A PROJECT REPORT

ON

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUREMENT FOR THE
AWARDED OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHONOLOGY IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
AVINASH KR. PANDEY

1005640035

MOHAMMAD TAUZEE

1005640057

MANOJ KR. MAURYA

1005640056

GAURAV JAISWAL

1005640044

KANCHAN KR. NISHAD

1005640050

PUSHPA RAI

0905640077

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MR. SANDEEP MISHRA SIR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
(MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT)
BBDNIIT, LUCKNOW

GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

MAY, 2014
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CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the project entitled VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
is submitted by AVINASH KR. PANDEY, GAURAV JAISWAL, KANCHAN KR. NISHAD,
MANOJ KR. MAURYA, MOHAMMAD TAUZEE & PUSHPA RAI in the partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology of U.P. Technical University
is a record of student own work carried under our supervision and guidance. The project report
embodies result of original work and studies carried out by student and the content do not forms
the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Mr. Brijesh Singh

HOD Mechanical

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Mr. SANDEEP MISHRA

Asst. Professor

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we are Student of Mechanical ENGG. BBDNIIT, LUCKNOW. We are
working on project under the guidance of Mr. SANDEEP MISHRA Further, this work has been
submitted in full to obtained degree of the Bachelor of Technology that the studies described in
this report entitled VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE in subject Mechanical engineering
is carried out by us.

AVINASH KR. PANDEY

1005640035

MOHD. TAUZEE

1005640057

MANOJ KR. MAURYA

1005640056

GAURAV JAISWAL

1005640044

KANCHAN KR. NISHAD

1005640050

PUSHPA RAI

0905640077

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ABSTRACT

We know that there is enough wind globally to satisfy much, or even most, of humanity's energy
requirements if it could be harvested effectively and on a large scale. Vertical axis wind
turbines (VAWTs), which may be as efficient as current horizontal axis systems, might be
practical, simpler and significantly cheaper to build maintain than horizontal axis wind turbines
(HAWTs).They also have other inherent advantages, such as they are always facing the wind,
which might make them a significant player in our quest for cheaper, cleaner renewable sources
of electricity. VAWTs might even critical in mitigating grid interconnect stability and reliability
issue currently facing electricity producers and suppliers. Additionally, cheap VAWTs may
provide an alternative to the rain forest destruction for the growing of bio-fuel crops.
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor
shaft is set vertically. Among the advantages of this arrangement are that generators and
gearboxes can be placed close to the ground, and that VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the
wind. Major drawbacks for the early designs (Savonius, Darrieus, and cycloturbine) included the
pulsatory torque that can be produced during each revolution and the huge bending moments on
the blades.
In this project we attempt to design and fabricate a Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to HOD Mr. Brijesh Singh, Faculty of
Mechanical, BBDNIIT, Lucknow for giving us opportunity to carry out this project.
With immense pleasure we express our deep sense of gratitude and respectful to Mr. SANDEEP
MISHRA who was guiding us by giving his valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and
encouragement, which helped us to keep our spirits high and to deal with problems. His
meticulous methodology, critical assessment and warm encouragement made it possible for me
to bring the work in its present shape.
We are sincerely thankful to all other members of Faculty of Mechanical, BBDNIIT LUCKNOW
for giving us time to time support in doing this project.
We express a word of thanks to our friends for their constant support, suggestions and
encouragement during preparation of this project.
Finally, we thank God for giving us the loving siblings and affectionate parents, who blessed us
with everything all throughout our life. Our gratitude to them cannot be expressed in words. To
them we owe our wonderful today and a dream filled tomorrow.

