What Is Thermal Power Plant?

A thermal power station is a plant where water is heated, until it turns into
steam which drives the steam engine. When it runs through the system it is
condensed and turned to water state again and is re-heated. It goes through the
same system as are cycling process. On the other hand Dendro thermal power
is the production of electricity from wood

COMPONENT PARTS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station

1. Cooling tower
10. Steam Control valve
11. High pressure steam
2. Cooling water pump
turbine
3. Transmission line (3-phase)
12. Deaerator
4. Step-up transformer (3-phase)
13. Feedwater heater
5. Electrical generator (3-phase)
14. Coal conveyor
6. Low pressure steam turbine
15. Coal hopper
7. Condensate pump
16. Coal pulverizer
8. Surface condenser

17. Boiler steam drum

9. Intermediate pressure steam

turbine

18. Bottom ash hopper

19. Superheater
20. Forced draught (draft) fan
21. Reheater
22. Combustion air intake
23. Economiser
24. Air preheater
25. Precipitator
26. Induced draught (draft)
fan
27. Flue-gas stack

WHAT IS BOILER :
Boiler is an energy conversion device, the energy input to the boiler with the
fuel chemical energy, electrical energy, high-temperature flue gas heat, etc., and
after boiler conversion, exporting has a certain heat of steam, hot water or
organic heat carrier . The original meaning refers to the pot on the fire heated
the water container, fuel burning furnace refers to the place, including the
boiler and furnace boiler two parts. Boiler to generate hot water or steam
directly for industrial production and people's lives to provide the necessary
heat, steam power plant can also be converted to mechanical energy, or through
the generator to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Boiler to
provide hot water as hot water boilers, mainly for domestic, industrial
production is also a small amount of applications. Steam boiler as steam
boilers, often referred to as boiler, used for thermal power plants, ships,
locomotives and industrial and mining enterprises.
Fired Boiler
Steam Boilers
Acme Electric Boilers

Definition of Boiler
Steam boiler or simply a boiler is basically a closed vessel into which water is
heated until the water is converted into steam at required pressure. This is most
basic definition of boiler.

Working Principle of Boiler

The basic working principle of boiler is very very simple and easy to
understand. The boiler is essentially a closed vessel inside which water is
stored. Fuel (generally coal) is bunt in a furnace and hot gasses are produced.
These hot gasses come in contact with water vessel where the heat of these hot
gases transfer to the water and consequently steam is produced in the boiler.
Then this steam is piped to the turbine of thermal power plant. There are many
different types of boiler utilized for different purposes like running a
production unit, sanitizing some area, sterilizing equipment, to warm up the
surroundings etc. Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler

Steam Boiler Efficiency

The percentage of total heat exported by outlet steam in the total heat supplied
by the fuel(coal) is called Steam boiler efficiency.

It includes with thermal efficiency, combustion efficiency & fuel to steam

efficiency. Steam boiler efficiency depends upon the size of boiler used. A
typical efficiency of steam boiler is 80% to 88%. Actually there are some losses
occur like incomplete combustion, radiating loss occurs from steam boiler
surrounding wall, defective combustion gas etc. Hence, efficiency of steam
boiler gives this result.

Advantages
1) It is quite compact in construction.
2) Fluctuation of steam demand can be met easily.
3) It is also quite cheap.

Disadvantages
1) As the water required for operation of the boiler is quite large, it requires
long time for rising steam at desired pressure.
2) As the water and steam are in same vessel the very high pressure of
steam is not possible.
3) The steam received from fire tube boiler is not very dry.

Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate
collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using
the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are
highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases
through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust
and smoke from the air stream.^ In contrast to wet scrubbers which apply
energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP applies energy only to the
particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its
consumption of energy (in the form of electricity).

Advantages

Disadvantages

Handles very large gas volumes

and heavy dust loads with low

operating

pressure drop.

installed/purchased.

Very high collection efficiencies,

even for very small particles.

materials,

and

high

Low operating costs, except at

very high efficiencies.
Durable - has long service life
requiring little maintenance.

Cannot

control

Very

dependent

electrical

temperatures.

conditions

once
gaseous

emissions

Can handle corrosive materials,

wet

Not very flexible to changes in

resistively

on

the

of

the

particulate.

High capital (equipment) costs

Very large footprint - takes up a

lot of space.

ESP Operation
Electrostatic precipitators use electrostatic charges to separate particles from a
dirty gas stream. High voltage, direct current electrodes are used to establish a
strong electric field. This field (known as a corona) delivers a (usually)
negative charge to particles as they pass through the device. This charge forces
the particles onto the walls of collection plates or tubes. These collection
surfaces (or collection electrodes) are then rapped, vibrated, or washed with
water to dislodge the particles, which fall into a hopper to be disposed.

Two Stage ESP

In summary, the major components of a precipitator include:

Collection electrodes
Discharge electrodes
High voltage power supply
Precipitator controls
Rapping or spray washing systems
Purge air systems

COOLING TOWER

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat
and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case
of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid
to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil
refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and
HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of
air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft
and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid
structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall
and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over
40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid cooling
towers are often associated with nuclear power plants, although they are also
used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants.
Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling
towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to
discharge heat from air conditioning.

CHIMNEY
A chimney is a structure which provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke
from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys
are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases
flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack,
or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may
be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the United States, the
term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used when referring to locomotive
chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used.
The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the
external environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants
at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. In
the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently tall chimney can allow
for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne chemicals before they
reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce
their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits.

TURBINE GENERATOR

Principle of Operation and design:

An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant
entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal
to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly
isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 2090%
based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises
several sets of blades or buckets. One set of stationary blades is connected to
the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets
intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of
sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.