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Baltic Cable AB
205 09 Malmo, Sweden
1. INTRODUCTION
Permascand AB
840 10 Ljungaverk, Sweden
0885-8977/96/$05.00
0 1996 IEEE
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TABLE 1
DESIGN ASPECTS FOR DIFFERENT ELECTRODES TYPES
Design aspects
Distance to converter station (km)
Interference
Mechanicd stresses
Sea
>IO
possible
sea bed currents, ice
none
II
Shore (pond)
>10
possible
high waves, ice
none
Shore (buried)
Land
>IO
>10
possible
high waves, tide, ice
dry-our
possible
high winds
dv-out
Deep hole
0
possible
high pressure
dry-out
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1950
+ H,O
HOCl cs H'
c)
HCl + HOCl
-t OC1'
(1)
(2)
2 H,O
+ 4 H" + O,(g) + 4 e- ,
2 C1- -+ Cl,(g) + 2 e- ,
Eo (vs H,/Pt)
1.23 V (3)
Eo (vs H,/Pt)
1.36 V (4)
-0.83 V (5)
(T I) / (z F)
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(6)
1951
where T
3. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
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1952
TABLE 2.
THEORETICAL AND MEASURED VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION FOR THE BALTIC CABLE ANODE
Distance from the
electrode (km)
0.5
VRUsck
(V)
44.2
22.1
2
3
4
5
6
11.1
7.37
5.52
4.42
3.68
0.74
30
VOhlmvl"
(VI
30.1
19.3
11.4
8.3
6.5
5.1
4.5
1500m
\1100m
'Measured
(VI
10.0
(VI
3.83
2.39
1.94
1.56
1.17
0.96
0.83
0.42
2.20
1.70
1.50
132
1.15
1.04
0.40
0.8
v,=
Test Electrode
VFEM
22100lx
(7)
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1953
-C
lid
A. Gotland (anode)
I,
B. Konti-Skan (cathode) I,
C. Konti-Skan (anode) I,
D. Fenno-Skan (anode) I,
E. Baltic Cable (anode) I,
F. Baltic Cable (cathode) I,
(9)
=
=
=
=
=
=
700 A
1000 A
1000 A
1280 A
1364 A
1364 A
e , = 1.0 Rm
e,"= 0.3 Rm
e, = 0.27 Rm
e, = 1.6 Rm
e, = 0.8
e, = 0.8 Rm
Q. = 3000
fh
Ch
Q. =
2 fh
e, = 3000 fhn
e.
= 3000
e. =
e, =
200 f2m
150 f2m
&
R,
(1 1)
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1954
4. CONCLUSIONS
HVdc electrode interference can be minimized and acceptable
results can be achieved by including environmental aspects
into the electrode design. By selecting the correct combination
of electrode material and current load with regard to the
environment, the preferred electrode reactions will dominate
and the stability and selectivity will be good. The chlorine and
oxygen evolution process is dependent on the properties of the
surrounding medium, and the electrode size determines the
aggressiveness of the contaminants.
Detailed planning of the geographical run improves the
scope available for minimizing the total environmental impact.
REFERENCES
A Nyman, B Ekenstierna "Baltic HVdc Interconnection", CIGRE
SC14 colloquium Paper 6.3, 1993.
D Karlsson, J-0 Sjddin, S Nyberg, L Eriksson, "Deephole
ground electrode for HVdc transmission", Paper SPT PE 02-040301, IEEEKTH Stockholm Power Tech Conference, June 1995.
A Nyman, M Kuussaari, M Nielsen,
"Calculation and
measurements of the stray current effects of monopolar HVdc
systems", ClGRE paper 36-03, 1988 Session.
IEC Publication 479-1, "Effects of current on human beings and
livestock". third edition 1994-09.
C.M.A Bretf A.M.0 Brett, "Electrochemistry : Principal methodes
and applications", Oxford University Press, second edition, 1994.
U Jonsson, M Kuussaari, S Orivuori, A Nyman,
"Experiences of the mitigation of corrosion of buried
metal structures in the surroundings of monopolar
HVdc electrodes", CIGRE paper 36-201, 1992 Session.
E Uhlmann,
"Power transmission by
Springerverlag, Berlifleidelberg 1975.
direct current",
BIOGRAPHIES
Krister Tykeson was born in Asmundtorp, Sweden in 1956 and received his
M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Chalmers University of
Technology, Gothenburg in 1982. After working as researcher at the
university for a short period, he joined Sydkraft AB, where he was engaged
on substation design and developmen4 insulation coordination and EMTP
simulation studies In 1991, he joined the High Voltage Equipment and
Network Analysis Department at Sydkraft Konsult AB, and has been working
for the past four years on HVdc electrode design and interference studies in
the Baltic Cable HVdc project and other HVdc projects now in the course of
construction. Non-member of IEEE
Anders Nyman was born in Karlskrona, Sweden in 1957 and received his
M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm in 1982. Between 1982 and 1985, he was engaged on
ac and dc filter design at the Capacitor Department of ABB Cable in
Stockholm. In 1985, he joined Vattenfall (Swedish State Power Board) to
work in the entire HVdc field related to converter and electrode installations
for the Gotland 3, Konti-Skan 2 and Fenno-Skan HVdc links. Since 1991, he
has held the post of Project Manager for the converter and electrode stations
in the Baltic Cable HVdc project. Non-member of IEEE.
Hanna Carlsson was born in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1969 and received her
M.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering from the Chalmers University of
Technology, Gothenburg in 1993. She joined Permascand AB in 1994 to
work on the design of HVdc transmission electrodes such as sea, shore and
deep-hole electrodes. She also served as Project Manager for the production
of the sea electrode (anode) for the Kontek HVdc link. Non-member of IEEE.
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