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6 | Page

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION
If the efficiency of a wind turbine is increased, then more power can be generated thus
decreasing the need for expensive power generators that cause pollution. This would also reduce
the cost of power for the common people. The wind is literally there for the taking and doesn't
cost any money. Power can be generated and stored by a wind turbine with little or no pollution.
If the efficiency of the common wind turbine is improved and widespread, the common people
can cut back on their power costs immensely.
Ever since the Seventh Century people have been utilizing the wind to make their lives easier.
The whole concept of windmills originated in Persia. The Persians originally used the wind to
irrigate farm land, crush grain and milling. This is probably where the term windmill came from.
Since the widespread use of windmills in Europe, during the Twelfth Century, some areas such as
the Netherlands have prospered from creating vast wind farms.
The first windmills, however, were not very reliable or energy efficient. Only half the sail
rotation was utilized. They were usually slow and had a low tip speed ratio but were useful for
torque.
Since its creation, man has constantly tried to improve the windmill. As a result, over the years,
the number of blades on windmills has decreased. Most modern windmills have 5-6 blades while
past windmills have had 4~8 blades. Past windmill also had to be manually directed into the
wind, while modern windmills can be automatically turned into the wind. The sail design and
materials used to create them have also changed over the years.
In most cases the altitude of the rotor is directly proportional to its efficiency. As a matter of fact,
a modern wind turbine should be at least twenty feet above and three hundred feet away from an
obstruction, though it is even more ideal for it to be thirty feet above and five hundred feet away
from any obstruction.
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Different locations have various wind speeds. Did you know that the world's largest wind farm is
located in California, and the total wind power generated there exceeds 1,400 megawatts of
electricity? (A typical nuclear power plant generates 1,000 megawatts.)
Some geographic features such as mountains also have an influence upon wind. Mountains can
create mountain breezes at night, because of the cooler air flowing down the mountain and being
heated by the warmer valley air causing convection current. Valleys are affected in much the
same way. In the daytime, the cooler air is above the valleys and the hot air is above the
mountains. The hot air above the mountain rises above the valleys and cools, thus creating a
convection current in the opposite direction and creating a valley wind. The oceans create
convection currents, as well as they mountains or valleys. In the day, the hotter air is above the
same and the cooler air is above the ocean. The air heats up over the sand and rises above the
ocean and then cools, creating the convection current. At night, the cooler air is above the sand
and the warmer air is above the ocean, so the air heats up over the ocean and cools over the sand.
As you can clearly see, the time of day also affects the wind.
We know that for windmills to operate there must be wind, but how do they work? Actually there
are two types of windmills -- the horizontal axis windmills and the vertical axis windmills. The
horizontal axis windmills have a horizontal rotor much like the classic Dutch four-arm windmill.
The horizontal axis windmills primarily rely on lift from the wind. As stated in Bernoulli's
Principle, "a fluid will travel from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure." It also
states, "as the velocity of a fluid increases, its density decreases." Based upon this principle,
horizontal axis windmill blades have been designed much like the wings of an airplane, with a
curved top. This design increases the velocity of the air on top of the blade thus decreasing its
density and causing the air on the bottom of the blade to go towards the top ... creating lift. The
blades are angled on the axis as to utilize the lift in the rotation. The blades on modern wind
turbines are designed for maximum lift and minimal drag.
Vertical axis windmills, such as the Durries (built in 1930) use drag instead of lift. Drag is
resistance to the wind, like a brick wall. The blades on vertical axis windmills are designed to
give resistance to the wind and are as a result pushed by the wind. Windmills, both vertical and
horizontal axis, have many uses. Some of them are: hydraulic pump, motor, air pump, oil pump,
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churning, creating friction, heat director, electric generator, Freon pump, and can also be used as
a centrifugal pump.
There are many types of windmills, such as: the tower mill, sock mill, sail windmill, water pump,
spring mill, multi-blade, Darrieus, savonis, cyclo-turbine, and the classic four-arm windmill. All
of the above windmills have their advantages. Some windmills, like the sail windmill, are
relatively slow moving, have a low tip speed ratio and are not very energy efficient compared to
the cyclo-turbine, but are much cheaper and money is the great equalizer.
There have been many improvements to the windmill over the years. Windmills have been
equipped with air breaks, to control speed in strong winds. Some vertical axis windmills have
even been equipped with hinged blades to avoid the stresses at high wind speeds. Some
windmills, like the cyclo-turbine, have been equipped with a vane that senses wind direction and
causes the rotor to rotate into the wind. Wind turbine generators have been equipped with
gearboxes to control [shaft] speeds. Wind turbines have also been equipped with generators
which convert shaft power into electrical power. Many of the sails on windmills have also been
replaced with propeller-like airfoils. Some windmills can also stall in the wind to control wind
speed. But above all of these improvements, the most important improvement to the windmill
was made in 1745 when the fantail was invented. The fantail automatically rotates the sails into
the wind.
Most wind turbines start to generate power at 11 m/s and shut down at speeds near 32m/s.
Another variable of the windmill's efficiency is its swept area. Another variable in the
productivity of a windmill is the wind speed. The wind speed is measured by an anemometer.
Another necessity for a windmill is the tower. There are many types of towers. Some towers have
guy wire to support them and others don't. The towers without guy wires are called freestanding
towers. Something to take into consideration about a tower is that it must support the weight of
the windmill along with the weight of the tower. Towers are also subject to drag.
Scientists estimate that, by the 21st Century, ten percent of the world's electricity will come from
windmills.

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CHAPTER - 2
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

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CHAPTER - 2

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

To utilize the available wind resources and to reduce the usage of non renewable energy
resources. Wind energy is by far the fastest-growing renewable energy resource. The wind
energy industry so far has been supported by market incentives backed by government policies
fostering sustainable energy resources.
Large-scale wind facilities approaching the output rating of conventional power plants, control of
the power quality is required to reduce the adverse effects on their integration into the network.
These wind turbines can be used to provide constant lighting. In most cities, bridges are a faster
route for everyday commute and in need of constant lighting makes this an efficient way to
produce natural energy.
To utilize the available wind resources and to reduce the usage of non renewable energy
resources. Wind energy is by far the fastest-growing renewable energy resource.
The wind energy industry so far has been supported by market incentives backed by
government policies fostering sustainable energy resources.
Large-scale wind facilities approaching the output rating of conventional power plants,
control of the power quality is required to reduce the adverse effects on their integration
into the network.
These wind turbines can be used to provide constant lighting. In most cities, bridges are a
faster route for everyday commute and in need of constant lighting makes this an efficient
way to produce natural energy.

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CHAPTER - 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

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CHAPTER - 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Historical background

Wind energy has been used for thousands of years for milling grain, pumping
Water and other mechanical power applications. Wind power is not a new concept.
The fist accepted establishment of the use of windmills was in the tenth century in
Persia. Today, there are several hundred thousand windmills in operation around
The world. Modern windmills tend to be called wind turbines partly because of their
Functional similarity to the steam and gas turbines and partly to distinguish them from
their traditional forbears.
Wind energy was the fastest growing energy technology in the 1990s, in terms
of percentage of yearly growth of installed capacity per technology source. The
growth of wind energy, however, is not evenly distributed around the world. By the
end of 1999, around 69% of the worldwide wind energy capacity was installed in
Europe, a further 19% in North America and 10% in Asia and the Pacific. Wind
energy is expected to play an increasingly important role in the future national energy
scene. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy
by rotating the blades. Greenpeace states that about 10% of electricity can be supplied
by the wind by the year 2020
.

