Dynamic Model

Chapter 24
Dynamic Models
Motor dynamic models are required for dynamic motor starting, transient stability, and generator starting
studies. Generator dynamic models and some control units (exciters, governors, and Power System
Stabilizier [PSS]) are only needed for transient stability studies. In addition, load torque characteristics for
different types of models are required for both motor starting and transient stability studies. ETAP
provides a variety of induction and synchronous machine models, plus extensive libraries for exciters,
governors, and PSS for you to select from to perform your studies.
For dynamic motor acceleration studies, only the motors that are accelerated need to have a dynamic
model, i.e., generators, exciters, and governors are not dynamically modeled. For transient stability
studies, all generators, exciters, and governors are dynamically modeled. Motors, which have dynamic
models and are designated to be dynamically modeled from the study case, will be dynamically modeled.
For generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies, all generators, exciters,
governors, and motors have to use frequency dependent models.
This chapter describes different types of machine models, machine control unit models, load models, and
explains their applications in motor starting and transient stability studies. It also describes tools that
assist you to select those models and specify model parameters.
The induction machine models section describes five different types of induction machine models and the
frequency dependent forms of these models. Those are Circuit Models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2)
and Characteristic Curve Models. In the synchronous machine models section, descriptions of five
different types of synchronous machine models and the frequency dependent forms of these models are
given. Those are Equivalent Model, Transient Model for round-rotor machines, Sub-transient Model for
round-rotor machines, Transient Model for salient-pole machines, and Sub-transient Model for salientpole machines. Motor starting and transient stability studies also require the utility tie system to be
modeled as an equivalent machine. A description of the modeling of power grid systems is found in the
section Power Grid. Different types of exciter and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) models, including
standard IEEE models and vendor special models, are defined in the Exciter and AVR Models section.
Governor-turbine models that are also based on both IEEE standards and vendors product manuals are
listed in the Governor-turbine Models section. PSS models that are also based on both IEEE standards
and vendors product manuals are listed in the PSS Models section. Finally, different types of load
models are described in the Mechanical Load section.
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1 Induction Machine

ETAP provides five different types of induction machine models, which cover all commonly, used
induction machine designs. These models are:
Single1 CKT Model
Single2 CKT Model
DBL1 CKT Model
DBL2 CKT Model
Characteristic Curve Model
Frequency Dependent Model
In general, Single1, Single2, DBL1, and DBL2 are referred to as CKT (circuit) models, because they all
use equivalent circuits to represent an induction machine stator and rotor windings. These models can be
used for both dynamic motor starting and transient stability studies. Characteristic models use machine
performance curves specified at some discrete points to represent an induction machine. It can be used for
dynamic motor starting studies, but is not suitable for transient stability studies.
Note that the models described in this section are also employed by synchronous motors for motor
starting studies since, during starting, synchronous motors behave similarly to induction motors. This
modeling procedure is approved by the industrial standards.
Notations and Symbols

The following notations are used in defining various parameters for induction machine models:
Rs =
Xs =
Xm =
Rr =
Xr =
Xlr =
Xoc =
Tdo =
X/R =
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Magnetizing reactance
Rotor resistance
Rotor reactance
Locked-rotor reactance ( = Xs + XmXr/(Xm + Xr) )
Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm )
Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr)/(2fRr) )
Machine X/R ratio
Plus the notations used in the machine electrical and mechanical equations:
E
It
s
m
s
f
H
D
Pm
Pe
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Machine internal voltage

Machine terminal current
Machine synchronous speed
Machine mechanical speed
Machine slip ( = (s - m)/s )
Synchronous frequency
Machine shaft inertia
Damping factor (this value is negligible)
Mechanical output power
Electrical input power
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.1 Single1 Model

This is the least complex model for a single-cage induction machine, with no deep-bars. It is essentially
using a Thevenin equivalent circuit to represent the machine. The rotor circuit resistance and reactance
are assumed constants; but the internal voltage will change depending on the machine speed.
Parameters for this model are:
E
X
Xoc
Tdo
X/R
Machine internal voltage

