)

cos (A + B) = cos C

iii)tan (A + B) = tan C

iv)

cot (A + B) = cot C

vi)

cos

v) sin

C
A+ B

= cos
2
2

vii) tan

A +B
C

= cot
2
2

viii) cot A + B = tanC

If A + B + C = 180
9.

tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C

10. cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

A
B
B
C
C
A
=1
tan + tan tan + tan tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
C
A
B
C
+ cot + cot
= cot
cot
cot cot
2
2
2
2
2
2

11. tan
12.

A+B
C
= sin

2
2

Transformation
13. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
14. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =
1 4 cos A cos B cos C
2

15. cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 2 cos A cos B cos C

2

16. sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C

17. sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos

A
B
C
cos cos
2
2
2

18. cos A + cos B + cos C = 4 sin

A
B
C
sin sin
2
2
2

+1

11. PERIODICITY AND EXTREME VALUES

Synopsis :
1. A real function f : A R is said to be a periodic function if there exists a positive real number p
such that f(x + p) = f(x), x A. The least positive real number p such that f(x + p) = f(x), x
A, is called period of f.
2.

If f(x) is a periodic function with period p, then

f(ax + b) is also a periodic function with period p/|a|.

3. i) sinx is a period function with period 2.

ii) cosx is a period function with period 2.
iii)tanx is a period function with period .
iv) cotx is a period function with period .
v) secx is a period function with period 2.
vi) cosecx is a period function with period 2.
4.

i) The period of sinax is

ii) The period of cosax is
iii)The period of tanax is

2
|a|
2
|a|

.
.

.
|a|

12. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS

Synopsis :
1. An equation involving trigonometric functions of a variable over a set of numbers or over a set of
angles is called a trigonometric equation.
2. The set of values of the variable for which the equation is satisfied is the solution set of the
equation.
3. The method of finding the solution set is called solving of an equation.
4. If the product of trigonometric functions is zero, then each factor should be equated to zero. The
solutions of the resulting equations will give the solution set of the given equation.
1 k 1 , then the value of lying in the interval [/2, /2] and satisfying the
5. If sin = k where
equation is called the principal solution.
6. If cos = k where 1 k 1 , then the value of lying in the interval [0, ] and satisfying the
equation is called the principal solution.
7. If tan = k where kR, then the value of lying in the interval (/2, /2) and satisfying the
equation is called the principal solution.
n

8. The general solution of sin = k for 1 k 1 is = n + (1) , nZ where [/2, /2] is the
principal value.
9. The general solution of cos = k for

1 k 1

is = 2n , nZ where (/2, /2) is the

principal value.
10. If sin = 0, then

= n, n Z

11. If cos = 0, then

= (2n + 1) / 2, n Z

12. If tan = 0, then

= n, n Z

13. If (i) sin = sin

2

ii) cos = cos and

iii) tan2 = tan2 then in each case = n , n Z
14. The number of solutions of the equation acos + bsin = c is infinite if
15. The equation acos + bsin = c has no solution if c2>a2 + b2.

| c |

a +b

(or)

c a +b

13. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Synopsis :
1. The function f : [/2, /2] [1, 1] defined by f(x) = sinx is a bijection. The inverse of f from
[1, 1] into [/2, /2] is also a bijection. This function is called inverse sine function or arc sine
1

function. It is denoted by Sin or Arc sin.

1

Now Sin x = x = sin, x [1, 1]

2. The domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions are as follows.
S.No

Function

Domain

Range

[1, 1]

[/2, /2]

[1, 1]

[0, ]

(/2, /2)

(0, )

(, 1] U [1, ) =

1.

Sin x

2.

Cos x

3.

Tan x

4.

Cot x

5.

Sec x

[0, /2) U (/2, )

R(1, 1)
6.