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1.2 Cost of wind turbines

In the 1990s, the cost for manufacturing wind turbines declined by about 20%
every time the number of manufactured wind turbines doubled. Currently, the
Production of large-scale, grid-connected wind turbines doubles almost every 3 years.
A similar cost reduction was achieved during the first years of oil exploitation about
100 years ago. The Danish Energy Agency predicts that a further cost reduction of
50% can be achieved until 2020, and the EU Commission estimates in its White Book
That energy cost from wind power will be reduced by at least 30% between 1998 and
2010.
A general comparison of the electricity production costs, however, is very
difficult as production costs vary significantly between countries, due to the
availability of resources, different tax structures or other reasons. In addition, market
regulations can affect the electricity prices in different countries. The competitive
bidding processes for renewable power generation in England and Wales.
Fossil Fuel Obligation, D NFFO), however, provides a good comparison of power
production prices. Within this bidding process, potential project developers for
renewable energy projects are invited to bid for building new projects. The developers
bid under different technology brands, e.g. wind or solar, for a feed-in tariff or for an
amount of financial incentives to be paid for each kWh fed into the grid by renewable
energy systems. The best bidder(s) will be awarded their bid feed-in tariff for a
predefined period.
1.3 Environmental Impact and reliability of wind turbines.
Wind energy can be regarded as environmentally friendly; however, it is not
Free of emissions. The production of the blades, the nacelle, the tower, etc., the
Exploration of the material and the transport of equipment leads to the consumption of
Energy resources; hence emissions are produced as long as these energy resources are
Based on fossil fuel. These emissions are known as indirect emissions. In addition, the
Noise and the visual impact of wind turbines are important considerations for a public
Acceptance of wind energy technology, particular if the wind turbines are located
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close to human settlements. The noise impact can be reduced with technical means,
e.g. variable speed or reduced rotational speed. The noise impact as well as the visual
Impact can also be reduced with appropriate sitting of wind turbines in the landscape.
Reliability of wind turbine system is based on the performance of its
components under assigned environment, manufacturing process, handling, and the
stress and aging process. It has the potential to improve the reliability of systems, besides the
conventional monitoring function .

2.0 Technical Background

2.1 Types of wind turbines
There are two great classes of wind turbines: those whose rotors spin about a
horizontal axis and those whose rotors spin about a vertical axis. Vertical-axis wind
turbines (VAWT) can be divided into two major groups: those that use aerodynamic
drag to extract power from the wind and those that use lift. The advantages of the
VAWTs are that they can accept the wind from any direction. This simplifies their
design and eliminates the problem imposed by gyroscopic forces on the rotor of a
convectional machine as the turbine tracks the wind. The vertical axis of rotation also
permits mounting the generator and drive train at ground level. The
disadvantages of this type of rotors is that it is quite difficult to control power output
by pitching the rotor blades, they are not self starting and they have low tip-speed
ratio.
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) are convectional wind turbines and
unlikely the VAWT are not Omni directional. As the wind changes direction, HAWTs
must change direction with it. They must have some means for orienting the rotor
with respect to the wind. In a HAWT the generator converts directly the wind which
is extracted from the rotor. The rotor speed as well as the power output can be
controlled by pitching the rotor blades along their longitudinal axis. A mechanical or
an electronic blade pitch control mechanism can be used in order to achieve this. An
important advantage for HAWT is that blade pitching acts as a form of protection
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against extreme wind conditions and over speed. Also the rotor blades can be shaped
to achieve maximum turbine efficiency, by exploiting the aerodynamic lift to the
maximum.