Transient reactance ( = Xlr = Xs + XmXr/(Xm + Xr))
Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm )
Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr)/(2fRr) )
Machine X/R ratio ( = X/R)
Note that the X/R value is obtained from the library and is not the same X/R used for short-circuit
calculations.
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.2 Single2 Model

This is the standard model for induction machines, representing the magnetizing branch, stator, and rotor
circuits, and accounts for the deep-bar effect. The rotor resistance and reactance linearly change with the
machine speed.
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rrfl
Rrlr
Xrfl
Xrlr
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Rotor resistance at full load
Rotor resistance at locked-rotor
Rotor reactance at full load
Rotor reactance at locked-rotor
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
The actual rotor resistance and reactance are calculated based on the full load and locked-rotor values and
machine operating slip. The relationships of rotor impedance with slip are shown below:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.3 DBL1 Model

This CKT model represents double cage induction machines with integrated bars. The rotor resistance and
reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds; however, the equivalent impedance of the two
rotor circuits becomes a non-linear function of the machine speed.
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rr1
Rr2
Xr1
Xr2
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.4 DBL2 Model

This is another representation of double cage induction machines with independent rotor bars. The same
as the DBL1 model, the rotor resistance and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds,
and the equivalent impedance of the two rotor circuits is a non-linear function of the machine speed. The
DBL2 model has a different characteristic than the DBL1 model.
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rr1
Rr2
Xr1
Xr2
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.5 Characteristic Curve Model

This model provides the capability to model induction machines directly based on machine performance
curves provided by the manufacturer. Although only a discrete set of points is required to specify each
curve, ETAP uses advanced curve fitting techniques to generate continuous curves for calculation
purposes.
Curves specified in this model include:
Torque vs. Slip

Current (I) vs. Slip
Power Factor (PF) vs. Slip
Note that this model is only used for motor starting studies. For transient stability studies you can use the
Machine Parameter Estimation program to convert this model into one of the CKT models.
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.6 Frequency Dependent Model

In transient stability studies, the frequency dependent models of induction machines are used. ETAP
provides the frequency dependent forms for the four types of circuit models (Single1, Single2, DBL1,
DBL2). In these models, the stator and rotor reactance and slip of machine are functions of system
frequency. The following is the equivalent circuit for a double cage induction machine model with
independent rotor bars (DBL2).
Rs
s Ls
is
Vs
sLr1
sLr2
Rr1/s
Rr2/s
s Lm
Rs
Ls
Lm
Rr1
Rr2
Lr1
Lr2
Stator resistance
Stator inductance
Magnetizing inductance
Rotor inductance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor inductance for the second rotor circuit
System speed
Motor slip
The data interface and library for the frequency dependent forms of the four types of induction machine
models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2) are the same as the corresponding regular induction machine
models. ETAP internally converts the reactance in machine interface to inductance.
The model also can be expressed as the following equivalent circuit in terms of transient inductance and
transient internal electromagnetic-force.
Rs
sL
is
sE
Vs
Parameters in the circuit are:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Ls
E
Induction Machine
Transient inductance
Transient internal electromagnetic-force
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
24.1.7 Shaft Torsion Model

If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in
ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows:
Couping Gear Swing Equation:
2H C
d C
= D1 ( C M ) K 1 ( 2 1 ) D2 ( C L ) K 2 ( 2 3 )
dt
Load Swing Equation:
2H L
d L
= TL D2 ( L C ) K 2 ( 3 2 )
dt
Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are:
M
C
L
1
2
3
HC
HL
D1
D2
K1
K2
TL
Motor speed
Couping gear speed
Load speed
Motor angle displacement
Couping gear angle displacement
Load angle displacement
Inertia constant of coupling gear
Inertia constant of load
Damping coefficient between motor and coupling gear
Damping coefficient between coupling gear and load
Spring coefficient between motor and coupling gear
Spring coefficient between coupling gear and load
Load torque
24-11
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2 Synchronous Machine

ETAP provides five different types of synchronous machine models to choose for transient stability
studies and frequency dependent models for generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability
studies. The complexity of these models ranges from the simple Equivalent Model to the model that
includes the machine saliency, damper winding, and variable field voltage. These models are:
Equivalent Model
Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Frequency Dependent Model
Synchronous generators and synchronous motors share the same models. In the following discussion, the
generator case is taken as an example.
Notations and Symbols

