2nd Asia-Australia Dairy Goat Conference, 3-6 April 2014, Bogor, Indonesia

Effect of Administration of Clove and Orange Peel Oils on Milk Yield and
Composition in Dairy Goat
1,*

M. Nasir Rofiq , Murat Gorgulu2, M. Boga2

1

LAPTIAB, The Agency for the Assement and Application Technology, Serpong, 15314,Indonesia
2
Animal Science Department, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, 01330, Turkey
*nasir_rofiq@yahoo.com

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral infusion of clove (CO, eugenol) and orange peel oils
(OP, limonene) on milk yield and composition of dairy goats. Forty lactating goats having 46.837.94 kg live weight,
71.8811.33 day in milk and 1.590.33 kg milk/day were allocated in 4 treatments: (1) control, (2) administration of
1.8 g/d CO, (3) administration of 1.8 g/d OP, (4) administration of CO and OP Administration of CO, OP and their
combination had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, fat corrected milk yield
(FCM) and milk composition (TS, SNF, fat, protein, lactose, casein and urea) concentration. The results revealed that
essential oil may not have any effect on milk yield and composition under the feeding condition of 60/40 concentrate
roughage ratio in the lower yielding dairy goats
Keywords

clove oil, orange peel oil, dairy goat, milk yield, milk composition.

1. Introduction
Current interest in ruminant production industry is focused on trying to improve production
efficiency using essential oils. Major components of clove essential oils are eugenol and
b-caryophilene[1].Dietary addition of essential oils changed all ruminal fermentation products[2]
and decreased VFA concentration[3]. In vivo experiments using a blended oils containing eugenol
of 0.5 g/day/cow had no effect on dry matter intake and milk yield, but increased fat content in
milk[4]. Limonene or dipentene is the major component of orange peel oil which was less reported
as a rumen modifier. The combination of essential oils may result in additive and/or synergitic
effects that may enhance efficiency of rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient utilization in
ruminants. This research was deigned to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of mixed clove and
orange peel oil on milk production and composition in dairy goats.

2. Material and Method

Forty lactating German Fawn (3/4) x Hair Crossbred (1/4) goats having 46.837.94 kg live
weight, 71.8811.33 day in milk and 1.590.33 kg milk/day were allocated in 4 treatments. The
treatments were: (1) control, (2) oral administration of 1.8 g/d CO, (3) oral administration of 1.8
g/d OP, 4) oral administration of CO and OP. The goats were assigned and analyzed in two by two
factorial arrangement in a completely randomized designed. Goats were fed ad libitum with total
mixed ration (TMR) contaning 60% concentrate and 40% alfalfa chopped into 1-2 cm size. Oral
administration of essential oil was made everyday in the morning for 5 weeks experimental
period. Variables measured were dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, fat corrected milk yield
(FCM) and milk composition (TS, SNF, fat, protein, lactose, casein and urea).

3. Results and Discussion

Combination between OP 1.8 g/day (containing 320 mg cinnamaldehyde mg/day) and CO 1.8
g/day (containing 1750.64 mg/day eugenol) had no effect on dry matter intake (P >0.05). This
result showed that the oral administration of CO and OP at these doses did not decrease feed
palatability as well. Milk yield (MY) and 4% fat corrected milk (4% FCM) were similar with
control. Live weight change (LWC) had a range between 69.11 g/day to 113.39 g/day. Oral
administration of only CO 1.8 d/day had the highest LWC and MY with the lowest MPE value.
There were no sinergistic effect of the combination of OP and CO on the LWC and MY (P>0.05).
The similar feed intake among treatments resulted in similar nutrient intakes of experimental

2nd Asia-Australia Dairy Goat Conference, 3-6 April 2014, Bogor, Indonesia

goats. High nutrient intake such as crude protein intake which was higher than the requirement
(308.09 316.85 g/d > 265 g/d) might mask essential oil effect due to excess of the available
nutrients. This means that good nutritional status of the goat in all treatments might limit the effect
of essential oils on the performance, milk yield and composition.
Table 1. Nutrient intake, weight gain, milk yield and composition in goats having oral administration of OP,
CO and its combination
CO-0
OP-0
DMI (g/d)
DMI (g/KgW0.75)
CPI (g/d)
MEI (Mcal/d)
LW (kg)
LWC (g/day)
MY (kg)
4%FCM (kg)
MPE1
MPE2
4%FCM (kg)
TS (%)
SNF (%)
Fat (%)
Protein (%)
Lactose (%)
Casein (%)
MUN (mg/dl)

1935.65
107.21b
316.85
3.90
47.54
106.94
1.53
1.57
1.51
1.47
1.57
12.72
8.45
4.21
3.49
4.28
2.74
38.90

CO1.8
OP 1.8
1913.28
102.87ab
313.19
3.85
49.60
69.11
1.52
1.57
1.49
1.44
1.57
12.70
8.35
4.29
3.46
4.19
2.72
39.36

P Value

OP-0

OP 1.8

SE

CO

1882.07
104.44ab
308.08
3.79
47.90
113.39
1.62
1.7
1.40
1.32
1.7
12.91
8.44
4.40
3.51
4.21
2.74
39.03

1820.00
97.34a
297.92
3.67
49.01
92.74
1.49
1.54
1.48
1.43
1.54
12.84
8.51
4.24
3.52
4.32
2.77
38.99

53.05
2.41
8.68
0.11
2.20
18.28
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.28
0.13
0.24
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.67

0.18
0.10
0.18
0.18
0.96
0.47
0.75
0.61
0.54
0.37
0.61
0.55
0.57
0.74
0.69
0.56
0.69
0.86

OP
0.43
0.03
0.43
0.43
0.48
0.16
0.49
0.37
0.75
0.60
0.37
0.87
0.96
0.83
0.92
0.91
0.95
0.75

OP*CO
0.71
0.58
0.71
0.71
0.83
0.68
0.57
0.38
0.64
0.39
0.38
0.94
0.49
0.54
0.85
0.10
0.71
0.71

Note: DMI = dry matter intake, OMI = organic matter intake, CPI = crude protein intake,
MEI = metabolism Energy Intake, LW = Final live
weight, LWC = live weight change, MY = milk yield, FCM = fat corrected Milk, MPE1 = DMI/MY, MPE2 = DMI/FCM, TS = total solid, SNF
= solid non fat, MUN = milk urea nitrogen

3. Conclussion
Essential oil may not have any effect on milk yield and milk composition under the feeding
condition of 60/40 concentrate roughage ratio in the lower yielding dairy goats. Combination of
orange peel oils (OP) 1.8 g/d and clove oils 1.8 g/day had no synergic or addition effect to change
milk yield and composition. Administration of EO with mixed and microencapsulated method), in
higher doses and giving twice a day were recommended.

4. References
[1] Kung, L., Williams, P., Schmidt, R. J., Hu W., 2008. A Blend of Essentials Oils Used an
Additive to Alter Sillage Fermentation or Used as a feed Additive for Lactating Dairy Cows. J.
Dairy Sci., 91:4793-4800
[2] Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret. P. W. Cardozo, and C.Kamel. 2005. Screening for the
effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial
fermentation continuous culture. Anim. Feed Sci. technol. 123:597-613
[3] Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Losa R., 2007. Effects of essential oils active
compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in vitro system. J. dairy. Sci.
89 : 2649 2658
[4] Santos, M. B. P.H. robinson., P. Williams and R. Losa. 2010. Effects of addition of an essential
oil complex to the diet of lactating dairy cows on whole tract digestion of nutrients and
productive performance. J. Of Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 157(2010) : 64-71