2.2 Features and components of wind turbines

The main parts of a HAWT are the blades, the hub, the transmission system,
the gearbox, the generator and the yaw and pitch control systems. The blades are the
key to the operation of the wind turbine. Three bladed designs are the most common
for modern wind turbines. The blades of a HAWT are fastened to the central hub. As
the rotor turns, its blades generate an imaginary surface whose projection on a vertical
plane is called the swept area. For purposes of calculating the swept area, blades are
assumed to be un deformed by applied loads. Fiberglass is the material the blades
are constructed, while the design of the blade is designed in such a way to achieve
maximum efficiency and minimum noise.
Depending on the blade design features, power extraction can be controlled in
order to avoid the turbine from running too fast. For this reason there are three main
types of blades:
Pitch Controlled Wind Turbines: On a pitch controlled wind turbine the
turbine's electronic controller checks the power output of the turbine several times per
second. When the power output becomes too high, it sends an order to the blade pitch
mechanism which immediately pitches (turns) the rotor blades slightly out of the
wind. Conversely, the blades are turned back into the wind whenever the wind drops
again.
Stall Controlled Wind Turbines: (Passive) stall controlled wind turbines have
the rotor blades bolted onto the hub at a fixed angle. The geometry of the rotor blade
profile, however has been aerodynamically designed to ensure that the moment the
wind speed becomes too high, it creates turbulence on the side of the rotor blade. This
stall prevents the lifting force of the rotor blade from acting on the rotor. The basic
advantage of stall control is that one avoids moving parts in the rotor itself, and a
complex control system.
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Active Stall Controlled Wind Turbines: Technically the active stall machines
resemble pitch controlled machines, since they have pitch able blades. In order to get a
reasonably large torque (turning force) at low wind speeds, the machines will usually
be programmed to pitch their blades much like a pitch controlled machine at low wind
speeds. One of the advantages of active stall is that one can control the power output
more accurately than with passive stall, so as to avoid overshooting the rated power of
the machine at the beginning of a gust of wind. Another advantage is that the machine
can be run almost exactly at rated power at all high wind speeds.
2.3 Physics of wind turbines
The power in the wind is the total available energy per time unit. The power in
the wind is converted into the mechanical-rotational energy of the wind turbine rotor,
which results in a reduced speed of the air mass. The power in the wind cannot be
extracted completely by a wind turbine, as the air mass would be stopped completely
in the intercepting rotor area. This would cause a `congestion' of the cross-sectional
area for the following air masses.
The theoretical optimum for utilizing the power in the wind by reducing its
velocity was first discovered by Betz, in 1926. According to Betz, the theoretically
maximum power that can be extracted from the wind is
P = AV3 watts
Where = air density, A = area of wind turbine blades, V= wind speed, C = Constant.
Wind turbines operate by the action of the relative wind. Relative wind is a
combination of natural wind plus wind caused by rotor motion and the rotor induced
flow. The result of the relative wind are the aerodynamic forces which are created on
the rotating blades. These aerodynamic forces are called drag and lift forces.
The drag force is the component that is in line with the direction of the air
stream. A flat plate in an air stream, for example, experiences maximum drag forces
when the direction of the air flow is perpendicular to the flat side of the plate; when
the direction of the air stream is in line with the flat side of the plate, the drag forces
are at a minimum. The lift force is the component that is at right angles to the
direction of the air stream. Lift forces acting on a flat plate are smallest when the
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direction of the air stream is at a zero angle to the flat surface of the plate. At small
angles relative to the direction of the air stream, a low pressure region is created on
the downstream side of the plate as a result of an increase in the air velocity on that
side

The Source of Winds

In a macro-meteorological sense, winds are movements of air masses in the atmosphere mainly
originated by temperature differences. The temperature gradients are due to uneven solar heating.
In fact, the equatorial region is more irradiated than the polar ones. Consequently, the warmer
and lighter air of the equatorial region rises to the outer layers of the atmosphere and moves
towards the poles, being replaced at the lower layers by a return flow of cooler air coming from
the polar regions. This air circulation is also affected by the Coriolis forces associated with the
rotation of the Earth. In fact, these forces deflect the upper flow towards the east and the lower
flow towards the west. Actually, the effects of differential heating dwindle for latitudes greater
than 30oN and 30oS, where westerly winds predominate due to the rotation of the Earth. These
large-scale air flows that take place in all the atmosphere constitute the geotropic winds.
The lower layer of the atmosphere is known as surface layer and extends to a height of 100 m. In
this layer, winds are delayed by frictional forces and obstacles altering not only their speed but
also their direction. This is the origin of turbulent flows, which cause wind speed variations over
a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies. Additionally, the presence of seas and large lakes
causes air masses circulation similar in nature to the geostrophic winds. All these air movements
are called local winds.

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The power in the Wind

The power in the wind can be computed by using the concepts of kinetics.
The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to
mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass times
the square of its velocity, or mv 2. The amount of air passing in unit time through an area
A, with velocity V, is A. V, & its mass M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density
of air, or
m = SV

..(1)

(m is the mass of air transversing the area A swept by the rotating blades of a wind mill
type generator )
Substituting this value of the mass in expression of K.E.
= SV.V 2 watts
= SV3

watts

.. (2)

Second equation tells us that the power available is proportional to air density (1.225
kg/m3) & is proportional to the intercept area.

Since the area is normally circular of

diameter D in horizontal axis aero turbines, then,

A=

Dh

(Sq. m)

2
Put this quantity in equation second
then
Available wind power P = Dh V3
2
= 1/4 Dh V3 Watt

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Indias Market Overview of Wind Energy

Overview

The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in
the last few years. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark
or the US, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. In 2009-10
India's growth rate is highest among the other top four countries.
The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157,899 MW by the end of 2009. USA
(35,159 MW), Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China (25,104 MW) are ahead
of India in fifth position. The short gestation periods for installing wind turbines, and the
increasing reliability and performance of wind energy machines has made wind power a favored
choice for capacity addition in India.
India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources. India has one of the worlds largest
programs for deployment of renewable energy products and systems 3,700 MW from renewable
energy sources installed.

Figure 3.1

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CHAPTER - 4
CHARACTERISTICS & SPECIFICATIONS OF WIND
TURBINES

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CHAPTER 4

CHARACTERISTICS & SPECIFICATIONS OF WIND

TURBINES

Wind Speed
This is very important to the productivity of a windmill. The wind turbine only generates power
with the wind. The wind rotates the axis (horizontal or vertical) and causes the shaft on the
generator to sweep past the magnetic coils creating an electric current.

Blade Length
This is important because the length of the blade is directly proportional to the swept area. Larger
blades have a greater swept area and thus catch more wind with each revolution. Because of this,
they may also have more torque.

Base Height
The height of the base affects the windmill immensely. The higher a windmill is, the more
productive it will be due to the fact that as the altitude increases so does the wind speed.

Base Design
Some base is stronger than others. Base is important in the construction of the windmill because
not only do they have to support the windmill, but they must also be subject to their own weight
and the drag of the wind. If a weak tower is subject to these elements, then it will surely collapse.
Therefore, the base must be identical so as to insure a fair comparison.