The following notations are used in defining various parameters for synchronous machine models:
Xd
Xd
Xd
Xq
Xq
Xq
Xl
Ra
X/R
Tdo
Tdo
Tqo
Tqo
S100
S120
H
D
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Direct-axis subtransient synchronous reactance

Direct-axis transient synchronous reactance
Direct-axis synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis subtransient synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis transient synchronous reactance
Armature leakage reactance
Armature resistance
Machine X/R ration (= Xd/Ra)
Direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant
Quadrature -axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Quadrature -axis transient open-circuit time constant
Saturation factor corresponding to 100 percent terminal voltage
Saturation factor corresponding to 120 percent terminal voltage
Total inertia of the shaft
Shaft damping factor
24-12
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
General Concept of Modeling Synchronous Machines

A synchronous machine is, in general, modeled by an equivalent internal voltage source and its equivalent
resistance and reactance. The equivalent internal voltage source is connected to the machine internal bus
behind the equivalent resistance and reactance, as shown in the diagram.
Depending on the structure (round-rotor or salient-pole) and design (with or without damper windings),
the equivalent internal voltage and equivalent impedance are calculated differently. These differences are
reflected in differential equations describing different types of synchronous machine models.
Parks transformation is adopted and the following notations and symbols are employed in the differential
equations for synchronous machine models:
Efd
f()
Eq
=
=
Ed
Eq
Ed
Eq
Ed
Ei
It
Id
Iq
=
=
=
=
=
Term representing the field voltage acting along the quadrature-axis. It is

calculated from the machine excitation system
Function to account machine saturation effect
Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
subtransient reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine subtransient
reactance
transient reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine transient
reactance
reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine reactance
Voltage proportional to field current
Machine terminal current
Direct-axis component of machine terminal current
Quadrature-axis component of machine terminal current
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
Saturation
The synchronous machine saturation effect needs to be considered in the modeling. This effect is
represented by two parameters S100 and S120 as defined in the following figure and equations:
S100 =
S120 =
I f 100
If
I f 120
1.2 I f
where
If
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the air gap line (no saturation)
If100
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation

curve
= Field current corresponding to 120% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation
curve
If120
For generator starting studies, another factor, Sbreak, is required to correct machine inductance as shown in
the above generator saturation curve. The factor Sbreak is defined as %Vt at the saturation break point.
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.1 Equivalent Model

The screen below shows the equivalent model, its parameters, and the typical data.
This model uses an internal voltage source behind the armature resistance and quadrature-axis reactance
to model a synchronous machine. The voltage source is proportional to the machine field flux linkages.
The model includes the effect of variable field voltage and the effect of saliency in the case of SalientPole machines.
For this model, Req and Xeq are defined as:
Req = Ra
Xeq = Xq
Differential equations to describe this model are:
24-15
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.2 Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine

The screen below shows the transient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model uses an internal voltage source behind a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh. Rh and reactance Xh
are used to replace Req and Xeq to achieve a faster calculation convergence, i.e.:
Req = Rh
Xeq = Xh
where
2
R h + jX h =
'
'
Ra + X d X q
'
'
Ra - j(X d X q ) / 2
This model is more comprehensive than the equivalent model because it includes more parameters to
account for the machines saliency. The following differential equations are involved to describe this
model:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.3 Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine

The screen below shows the subtransient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model also consists of an equivalent internal voltage source and a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh.
This model is a more comprehensive representation of general type synchronous machines. In addition to
the machines transient parameters, the subtransient parameters are included to model the machines
subtransient characteristics. This model is particularly useful for machines with damper windings.
The models differential equations are shown below:
24-17
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.4 Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine

The screen below shows the transient model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model essentially has the same complexity as a transient model for round-rotor machines, but
considers special features of salient-pole machines which are:
Xq = X q and the time constant T qo is meaningless and omitted
For this model, the fictitious resistance Rh and reactance Xh are set to:
Rh = R a
Xh = X a
The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.5 Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine

The screen below shows the Subtransient Model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model includes the damper winding effect for a salient-pole machine. The same conditions are held
true as with the transient model for salient-pole machines:
Xq = Xq and the time constant Tqo is meaningless.
The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
24.2.6 Frequency Dependent Model

A subtransient synchronous machine model with frequency dependency in ETAP is developed based on a
standard IEEE 2.1 synchronous generator model. An equivalent circuit diagram of the model is shown
here:
Ra
sq
-
Lf1d - Lad
Ll
id
L1d
Lffd
Lad
Vd
Rfd
+
R1d
Vfd
-
Direct-axis Equivalent Circuit
Ra
sd
Ll
iq
L1q
Laq
Vq
R1q
Quadrature-axis Equivalent Circuit
Parameters in the circuits are:
Rs
Ll
Lad
Laq
Lf1d
L1d
R1d
Stator resistance
Stator leakage inductance
Direct-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
Quadrature-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
Field to direct-axis rotor mutual inductance
Direct-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
Direct-axis rotor equivalent resistance
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Lffd
Rfd
L1q
R1q
Vfd
d
q
s
Synchronous Machine
Field leakage inductance

Field resistance
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent resistance
Field voltage
Direct-axis flux linkages
Quadrature-axis flux linkages
System speed
The data interface for the frequency dependent subtransient synchronous machine model is the same as
the regular subtransient model with a salient-pole. ETAP internally calculates the required parameters for
the frequency dependent model from the data in generator interface.
24.2.7 Shaft Torsion Model

If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in
ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows:
Synchronous Generator
Turbine Swing Equation:
2H T
d T
= TT D1 (T C ) K 1 (1 2 )
dt
2H C
d C
= D1 ( C G ) K 1 ( 2 3 ) D2 ( C G ) K 2 ( 2 3 )
dt
Generator Swing Equation:
2H G
d G
= TG D ( G Re f ) D2 ( G C ) K 2 ( 3 2 )
dt
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
Synchronous Motor
Motor Swing Equation:
2H M
d M
= TM D ( M Re f ) D1 ( M C ) K 1 (1 2 )
dt
2H C
d C
= D1 ( C M ) K 1 ( 2 1 ) D2 ( C L ) K 2 ( 2 3 )
dt
Load Swing Equation:
2H L
d L
= TL D2 ( L C ) K 2 ( 3 2 )
dt
Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are:
G
Ref
M
C
T
L
1
2
3
HG
HM
HC
HL
D
D1
D2
Generator speed
Reference machine speed
Motor speed
Couping gear speed
Turbine speed
Load speed
Motor angle displacement
Couping gear angle displacement
Load angle displacement
Inertia constant of Generator
Inertia constant of motor
Inertia constant of coupling gear
Inertia constant of load
Damping coefficient of generator
Damping coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear
Damping coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load)
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
K1
K2
TG
TM
TL
Synchronous Machine
Spring coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear

Spring coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load)
generator torque
Motor torque
Load torque
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Power Grid
24.3 Power Grid

For motor starting and transient stability studies, it is required to model a power grid (utility system) with
an equivalent machine. Due to the fact that a power grid is generally considered as an interfacing point to
the power grid whose voltage and frequency are supported by a larger system and unlikely to change, it is
valid to assume this equivalent machine has a constant internal voltage source and an infinite inertia. Thus
the power grid is modeled in ETAP with the following Thevenin equivalent:
where Ei is calculated from the initial terminal bus voltage and Req and Xeq are from positive sequence R
and X of the Power Grid Editor, as shown below:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
24.4 Excitation System

To accurately account for dynamics from exciter and AVR systems in power system transient responses,
complete modeling of these systems is usually necessary.
ETAP provides the following exciter and AVR models:
IEEE Type 1
IEEE Type 2
IEEE Type 3
IEEE Type 1S
IEEE Type DC1
IEEE Type DC2
IEEE Type DC3
IEEE Type ST1
IEEE Type ST2
IEEE Type ST3
IEEE Type AC1
IEEE Type AC2