Cosec x

(, 1] U [1, ) =
RR(1, 1)

3.

i) Sin (x) = Sin x, for x [1, 1]

1

ii) Cos (x) = Cos x, for x [1, 1]

1
1
iii)Tan (x) = Tan x, for x R
1
1
4. i) Cot (x) = Cot x, for x R
1
1
ii) Sec (x) = Sec x, for (, 1] U [1, )
1
1
iii)Cosec (x) = Cosec x, for (, 1] U [1, )
1
1
5. i) Sin (x) = Cosec (1/x), for x [1, 0) U (0, 1]
1
1
ii) Cos (x) = Sec (1/x), for x [1, 0) U (0, 1]
1
1
iii)Tan (x) = Cot (1/x), for x (0, ) and
1
1
Tan x = + Cot (1/x), for x (, 0)

[/2, 0) U (0, /2)

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1

6.
7.
8.

If x [1, 1] then Cos x + Sin x = /2.

1
1
If x R, then Tan x + Cot x = /2.
If x (, 1] U [1, ), then
1
1
Sec x + Cosec x = /2

9.

If 0x1, 0y0, then

i) Sin1x + Sin1y = Sin1(x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 ) , for x2 + y21
1

ii) Sin x + Sin y = Sin1(x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 ) , for x + y >1

1

10. If 0x1, 0y1, then Sin xSin y =

Sin1(x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 )

11. If 0x1, 0y1, then

1

i) Cos x + Cos y = Cos (xy

1x

1 y2 ) ,

for x2 + y21

ii) Cos x + Cos y = Cos1( 1 x 2 1 y 2 xy) , for x + y >1

12. If 0x1, 0y1, then Cos1xCos1y = Cos1(xy + 1 x 2 1 y 2 )
+
13. Tan1x+Tan1y = Tan1 x y , for x>0, y>0, xy<1
1 xy

1 xy

+
1
= + Tan x y , for x>0, y > 0, xy > 1.
+
14. Tan1x+Tan1y = Tan1 x y , for x<0, y<0, xy<1
1 xy

+
= + Tan1 x y , for x < 0, y < 0, xy > 1.
1 xy

15. If x>0, y>0, then Tan1xTan1y = Tan1 x y.

1+ xy

1
1
1
16. If x<0, y<0, then Tan xTan y = Tan x y

1 + xy

17. i) 3Sin x = Sin (3x4x ), for 0 x 1/2

1
1
3
ii) 3Cos x = Cos (4x 3x), for 3 /2 x 1

1
1 3x x
, for 0 x 3 1/
iii)3Tan x = Tan
2

1 3x

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1

18. i) If Cos x + Cos y + Cos z = ,

2

then x + y + z + 2xyz = 1.
1

ii) If Sin x + Sin y + Sin z = /2, then

x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
iii)If Sin1x + Sin1y + Sin1z = , then x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 + z 1 z2 = 2xyz.
1

iv) If Tan x + Tan y + Tan z = /2, then

xy + yz + zx = 1.
1

v) If Tan x + Tan y + Tan z = , then

x + y + z = xyz.
1

19. i) If Sin x + Sin y = , then Cos x + Cos y =

1

ii) If Cos x+ Cos y = , then Sin x + Sin y =

1

20. i) If Tan x + Tan y = /2, then xy = 1.

1

ii) If Cot x + Cot y = /2, then xy = 1.

a

21. i) If Sin 1 + Sin 1

2
2
a +b

, then x =

ii) If

x 2
a
b
1
+ Cos 1 = , then x = a 2 + b 2
Cos
x
x 2

iii)If Tan 1
22. If Cos 1
then

x
a

a
b
+ Tan 1 = , then x = ab
x
x 2

+ Cos 1

y
b

= ,

x2
a

2xy
ab

cos +

y2
b

= sin 2

15. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES

Synopsis :
1. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is
called circumcentre of the triangle. If S is the circumcentre of ABC, then SA = SB = SC. The
circle with center S and radius SA passes through the three vertices A, B, C of the triangle. This
circle is called circumcircle of the triangle. The radius of the circumcircle of ABC is called
circumradius and it is denoted by R.
2.

Sine Rule :

a
b
c
=
=
= 2R.
sin A sin B sin C

a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C.

3.

Cosine Rule : a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A, b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cos B, c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C.

4.

cos A = b + c a , cos B = c + a b ,

2bc

2ca

cos C = a + b c .
2ab

5.

