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Making 3G simple
The problem with trusting
infrastructure vendors with the
technical burden is that few have
field experience of this type of
access technology. Common
features of CDMA and W-CDMA
like cell breathing and pilot
pollution simply do not appear in
TDMA systems like GSM.
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Definition What
is IMT-2000?
IMT-2000 is a
general term for
technologies
planned to be
included in the
ITUs world
standards for
third generation
(3G) mobile
communication.
IMT-2000
Back in the early 1990s the ITU
anticipated such developments and
4
Today, the
commercial
success of early
mobile services
can be difficult
to understand
An early version
of the mobile
vision, courtesy
of Bell Labs
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5
Access technologies
Operators want network
technology to maximize capacity
and guarantee the best possible
standards of call quality. To a large
measure, both of these factors
depend on the amount of spectrum
that has been allocated, the amount
of traffic expected on the network
and the way the access or air
interface technology handles calls
or data transmissions.
There are three main cellular access
technologies and each uses radio
frequency in a significantly
Fact Analogue
calls are
significantly less
efficient than
digital calls.
Analogue signals
are very
susceptible to
distortion, which
is why analogue
phones need
much more
power to achieve
acceptable call
quality than
digital phones.
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f6
f2
f1
f5
f3
f4
Power
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6
f7
Frequency
Technical stuff
TDMA requires
strict signalling
and timeslot
synchronization.
A digital control
channel provides
synchronization
functionality as
well as adding
voice mail and
message
notification.
Technical stuff
What is direct
sequence spread
spectrum
technology?
This is a spread
spectrum
technique used
by W-CDMA that
spreads its signal
continuously
over a wide
frequency band.
The idea is that a
data signal at the
sending station is
mapped into a
higher data rate
bit sequence
using something
known as a
chipping code.
The chipping
code introduces
protection that
allows data
recovery if
certain bit errors
occur during
transmission.
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Technical stuff
Bandwidth
should not be
confused with
the term band
eg, a Samsung
phone that
operates on the
900MHz band.
Bandwidth is
about the space
it occupies on
that band. The
relative
importance of
bandwidth in
wireless
communications
is that the size,
or bandwidth,
of a channel
will impact
transmission
speed. In other
words, a great
deal of data
flowing through
a narrow channel
takes longer than
the same amount
through a
broader channel.
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Services and
applications
Applications
Services
Control
Bearer
SGSN
MSC
GGSN
HLR
PSTN
PDN
IP/ATM
2G/3G
core network
BSC
RNC
BTS
RNC
Node B
Node B
GERAN
UTRAN
Access network
Fact CDMA
signals are
encoded using a
pseudo-random
sequence each
of which
corresponds to a
different
communication
channel that
the receiver also
knows and can
use to decode
the received
signal.
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11
Packet evolution
There are two main reasons why
GSM operators need to upgrade to
W-CDMA.
The circuit-switched
approach means that when
a call is set up a dedicated
circuit is established
between caller and called.
The drawback with this
technique is that most of
the network resources
associated with that circuit
path are unavailable to
anyone else for the
duration of the call. This is
fine for voice-centric
activity as there are not
many silent (unused)
periods in the course of a
conversation. However,
circuit-switched technology is
unacceptably inefficient for handling
mobile data applications.
Although during a voice call there
are obviously a few quiet periods, if
the call is being used for data traffic
the typically bursty nature of such
traffic and the manner in which it is
used mean there will be considerable
Technical stuff
A 2G circuitswitched GSM
radio access
network is
typically
connected to the
mobile switching
centre (MSC), and
then on to the
public switched
telephone
network (PSTN).
The radio access
network consists
of a number of
base transceiver
stations (BTS)
and base station
controllers (BSC).
Adding GPRS
requires software
upgrades to the
base stations and
BSCs, and the
addition of a
packet data
network.
From a users
perspective,
customers need
GPRS-capable
terminals and
PC-interface
cards.
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13
Application layer
Application layer
Gateway mobile
location centre
Voicemail
Gateway mobile
location centre
Voicemail
Intelligent
networking
Short messaging
service platform
Intelligent
networking
Short messaging
service platform
PDN
GGSN
PSTN
PSTN
MSC
BSC
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
SGSN
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSS
Access layer
IP backbone
network
MSC
BSS
Access layer
Remember
Circuit-switched
network: A
communication
network that
uses a type of
connection that
establishes a
continuous link
between calling
and called users
for their
exclusive use
until the
connection is
released.