IEEE Type AC3
IEEE Type AC4
IEEE Type AC5A
Basler SR8F & SR125A
HPC 840
JEUMONT Industrie
IEEE Type ST1D
IEEE Type AC8B
IEEE Type AC1A
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
For IEEE type exciter and AVR systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following references:
IEEE Committee Report, Computer Representation of Excitation System, IEEE Trans. on PAS,
Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968, pp 1460-1464.
IEEE Committee Report, Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE
Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, February 1981, pp 494-509.
IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992
Excitation System Saturation

Following is a typical block diagram for exciters:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
This diagram shows the output of the AVR is applied to the exciter after a saturation function SE is
subtracted from it. The exciter parameter KE represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat when a selfexcited shunt field is used.
It should be noted that there is a dependency between exciter ceiling Efdmax, AVR ceiling VRmax,
exciter saturation SE and exciter constant KE. These parameters are related by the following equation (the
sign of KE is negative for a self-excited shunt field):
VR ( KE + SE ) Efd = 0
for Efdmin < Efd < Efdmax
At excitation ceiling ( Efd = Efdmax ) the above equation becomes:

VRmax = (KE +SEmax ) - Efdmax
Therefore, it is important that the exciter parameters entered satisfy the above equation, when applicable.
ETAP will check this condition at run time and flag any violations.
The exciter saturation function (SE) represents the increase in exciter excitation due to saturation. It is
defined as:
where the quantities A and B are defined as the exciter field currents which produce the exciter output
voltage on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve and air gap line, respective, as shown in the
exciter saturation curve below
ETAP assumes that SE is specified at the following exciter voltages:

Saturation Factor
SEmax
SE.75max
Exciter Voltage
Efdmax
0.75Efdmax
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
24.4.1 IEEE Type 1
IEEE Type 1 - Continuously Acting Regulator and Exciter (1)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents a continuously acting regulator with rotating exciter
system. Some vendors' units represented by this model include:
Westinghouse brushless systems with TRA, Mag-A-Stat, Silverstat, or Rotoroal regulator

Allis Chalmers systems with Regulex regulator
General Electric systems with Amplidyne or GDA regulator
Parameters and Sample Data

Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
Parameter Definitions and Units

Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
24-28
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)
24.4.2 IEEE Type 2
IEEE Type 2 - Rotating Rectifier System (2)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents a rotating rectifier exciter with static regulator system. Its
characteristics are similar to IEEE Type 1 exciter, except for the feedback-damping loop. This system
applies to units where the main input to the damping loop is provided from the regulator output rather
than the exciter output. To compensate for the exciter damping which is not included in the damping loop,
the feedback transfer function contains one additional time-constant.
An example of such a system is the Westinghouse brushless system, which was in service up to 1966.

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TE
TF1
TF2
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Regulator stabilizing circuit first time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant
24-30
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)
24.4.3 IEEE Type 3

(1 A)
Ifd
It
A = (0.78X1I fd / Vthev )
Vthev = KPVt + jKI It
VB = 0 for A > 1.8
Vref
Vt
1
1 + sT R
VBmax
VRmax
+
KA
1 + sT A
+
VRmin
1
K E + sT E
Efd
0.0
sK F
1 + sT F
IEEE Type 3 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents static excitation systems with compound terminal voltage
and current feedback. The regulator transfer function for this model is similar to IEEE Type 1. In this
model, the regulator output is combined with a signal, which represents the self-excitation from the
generator terminals.
An example of such a system is the General Electric SCPT system.
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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VBmax
KA
KE
KF
KI
KP
XL
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Current circuit gain coefficient
Potential circuit gain coefficient
Reactance associated with potential source
24-32
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)
24.4.4 IEEE Type 1S
IEEE Type 1S - Controlled Rectifier System with Terminal Voltage (1S)
In this type of exciter and AVR system, excitation is obtained through terminal voltage rectification. In
this model the maximum regulated voltage (VRmax) is proportional to terminal voltage Vt.

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)

Parameter
VRmin
Efdmax
KA
KF
KP
TA
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
24-34
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)
24.4.5 IEEE Type DC1
IEEE Type DC1 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to model field-controlled DC-Commutator exciters with
continuous voltage regulators. Examples of this model are:
Allis Chalmers Regulex regulator

General Electric Amplidyne and GDA regulator
Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat, Rototrol, Silverstat, and TRA regulators

24-35
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Voltage regulator time constant
24-36
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)
IEEE Type DC2 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation and Supplies from
Terminal Voltage (DC2)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuous
voltage regulators supplied from the generator or auxiliaries bus voltage. Its only difference from IEEE
Type DC1 is the regulator output limits, which are now proportional to terminal voltage Vt.