Tip Speed Ratio

The tip speed ratio is very important. The tip speed ratio is directly proportional to the windmill's
productivity. It is how many times the blades rotate greater than the wind speed.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIND POWER GENERATION

WIND

WIND TURBINE

AC ALTERNATOR

ENERGY STORAGE

LOAD UTILIZATION

Figure 4.1

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WIND

CHAPTER - 5
REQUIREMENTS FOR PLACING

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CHAPTER - 5

REQUIREMENTS FOR PLACING

Site Selection considerations
The power available in the wind increases rapidly with the speed, hence wind
energy conversion machines should be located preferable in areas where the winds are
strong & persistent. The following point should be considered while selecting site for
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS).

High annual average wind speed

The wind velocity is the critical parameter. The power in the wind Pw,
through a given X section area for a uniform wind Velocity is
Pw = KV 3

( K is const. )

It is evident, because of the cubic dependence on wind velocity that small

increases in V markedly affect the power in the wind e.g. doubling V, increases Pw by a
factor of 8.

Availability of wind V (t) curve at the proposed site

This important curve determines the maximum energy in the wind and hence
is the principle initially controlling factor in predicting the electrical o/p and hence revenue
return of the WECS machines, it is desirable to have average wind speed V such that V 1216 km/hr (3.5 4.5 m/sec).

Wind structures at the proposed site

Wind specially near the ground is turbulent and gusty, & changes rapidly
indirection and in velocity. This departure from homogeneous flow is collectively referred
to as the structure of the wind.

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 Altitude of the proposed site

If affects the air density and thus the power in the wind & hence the useful
WECS electric power o/p. The winds tend to have higher velocities at higher altitudes.

Local Ecology
If the surface is bare rock it may mean lower hub heights hence lower
structure cost, if trees or grass or venation are present. All of which tends to restructure the
wind.

Distance to Roads or Railways

This is another factor the system engineer must consider for heavy,
machinery, structures, materials, blades & other apparatus will have to move into any
chosen WECS site.

Nearness of site to local center/users

This obvious criterion minimizes transmission line length & hence losses & costs.

Nature of ground
Ground condition should be such that the foundations for WECs are secured, ground
surface should be stable.

Favorable land cost

Land cost should be favorable as this along with other sitting costs, enters into the
total WECS system cost.

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CHAPTER - 6
TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

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CHAPTER - 6

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

1) Horizontal
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator
at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a
simple wind vane , while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo
motor . Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker
rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.
Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the turbine is usually positioned upwind of
its supporting tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being
pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a considerable
distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted forward into the wind a small
amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence (mast wake),
because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind,
and because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept
area and thus their wind resistance. Since cyclical (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead
to fatigue failures, most HAWTs are of upwind design.

Figure 6.1 a
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figure 6.1 b

2) Vertical
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key
advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly
variable, for example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages include the
low rotational speed with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the
drive train, the inherently lower power coefficienc, the 360 degree rotation of the aerofoil
within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the
blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive train, and the
difficulty of modelling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of analysing
and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

Figure 6.2

VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

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Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. Key
advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to
be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly variable, for
example when integrated into buildings. The key disadvantages include the low rotational speed
with the consequential higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently
lower power coefficient, the 360 degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each
cycle and hence the highly dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some
rotor designs on the drive train, and the difficulty of modeling the wind flow accurately and
hence the challenges of analyzing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.

CAD MODEL OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Figure 6.3

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With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground,
hence avoiding the need of a tower and improving accessibility for maintenance.
Drawbacks of this configuration include (i) wind speeds are lower close to the
ground, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine, and (ii) wind
shear is more severe close to the ground, so the rotor experiences higher loads. Air
flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can
introduce problems associated with vibration, such as noise and bearing wear
which may increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a
turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof
and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop
mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the
optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence.

Comparison between HAWT & VAWT

Figure 6.4
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CHAPTER - 7
MATERIALS & PROPERTIES

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CHAPTER - 7

MATERIALS & PROPERTIES

S.NO.

USED
MATERIALS

QUATITY

DIMESIONS

DESCRIPTIO
N

1)

Plywood

230*230*12.5
mm

1/2"

2)

Cycle Rim
hub

3)

Wood

330*25*25m
m

4)

Pipe

10 inch

6"

5)

Treaded rod

170mmEach

10mm

6)

Nut bolt

12

1/2"

3mm

7)

Nut bolt

10

2.5"

3mm

8)

Spur Gear

1set

65mm
Dia,30mmDi
a

9)

Pole

740*65*25
mm

10)

D.C.
GENERATOR

1
Figure 7.1

COMPONENTS USED
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220 V

1. CHANNELS
2. THREADED ROD
3. BLADES
4. SHAFT
5. BEARINGS
6. DYNAMO

PROPERTIES
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Youngs modulus
It is defined as the ratio of stress and strain, where the strain does not have units. Therefore
youngs modulus has the units of stress/mm2, Mpa , Gpa
The value for Mild Steel is 210*103Mpa

Hookes Law.
This law states that stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit.

Yield Stress
It is the value of stress at which the material continues to deform at constant load conditions. The
value for Mild Steel is 323.62Mpa

Ultimate Stress
It is the maximum stress induced in the specimen & it occurs in the plastic region.

Fracture Stress
As the reduction in cross sectional area continues, the load bearing capacity of specimen reduces
gradually. At a certain stage cross sectional of specimen is so small that it cannot sustain the load
& hence it breaks. The stress at which the specimen breaks is known as fracture stress. It is
generally less than ultimate stress for ductile materials.