Projection Rule : a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A.

6.

Tangent Rule or Napiers Analogy : tan

B
A
C b c
cot
=
,
2
b
c
2
+

c a
B
C A
tan
cot ,
=
c+a
2
2
a b
C
A B
tan
cot
=
.
2
a
b
2
+

7.

Mollweide Rule :
a +b
c

8.

sin

9.

cos

10. tan

A
2
A
2

A B

,
= sin A B
2 a b
2
C
C
c
sin
cos
2
2

= cos

= (s b)(s c )
bc
= s( s a)
bc

, sin

, cos

(s b )(s c )
A
=
2
s(s a)

B
(s c )(s a )
=
2
ca

B
=
2

, tan

s(s b)
ca

, cos

, sin

C
=
2

B
(s c )(s a)
=
2
s(s b)

C
(s a)(s b)
=
2
ab

s( s c )
ab

, tan

C
(s a)(s b)
=
2
s(s c)

11.

tan

2
tan

s(s a)

( s b)(s c )

Properties of Triangles
,

B
(s c )(s a )

=
=
2 s(s b)

C
(s a )(s b )

=
=
.
2 s(s c)

A s(s a)
B s(s b)
C s(s c )
=
cot
, cot =
, cot =
2

1
1
1
Area of ABC is bc sin A = ca sin B = sin C
tan

12.
13.
=

2
abc
4R

s(s a)(s b)(s c)

A
B
= 4R sin
sin sin
C
s
2
2
2

14. r =

(s a) tan

(s b) tan

cot

A
2

+ cot

= (s c) tan

=
cot

B
2

+ cot

C
2

A
B
C
A

= 4R sin
cos cos = s tan
2
2
2
2
s a

16. r2 =

B
A
C

= s tan = (s c) cot
= (s a) cot
sb
2
2
2

= (s b) cot

A
B
C
b
.
sin cos =
C
A
2
2
2
tan + tan
2
2
C
B
A

= s tan = (s a) cot = (s b) cot

r3 =
sc
2
2
2

4R cos

c
.
A
B
+ tan
tan
2
2
1 1 1 1
+ +
= .
r1 r2 r3 r
2

19. r r1 r2 r3 = .

a3 sin(B C) = 0 .
ii) a cos(B C) = 3abc
3

20. i)

iii) a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A = 4

C
2

= (s c) cot

B
2

a
C
B
tan + tan
2
2

15. r1 =

18.

17.

= 2R sin A sin B sin C =

cot

C
2

+ cot

A
2

Properties of Triangles
2

21. i) cotA + cotB + cotC = a + b + c

ii) cot

A
B
C (a + b + c )2
=
cot cot
2
2
2
4

22. i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles.

ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
2

iii)If a + b + c = 8R , then the triangle is right angled.

2

iv) If cos A + cos B + cos C = 1, then the triangle is right angled.

v) If cosA =
vi) If

sin B
2 sin C

, then the triangle is isosceles.

a
b
c
=
=
cos A cos B cos C

, then the triangle is equilateral.

vii) If cosA + cosB + cosC = 3/2, then the triangle is equilateral.

viii) If sinA + sinB + sinC =

3 3
2

, then the triangle is equilateral.

ix) If cotA + cotB + cotC = 3 , then the triangle is equilateral.

2

23. i) If a2 + b 2 = sin( A + B) , then C = 90.

sin(A B)

a b

ii) If

a +b

b +c

iii)If

c +a

1
1
3
+
=
a+b a+c a+b+c
b

iv) If
2

a c

i)

= 1, then C = 60.

+
2

a b

, then A = 60

= 0, then A = 60.
2

a, b, c are In H.P. sin2

, sin2

ii)
C

a, b, c are in A.P. cot

, cot

iii)

a, b, c are in A.P. tan

, sin2

2
B

are in H.P.

are in A.P.
, cot

2
, tan

2
, tan

are in H.P.

2
2

iv)

a , b , c are in A.P. cotA, cotB, cotC are in A.P.

v)

a , b , c are in A.P.

tanA, tanB, tanC are in H.P