24-37
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
24-38
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)
I
EEE Type DC3 - DC Commutator Exciter with Non-Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC3)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for the older DC commutator exciters with non-continuously
acting regulators.
Examples of this model are:
General Electric exciter with GFA4 regulator

Westinghouse exciter with BJ30 regulator
24-39
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KE
KV
TE
TR
TRH
Definition
Fast raise/Lower contact setting
Rheostat travel time
24-40
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)
24.4.8 IEEE Type ST1
IEEE Type ST1 - Potential-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter (ST1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent potential-source, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. This is intended for all systems supplied through a transformer from the generator terminals.
Examples of this model include:
Canadian General Electric Silcomatic exciters

Westinghouse Canada Solid State Thyristor exciters
Westinghouse type PS static excitation systems with type WTA or WHS regulators
24-41
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
KF
TA
TB
TC
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator
Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator
Regulator gain
Regulator gain
Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant
24-42
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)
IEEE Type ST2 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST2)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems. These
systems use both current and voltage sources.
An example of this model is General Electric static exciter SCT-PPT or SCPT.
24-43
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
Efdmax
KA
KC
KE
KF
KI
KP
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Regulator gain
Potential circuit gain coefficient
24-44
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)

Ifd
IN = K C
I fd
IN
VE
FEX = f (IN )
FEX
VE = KPVt + j(KI + KP X L )It
It
VE
VRmax
Vref
Vt
1
1 + sT R
VImax
KJ
1 + sTC
1 + sT B
Efdmax
KA
1 + sT A
VImin
VGmax
Efd
VRmin
KG
IEEE Type ST3 - Compound Source-Controlled Rectifier Exciter (ST3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents compound-source rectifier excitation systems. These
exciters utilize internal quantities within the generator as the source of power.
Examples of this model are:
General Electric GENERREX exciter

Shunt-Thyristor exciter
24-45
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
Efdmax
VGmax
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
KG
KI
KJ
KPreal
KPimg
TA
TB
TC
TE
TR
XL
Definition
Maximum inner loop voltage feedback
Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator
Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating
reactance
Inner loop feedback constant
First stage regulation gain
Real part of potential circuit gain coefficient
Reactive part of potential circuit gain coefficient
Reactance associated with potential source
24-46
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)
24.4.11 IEEE Type AC1
IEEE Type AC1 - Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System with Non-Controlled Rectifiers and Field
Current Feedback (AC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-rectifier excitation systems with non-controlled
rectifiers and exciter field current feedback. There is no self-excitation and the source of voltage regulator
power is not affected by external transients.
Westinghouse Brushless excitation systems fall under this type of exciter model.
24-47
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KC
KD
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance
Demagnetizing factor
24-48
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
IEEE Type AC2 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System (AC2)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents high-initial-response, field-controlled alternator-rectifier
excitation systems. It uses an alternator main exciter and non-controlled rectifiers. It is similar to IEEE
Type AC1 exciter model but has two additional field current feedback loops.
An example of this model is Westinghouse High-Initial-Response Brushless excitation system.
24-49
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)


Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
VAmax
VAmin
Efdmax
KA
KB
KC
KD
KE
KF
Definition
Maximum regulator internal voltage
Minimum regulator internal voltage
Regulator gain
Second stage regulator gain
24-50
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Parameter
KH
KL
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
VLR
Definition
Exciter field current feedback gain
Gain of exciter field current limit
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constants
Exciter field current limit reference
24-51
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
IEEE Type AC3 - Field-Controlled Alternator-Rectifier Exciter (AC3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents field-controlled, alternator-rectifier excitation systems. It
can model systems that derive voltage regulator power from the exciter output voltage and simulate their
non-linearity.
An example of this model is General Electric ALTERREX excitation system using static voltage
regulators.
24-52
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)