Hardness
It is the measure of resistance to penetration &abrasion, which is a function of stress required to
produce some specified type of failure. It is generally expressed as a number.

Toughness
The ability of material to absorb energy in the plastic range is known as toughness. Toughness
per unit volume of the material is known as modulus of toughness.

Poissons ratio
The ratio between lateral strain and longitudinal strain is known as Poissons ratio. The value for
Mild Steel is 0.303.

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CHAPTER - 8
DESIGNING OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

CHAPTER - 8
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DESIGNING OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

A wind mill is machine for wind energy conversion. A wind turbine converts the kinetic energy
of the winds motion to mechanical energy transmitted by the shaft. A generator further converts
it to electrical energy. So it is necessary to keep in mind, while designing the windmills
structural part.

Design of blade
The blade length and rotor radius have a major contribution in the torque behavior
Of the turbine as can be deduced from the torque equation. In general as
Bigger these parameters, bigger the torque produced. These parameters are
Involved also in the solidity calculation. The solidity becomes an important parameter
when scaling down or up wind turbines and also determines the applicability
of the momentum model.
Wind turbine blades have on aerofoil type cross section and a variable pitch. While
designing the size of blade it is must to know the weight and cost of blades. In the project four
blades with vertical shaft are used, it has a height & radius of 25.4cm & 7.62cm respectively. The
angle between two blades is 900. So if one Blade moves other blades comes in the position of
first blade, so the speed is increases.

Blade Profile
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Figure 8.1 a

figure 8.1 b

Design of Gear
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or cogs, which mesh with
another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most cases with teeth on the one gear being of
identical shape, and often also with that shape on the other gear. Two or more gears working in
tandem are called a transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage through a gear
ratio and thus may be considered a simple machine. Geared devices can change the speed,
torque, and direction of a power source. The most common situation is for a gear to mesh with
another gear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a rack,
thereby producing translation instead of rotation. The Gear set used has diameter of 65mm and
30mm.Gear are generally provided for transmission and can to produce a mechanical
advantage through a gear ratio.

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 Design of Bearing
For the smooth operation of Shaft, bearing mechanism is used. To have very less friction loss the
two ends of shaft are pivoted into the same dimension bearing. The Bearing has diameter of 2.0
cm. Bearing are generally provided for supporting the shaft and smooth operation of shaft. We
have used ball bearings for the purpose of ease of maintenance.

An Electric Dynamo
For generation of electricity from the designed our vertical axis wind turbine, we chose a
Bicycle dynamo which has the capacity to light a bulb of 12 V.

Principle of Dynamo Operation

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo
machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic
field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion
of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the metal,
creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be
provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field
provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic
field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current.
However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no
known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by
messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is
essentially a rotary switch. It consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft,
combined with graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest such
fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the connection of the windings to

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the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct
current is produced.

Energy storage / battery

The output of generator is given to the battery for electric energy storage purpose.
The capacity of the battery is up to 12 V. Generally this battery is lead acid type battery and
also restorable. The supply of generator is given to the battery through a diode.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
A structural analysis will provide the limits of operation of the turbine, in terms of
rotational speed, in order to prevent structural failure. The analysis is done as
follows:
A configuration of the wind structure is proposed.
The maximum bending moment, normal and shear loads on a blade are
analyzed.
Consulting tables of mechanical properties of materials, the ultimate
stress modules are found.
The allowable stresses and loads are calculated using a safety factor.
The moment of inertia of the blade shape is found using a CAD program.
The numeric values of the allowable loads are calculated.
A check is done to see if the turbine is able to accelerate to a point where
the structural allowable limits can be surpassed.

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 Allowable stress and selected materials

The allowable stress is defined as:
Allowable stress= yield or ultimate strength / factor of safety.
with a factor of safety bigger than 1 if the structure has to avoid failure. For brittle
materials such as concrete or materials without a defined yield strength, like
wood, the ultimate strength instead the yield stress is used.
The ultimate strength is dependent on the material used; in this design, the
chosen material is PVC pipes for blades, and WOOD for beams and mast. The type of wood has
to be determined according to the local availability in each region.

Load analysis
The loads analyzed for the blade dimensioning are divided into centrifugal and
aerodynamic loads. The centrifugal force is dependent on both radius and the
square of the rotational speed.
FC = mr 2
where Fc is the centrifugal force [N], m is the blade mass [kg], R is the rotor radius
[m] and the rotational speed [rad/s].
The normal force Fn is the aerodynamic load, an analysis of the resultant of the
normal force and centrifugal force is made for one blade in a revolution. As they
have equal direction, their resultant is:
FR = Fc + Fn

Knowing the maximum allowable load for a given blade chord and a given material,
the maximum rpm for each rotor construction can be found. The aerodynamic
load is considered to be the load produced when the turbine achieves its
cut-out speed, which has been deduced from the average value found on appendix
4 and corresponds to 25 m/s.

SPECIFICATION OF WIND TURBINE

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 BASE DIMENSIONS
Height 41.5 inches
Width 30.5 inches

BLADE DIMENSIONS
Height 10 inches
Diameter 06 inches
Thickness 0.1 inches
Angle b/w blades 90

DYNAMO
12 VOLT
SPUR GEAR
65mm Dia, 30mm Dia
RESISTANCE
330 (In series)

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CHAPTER - 9
VARIOUS OPERATIONS INOVLVED IN FABRICATION
PROCESS

CHAPTER - 9

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VARIOUS OPERATIONS INOVLVED IN FABRICATION

PROCESS
The following were the fabrication techniques involved
1. DRILLINGDrilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular crosssection in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions
per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips from the hole as
it is drilled.

