INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

(SKMV 3413)

Dr. Mohd Farid bin Muhamad Said

Room : Block P21, Level 1, Automotive
Development Centre (ADC)
Tel : 07-5535449
Email: mfarid@fkm.utm.my

Topic 11: Heat Transfer in

Engines

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer within engines depends on so many different
variables that it is difficult to correlate one engine with
another.

These variables include the:

air-fuel ratio,
speed,

load,
brake mean effective pressure,
spark timing,

compression ratio,
Materials
size.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Engine Size

If two geometrically similar engines of different size

(displacement) are run at the same speed, and all other
variables (temperature, AF, fuel, etc.) are kept as close to
the same as possible, the larger engine will have a greater
absolute heat loss but will be more thermal efficient.
If the temperatures and materials of both engines are the
same, heat loss fluxes to the surroundings per unit area will
be about the same, but the absolute heat loss of the larger
engine will be greater due to larger surface areas.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Engine Speed
As speed increased, gas flow velocity into and out of the engine
goes up increase turbulence and convection heat transfer
coefficient.
Time of the cycle is less at higher speed, less heat transfer per
cycle occurs. This gives the engine a higher thermal efficiency at
higher speed.
At higher speeds, more cycles per unit time occur, but each cycle
lasts less time.
The net result is a slight rise in heat transfer loss with time (kW)
from the engine.
This is partly due to the higher heat losses for part of the cycle, but
is mostly due to the higher steady-state losses which the engine
establishes at higher speeds

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Engine Speed
All steady state temperatures within an engine goes up as engine
speed increases.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Engine Speed

Heat transfer to the engine coolant increases with higher speed:

= ( )

To stay at the same steady-state temperature as engine speed is

increased, more heat must be transferred to the surroundings from the
coolant in the automobile radiator heat exchanger.

At higher speed, there is also less time for heat transfer per cycle, which
means the engine runs hotter, and a hotter engine has a greater knock
problem.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Engine Load

As load increased, heat transfer within the engine also goes up by:

=
= convection heat transfer coefficient
= surface area at any point
= temperature difference at that point

Engine temperatures increase with load.

At light loads less fuel is injected and burned, creating a cooler steadystate temperature. This decreases the corresponding heat transfer.

At heavy load more fuel is injected and burned, and the resulting steadystate temperature is higher. This causes a greater convective heat
transfer.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Spark Timing
More power and higher temperatures are generated when the
spark setting is set to give maximum pressure.
These higher peak temperatures will create a higher momentary
heat loss, but this will occur over a shorter length of time.

With spark timing set either too early or too late, combustion
efficiency and average temperatures will be lower.
These lower temperatures will give less peak heat loss, but the
heat losses will last over a longer length of time and the overall
energy loss will be greater.

EFFECT OF ENGINE OPERATING

VARIABLES ON HEAT TRANSFER
Other variables that effect on heat transfer include:
Fuel equivalence ratio
Evaporation cooling

Inlet air temperature

Coolant temperature
Engine materials

Compression ratio
Knock
Swirl and squish

Example 2