Parameter
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
EFDN
VAmax
VAmin
VLV
KA
KC
KD
KE
KF
KLV
Definition
Value of Efd at which feedback gain changes
Maximum regulator internal voltage
Minimum regulator internal voltage
Exciter low voltage limit reference
Regulator gain
Gain of the exciter low voltage limit signal
24-53
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Parameter
KN
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
KR
Definition
Exciter control system stabilizer gain
Constant for regulator and alternator field power supply
24-54
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)
IEEE Type AC4 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Supplied Controlled Rectifier Exciter (AC4)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-supplied, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. A high-initial response excitation system, it has a Thyristor bridge at the output circuit.
General Electric ALTHYREX and Rotating Thyristor excitation systems are examples of this type of
exciter.

24-55
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
TA
TB
TC
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
24-56
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
24.4.15 IEEE Type AC5A
IEEE Type AC5A - Simplified Rotating Rectifier Excitation System (AC5A)
This type of exciter and AVR system is a simplified model for brushless excitation systems. The regulator
is supplied from a source, such as a permanent magnet generator, which is not affected by system
disturbances.
This model can be used to represent small excitation systems such as those produced by Basler and
Electric Machinery.

24-57
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
24-58
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA1
TA2
TA3
TE
TF1
TF2
TF3
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Exciter control system time constant
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
24.4.16 Basler SR8F & SR125A
Basler SR8F & SR125A Excitation System (SR8F)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent Basler SR8F and SR125A exciter systems.

24-59
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
24-60
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
KA
KF
TA
TB
TF1
TF2
TR
Definition
Regulator gain
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant (Rot. Rec.)
24-61
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
24.4.17 HPC 840
HPC 840 Excitation and AVR System (HPC)
This type of exciter and AVR system includes both forward gain and feedback damping loops. There are
three compensation signals to regulate excitation voltages. These signals are terminal voltage magnitude,
real power generation, and reactive power generation.
24-62
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)


Parameter
Amax
Amin
Bmax
Bmin
C
D
Efdmax
Kpow
KQ
KE
SE .75
SEmax
TL
T4
TD
Definition
Regulator internal maximum limit (Amax = VImax * Ka)
Regulator internal minimum limit (Amin = VImin * Ka)
Integrator upper limit (Bmax = LIMmax * Ka)
Integrator lower limit (Bmin = LIMmin * Ka)
Combined excitation system (C = Kg * kp * Ka)
Combined stabilizing feedback gain (D = Kd * Kf/Kp)
Maximum Exciter output voltage
Active power compensation factor
Reactive power compensation factor
Value of excitation saturation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Value of excitation saturation function at Efdmax
Integration time constant
Excitation system total delay
Stabilizing feedback time constant
24-63
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Parameter
Tdsty
TE
TF
TP
TQ
VRmax
VRmin
Control Bus
Definition
Voltage transducer filter time constant
Active power compensation time constant
Reactive power compensation time constant
Voltage feedback bus ID
24-64
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
24.4.18 JEUMONT Industrie
JEUMONT - JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
This type of exciter and AVR system consists of a voltage block, a current block, a voltage regulator
block, and an excitation block. It uses a rotating rectifier for excitation system.
24-65
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System


Parameter
AV1
AV2
AV3
AV4
AV5
AV6
AV7
AV8
AV9
AV10
AV11
Ai1
Definition
Gain of voltage control loop
Constant of voltage control loop
Constant of voltage control loop
Gain of reference voltage
Time constant of voltage control loop
Parameter of voltage control loop
Gain of current control loop
24-66
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
Parameter
Ai2
Ai3
Ai4
Ai5
Ai6
Ai7
Ai8
Ai9
Ai10
Ai11
Ai12
AR1
AR2
KU1
KU2
Vres
VSUP
Te
Ke
SEmax
SE.75max
Efdmax
Kae
Kif
Max1
Min1
Max2
Min2
Max3
Min3
Max4
Min4
Max5
Min5
Max6
Min6
Max7
Min7
Control Bus
Definition
Gain of supply voltage to current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Gain of regulator
Regulator reference
Gain of terminal voltage feedback
Gain of regulator
Supply voltage of thy-bridge
Supply voltage of current control loop
Time constant of exciter loop
Gain of exciter loop
Saturation coefficient at maximum field voltage
Saturation coefficient at 0.75 maximum field voltage
Maximum field voltage
Gain of field current feedback loop
Gain of field current feedback
Maximum value 1 of voltage control loop
Minimum value 1 of voltage control loop
Maximum value 4 of current control loop
Minimum value 4 of current control loop
Voltage feedback bus ID
24-67
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
V
V
V
Sec.
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
24.4.19 IEEE Type ST1D
IEEE Type ST1D- Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST1D)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems with voltsper-hertz limiter. These systems use both current and voltage sources.
24-68
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System