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Remember
Packet-switched
network: A
communications
network that
uses shared
facilities to route
data packets
from and to
different users.
Unlike a
circuit-switched
network, a
packet-switched
network does
not set up
dedicated circuits
for each session.
Services and
applications
Applications
Services
Control
Bearer
SGSN
MSC
GGSN
HLR
PSTN
PDN
IP/ATM
2G/3G
core network
BSC
RNC
RNC
BTS
Node B
Node B
GERAN
UTRAN
Access network
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Fact What is
the GERAN? The
3GPP release 5
specified the
second
generation GSM/
EDGE radio
access network
(GERAN) that can
connect through
a 3G core
network through
a Iu interface.
The challenges
So what are the extra complexities
of a W-CDMA solution? Well, these
fall into three main areas:
universal re-use of the same
wideband channel increases
capacity in a given bandwidth,
but requires that co-channel
interference be properly
managed;
Capacity planning
Definition What
is an algorithm?
An algorithm is
just a formal and
rigorous set of
instructions or
procedures for
solving a
problem.
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19
Co-channel interference
With W-CDMA systems, all users
make use of the same wideband
channel and the result is that
everyone interferes with everyone
elses signals. Co-channel
interference is simply the term that
describes the interference between
mobile terminals on the same or
adjacent frequencies.
A key design factor in planning a
cellular system is to avoid or
minimize co-channel interference.
With 2G GSM networks co-channel
interference is not a major issue
because frequency channels are
only re-used within distant cells. In
W-CDMA, on the other hand,
Fact Soft
handover often
takes place if a
mobile device is
roughly midway
between cells or
on the dividing
line between
sectors. The
feature permits
calls to continue
even through
regions where
the signal from
any one cell
would not be
strong enough to
keep the call up.
Cell 2
Hard handover
region
Freq 1
Freq 1
Soft handover
region
RNC
UTRAN
Node B
Node B
Node B
PSTN
lu
Core
HLR
3G
SGSN
ps
3G
MSC
3G
GGSN
cs
IP Core
ATM Core
IP
PDN
ATM or IP
Network Backbone
Switching functions
The switching element of the core
network is essential for routing or
directing voice and data traffic to
other parts of the network and
beyond. As we have seen, there are
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ATM or IP
Other UMTS
UMSCs
3G network overview
Control plane
Bearer plane
Wireless
Access
Gateway
IP
switch
Media
Server
Trunk
Access
Gateway
UTRAN
PSTN
Lucent Flexent
MSC
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23
Backbone functions
Because todays networks now need
to handle a cocktail of voice, mobile
data and multimedia applications,
the backbone of the mobile
infrastructure needs to keep pace
with demands from other parts of
the network. The move to packet
technology has already had a
significant impact on network
architecture.
Some of the main network
elements affected by the packet
revolution are the GPRS support
nodes (GSNs). Although as its name
implies the GSN was invented for
2.5G networks, it will also be
implemented in next generation
networks. In the move to 3G,
however, this part of infrastructure
technology will undergo significant
upgrades.
There are two types of GSN within
the core network a gateway GSN
(GGSN) and a serving GSN (SGSN).
The GGSN looks after connections
to other networks; the SGSN is
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Technical stuff
What is X.25?
X.25 is an early
standard protocol
for packetswitched data
networks that
specifies the
interfaces
between data
terminal
equipment and
the packetswitched
network, and
how data is
assembled into
packets.
Lucent Flexent
OneBTS
Macrocell
(indoor variant)
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25
Fact Enhanced
observed time
difference E-OTD
is an alternative
location
technology that
works by
comparing time
differences
between signals
received at the
users handset
and a fixed
measuring point
known as the
location
measurement
unit.
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Transport technology in
W-CDMA networks
The move to 3G means faster data
rates and increasingly sophisticated
services and applications for
RNC
IP
HLR
ATM
SDH
DWDM
DNS,
DHCP and
Firewall
SGSN
MSC
GGSN
Internet protocol
Using an industry-standard protocol
like IP means that the infrastructure
that supports the wireless network
is cost-effective to build. This is
because a network that uses this
standard only needs one type of
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UMTS drivers
The answer is an unqualified Yes!
And to see why we should forget
about operators licence rollout
commitments for the moment and
focus on the commercial
imperatives that drive the 3G
business case.