Figure 9.1 a

Types of drilling operations:45 | P a g e

Spot drilling
Center drilling
Deep hole drilling
Vibration Drilling

Drilling in wood
Wood being softer than most metals, drilling in wood is considerably easier and faster
than drilling in metal. Cutting fluids are not used or needed. The main issue in drilling wood is
assuring clean entry and exit holes and preventing burning. Avoiding burning is a question of
using sharp bits and the appropriate cutting speed. Drill bits can tear out chips of wood around
the top and bottom of the hole and this is undesirable in fine woodworking applications.

Figure 9.1 b

The ubiquitous twist drill bits used in metalworking also work well in wood, but they tend to
chip wood out at the entry and exit of the hole. In some cases, as in rough holes for carpentry, the
46 | P a g e

quality of the hole does not matter, and a number of bits for fast cutting in wood exist, including
spade bits and self-feeding bits. Many types of specialized drill bits for boring clean holes in
wood have been developed, including brad-point bits, bit sand hole saws. Chipping on exit can
be minimized by using a piece of wood as backing behind the work piece, and the same
technique is sometimes used to keep the hole entry neat.
Holes are easier to start in wood as the drill bit can be accurately positioned by pushing it into
the wood and creating a dimple. The bit will thus have little tendency to wander.

2. THREADING
Threading is the process of creating a screw thread. More screw threads are produced
each year than any other element. There are many methods of generating threads, including
subtractive methods (many kinds of thread cutting and grinding, as detailed below); reformative
or transformative methods (rolling and forming; molding and casting); additive methods (such
as 3D printing); or combinations thereof.

Figure 9.2

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Overview of methods
There are various methods for generating screw threads. The method chosen for any one
application is chosen based on constraintstime, money, degree of precision needed (or not
needed), what equipment is already available, what equipment purchases could be justified based
on resulting unit price of the threaded part (which depends on how many parts are planned), etc.
In general, certain thread-generating processes tend to fall along certain portions of the spectrum
from tool room-made parts to mass-produced parts, although there can be considerable overlap.
For example, thread lapping following thread grinding would fall only on the extreme tool room
end of the spectrum, while thread rolling is a large and diverse area of practice that is used for
everything from micro lathe lead screws (somewhat pricey and very precise) to the cheapest deck
screws (very affordable and with precision to spare).
Threads of metal fasteners are usually created on a thread rolling machine. They may also be cut
with a lathe, tap or die. Rolled threads are stronger than cut threads, with increases of 10% to
20% in tensile strength and possibly more in fatigue resistance and wear resistance

3. PIERCING
Blanking and piercing are shearing processes in which a punch and die are used to
modify webs. The tooling and processes are the same between the two, only the terminology is
different: in blanking the punched out piece is used and called a blank; in piercing the punched
out piece is scrap. The process for parts manufactured simultaneously with both techniques is
often termed 'pierce and blank'. An alternative name of piercing is punching.

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Figure 9.3

Tooling Design
The selection criteria of all process parameters are governed by the sheet thickness and
by the strength of the work piece material being pierced.
The punch-die clearance is a crucial parameter, which determines the load or pressure
experienced at the cutting edge of the tool, commonly known as point pressure. Excessive point
pressure can lead to accelerated wear and ultimately failure. the Surface quality of the trimmed
edge is severely affected by the clearance, too.
Material specific design guidelines are developed by companies in order to define the minimum
acceptable values of hole diameters, bridge sizes, slot dimensions. Similarly, the strip lay-out
must be determined (strip width and pitch). The bridge width between the parts and the edge
allowance between the part and the edge of the strip has to be selected, too.
A simple operation may only need a pancake die. While many dies perform complex procedures
simultaneously, a pancake die may only perform one simple procedure with the finished product
being removed by hand.

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4. Cutting
In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws", "fish saws", are
used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes. This is usually done in order to join the
pieces together and carve a wooden object. They usually operate by having a series of
sharp points of some substance that is harder than the wood being cut. The hand saw is a
bit like a tendon saw, but with one flat, sharp edge.
Handsaws have been around for thousands of years. Egyptian hieroglyphics exist
depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces. Materials for saw blades have
varied over the ages. There were probably bronze saws in the time before steel making
technology became extensively known and industrialized within the past thousand years
or so.
Sometimes cultures evolved two main types of saw teeth: the 'cross cut' saw teeth and the
'rip' saw teeth. Someone once described tree structure as being like hundreds of thousands
of straws bundled together. With this in mind one can imagine the different mechanism
needed to separate the straws lengthwise as opposed to cutting the straws crosswise.
Thus, saw shave saw teeth that are usually shaped, often with a metal file, in such a way
that they form a series of tiny knifelike edges. The wood cells (straws) are contacted by
the knife-edge of the tooth and cut. Rip saws, on the other hand, are usually shaped so
that they form a series of tiny chisel-like edges. The wood cells (straw-ends) are
contacted by the chisel and 'ripped' apart from the bundle of other cells.