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31
Services and
applications
Applications
Services
Control
Bearer
SGSN
MSC
GGSN
HLR
PSTN
PDN
BSC
RNC
BTS
RNC
Node B
Node B
GERAN
UTRAN
Access network
While 2003 saw MMS terminals become a mass-market phenomenon in some markets, low
penetration of terminals with integrated cameras prevented person-to-person MMS from becoming
a mass-market service. MMS is fuelled by content and this needs to be generated either by users
Analysts Northstream
themselves with camera phones, or by operators or other third-party players.
Definition
What is MMS?
Multimedia
messaging
service is similar
to short message
service (SMS),
but in addition to
text content
MMS can contain
images, graphics,
voice, and audio
clips. MMS
standards are
defined by 3GPP
and the open
mobile alliance
(OMA).
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Visiongain believes that superior content will be one of the main reasons that
subscribers will switch to 3G networks. In time it will be one of the reasons that
subscribers switch between 3G operators. Once 3G markets mature, the retention
of subscribers in 3G networks will be determined by the quality and range of
Analysts Visiongain
content and services provided by the operator.
into the enterprise space ahead of
the crowd.
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35
I find it impossible to believe a service like m-commerce wont be successful. Just think about micropayments the ability to pay parking costs, taxi fares, theatre tickets and small change transactions
via a mobile device. Once this service begins to be adopted and universally available I think it will
be one of these things that well ask ourselves how we did without it. In terms of investment and
development, it does take a leap of faith and I think this is why its taken so long to get there.
Bill Best, CTO, GSM Association
Fact A 2003
survey* found
that 32 per cent
of wireless users
and 38 per cent
of wireless
internet users
were willing to
pay a monthly
fee for location
based services.
The majority of
those willing to
pay would spend
up to US$5 to
US$10 per month
to receive such
services, on top
of normal
monthly service
changes.
>>
*In-Stat/MDR
37
Making it happen
It should be clear that to kick-start
the new revenues required to
make 3G a success, operators need
to focus on secure mobile data
solutions for the enterprise. This is
>
39
Optimizing networks
The common features of CDMA
and W-CDMA, which include
characteristics of behavior in spread
spectrum networks such as cell
breathing and pilot pollution, do
not appear in technologies such as
GSM. Understanding these aspects
of the technology is critical for
efficient cost-effective
deployment.
Lucents suite of CDMA
optimization tools has been
modified and enhanced for
W-CDMA networks. This suite can
be used throughout the design and
optimization process for
pre-optimization of the RF network;
initial optimization for installing
and integrating sites; and for
ongoing analysis of network data,
identifying trends and trouble
shooting to maintain network
quality and customer satisfaction.
It includes products such as the
Ocelot predictive cell optimization
tool, which can configure cell sites
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Acronyms
D
E
2G 2nd Generation
3G 3rd Generation
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API Application Programmable Interface
ARIB Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses
ARPU Average Revenue Per User
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
bps Bits Per Second
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile
Enhanced Logic
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CN Core Network
CODEC Coder/Decoder
CPU Central Processing Unit
CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication
Standard group
DSC Digital Switching Centre
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global
Evolution
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
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43
K
L
M
IN Intelligent Networks
IP Internet Protocol
IS-95 Interim Standard-95 (CDMA standard)
ITU International Telecommunication Union
Iub Interface between Node B and RNC
IUN International UMTS Number
Iur Interface between RNCs
kbps or kb/s kilobits per second
kHz kiloHertz
LAN Local Area Network
LBS Location Based Services
MIN Mobile Identification Number
MM Multimedia Message
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator
MVPN Mobile Virtual Private Network
NN Network Node
NNI Network Node Interface (ATM)
Node B 3G base station
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OA&M Operations, Administration
and Maintenance
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OMA Open Mobile Alliance
OPEX Operating Expenditure
OS Operating System
OSI Open or Operating Systems
Interconnection
OSS Operation Support Systems
PBX Public Branch or Business Exchange
PCI Peripheral Connect Interface
PCIA Personal Communications Industry
Association
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association
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Q
R
Response Centres:
EMEA
Tel: +44 (0) 7000 582 368
Fax: +44 (0) 1344 488 045
Email: mobility@lucent.com
Asia Pacific
Email: wirelessap@lucent.com
NAR/CALA
Tel: +1 888 426 2252
Fax: +1 314 317 6480
This document is for planning purposes only and is not
intended to modify or supplement any specifications or
warranties or tariffs relating to these products. Any
technical specifications contained herein are approximate
and subject to change without notice.