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Figure 9.4

The development of saws was also affected by several factors. The first was the
importance of wood to a society, the development of steel and other saw-making
technologies and the type of power available. These factors were, in turn, influenced by
the environment, such as the types of ores available, the types of trees nearby and the
types of wood which was in those trees. Finally, the types of jobs the saws were to
perform was also important in the development of the technology.
Saws can also be considered 'pull cut' or 'push cut'. Hand saws are usually pull-cut and
are still used today. In the 1930s, the Kulibert-Stanley Tool Company popularized an
inexpensive saw. Many woodworkers have various theories about the advantages and
disadvantages of pull vs. push, and even experts will disagree on these matters, including
accuracy of cut, power available for cut, straightness of line, thinness of kerfs (the slit in
the wood that is made during cutting), etc

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CHAPTER - 10
CALCULATIONS

CHAPTER - 10
CALCULATION
THEORTICAL CALCULATIONS
The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the
wind to mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half its mass
times the square of its velocity, or mv 2.

K.E= mv2. .. (1)

K.E = kinetic energy
m=

mass

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v = velocity,
M is equal to its Volume multiplied by its density of air
M = SV

.. (2)

Substituting equ(2) in equ(1)

We get,.
K E = SV3

watts

= density of air ( 1.225 kg/m 3 )

S = rh
S

( Sq. m )

= *0.076*0.254

S = 0.0608 Sq.m

Available wind power P = ( S V3)

P = 1/2S V3 watt

TRAIL 1
FOR VELOCITY 4.5m/s
P = (1/2S V3) Watt
P = (*1.225*0.0608*4.5 3)
P = 3.40Watt
TRAIL 2
FOR VELOCITY 5.5m/s
P = (1/2S V3) Watt
P = (*1.225**0.0608*5.5 3)
P = 6.21Watt
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 TRAIL 3
FOR VELOCITY 7.5m/s
P = (1/2S V3) Watt
P = (*1.225*0.0608*7.5 3)
P = 15.73 Watt
TRAIL 4
FOR VELOCITY 10m/s
P = (1/2S V3) Watt
P = (*1.225*0.0608*10 3 )
P = 37.30 Watt

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CHAPTER - 11
APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER - 11

APPLICATIONS

Wind-turbine generators have been built a wide range of power outputs from kilowatt or so
to a few thousand kilowatts, machine of low power can generate sufficient electricity for
space heating & cooling & for operating domestic appliances.
Low power WEC generators have been used for many years for the corrosion protection of
buried metal pipe lines.

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Application of more powerful turbines up to about 50kw, are for operating irrigation
pumps. Navigational signal. Aero generators in the intermediate power range, roughly 100
to 25 kw can supply electricity to isolated populations.

Generate sufficient electricity for space heating & cooling & for operating domestic
appliances.

Application of more powerful turbines up to about 50kw, are for operating irrigation
pumps .

In various industrial process like: food processing, textile processing , production of

inorganic chemicals like chlorine, bromine etc

Wind powered pump can be used to desalinate water.

The powerful turbines(50kW), are for operating irrigation pumps , navigational signals
and remote communication.

In GRINDING MILLS for grinding the grains.

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CHAPTER - 12
ADVANTAGES
&
DISADVANTAGES

CHAPTER - 12

ADVANTAGES
They are mounted lower to the ground making it easy for maintenance if needed.
They start creating electricity at speeds of only 6 mph.
They may be able to be built at locations where taller structures, such as the horizontal
type, can't be.
Higher power utilization-- 20% higher than HAWT.
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 Lower noise level--only 27-37 DB, suitable for your living condition.

Safer operation--Spin at slower speeds decreasing the risk of injuring birds and also
decreasing noise level.

Simpler installation and maintenance.

Not affected by orientation variationno matter the wind blow from any orientation,
VAWT can work without regard to its face.
Economical and practical.
It is a renewable source of energy.

Wind power system are non-polluting so it has no adverse influence on the environment.

Can be installed in more locations - on roofs, along highways, in parking lots.

Wind energy system avoid fuel provision and transport.
On a small scale up to a few kilowatt system is less costly.

On a large scale costs can be competitive conventional electricity and lower costs could
be achieved by mass production.

DISADVANTAGES
Low performance and reliability.
Have never been commercially successful.
Complicated in structure, failure rate high.
wind energy efficiency is low.
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 cost higher.
Power generation capacity is low.
They produce very low starting torque, and exhibit dynamic stability problems.

The blades of a VAWT are prone to fatigue due to the wide variation in applied forces
during each rotation.

The vertically oriented blades used in early models twisted and bent during each turn,
causing them to crack

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CHAPTER - 13
CONCLUSION
&
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

CHAPTER 13
CONCLUSION

The cost of power generation from wind farms has now become lower than diesel power
and comparable to thermal power in several areas of our country especially near the
coasts.
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Our work and the results obtained so far are very encouraging and reinforces the
conviction that vertical axis wind energy conversion systems are practical and potentially
very contributive to the production of clean renewable electricity from the wind even
under less than ideal sitting conditions.

It is hoped that they may be constructed used high-strength, low- weight materials for
deployment in more developed nations and settings or with very low tech local materials
and local skills in less developed countries.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The development of effective alternators and dynamos can be used to harness wind energy from
relatively small winds. The use of materials like Acrylic Plastic Sheets can be used to develop
low cost VWAT.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eggleston, David M. Wind Turbine Engineering Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987.
Hunt, Daniel V. Wind power: A Handbook on Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Van

Nostrand Reinhold, 1981.

Kovarik, Tom, Charles Pupher, and John Hurst. Wind Energy. Domus Books, 1979.
Park, Jack. The Wind Power Book. Cheshire Books, 1981.
Putnam, Palmer Cosslett. Power from the Wind. Van Nostrand Company
http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wtrb/powerreg.htm

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