Parameter
RC
XC
TR
TC
TB
KA
TA
KF
TF
KC
VVLR
KVL
TVL
Definition
Resistive part of reactive droop compensation
Inductive part of reactive droop compensation
Transducer time constant
Transient gain reduction lead time constant
Transient gain reduction lag time constant
Amplifier gain
Amplifier time constant
Stabilizing feedback signal gain
Stabilizing feedback signal time constant
Field current gain
Set point of V/Hz limiter
Over-excitation feedback signal gain
Over-excitation feedback signal time constant
24-69
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
Parameter
KVF
TH
VImax
VImin
VRmax
VRmin
Vdc
Rf
Vref
TD
VHZ
Ifb
Vfb
Definition
Stabilizing feedback signal gain
Measurement time constant
Maximum error limit
Minimum error limit
Maximum regular output
Minimum regular output
Field flashing battery voltage
Field flashing battery and external circuit resistance
Voltage reference
Pickup delay time
V/Hz pickup value
Exciter base current
Exciter base voltage
24-70
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Volts
Ohms
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
Amps
Volts
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)
24.4.20 IEEE Type AC8B

24-71
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)

Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KP
KI
KD
KA
KE
TD
TA
TE
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax
Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage in pu
Proportional control gain in pu
Integral control gain in pu
Derivative control gain in pu
Regulator gain in pu
Exciter constant for self-excited field in pu
Derivative control time constant in sec
Regulator amplifier time constant in sec
Exciter time constant in sec
24-72
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
24.4.21 IEEE Type AC1A
IEEE Type AC1A Exciter (AC1A)
24-73
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)


Parameter
VAmax
VAmin
VRmax
VRmin
VUEL
VOEL
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Maximum regulator internal voltage in pu
Minimum regulator internal voltage in pu
Underexcitation limiter in pu
Overexcitation limiter in pu
Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax in pu
Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax in pu
Maximum exciter output voltage in pu
Regulate gain in pu
24-74
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Parameter
KC
KD
KF
KE
TA
TC
TB
TE
TF
TR
a1
a2
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
b9
b10
Definition
Rectifier loading factor in pu
Demagnetizing factor in pu
Regulate stabilizing circuit gain in pu
Exciter gain in pu
Regulator amplifier time constant in sec
Internal signal lead time constant in sec
Internal signal lag time constant in sec
Exciter time constant in sec
Regulate stabilizing time constant in sec
Regulate input filter time in sec
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
24-75
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
24.4.22 User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)

From the exciter type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and saved.
Details on how to use UDM models are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.
24-76
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5 Governor-Turbine
Modeling of governor-turbine system in transient stability studies is essential for simulation time frames
of more than a second.
ETAP provides the following governor-turbine models:
Steam-Turbine (ST)
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
Tandem-Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Gas-Turbine (GT)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
General Purpose (GP)
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505
Woodward UG-8
Woodward Governor 2301
GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
GHH BROSIG Steam-Turbine Governor (GHH)
Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
IEEE Gas -Turbine (SGT)
PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST60)
Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST70)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-3)
Combustion Turbine and Governor (CT251)
For IEEE type governor-turbine systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following reference:
IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System
Studies", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973,
pp. 1904-1915.
IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Fossil Fueled Steam Units in Power System Studies",
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. PS-6, No. 2, May 1991, pp. 753-761.
24-77
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)
24.5.1 Steam-Turbine (ST)
ST Governor System Representation (ST)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple steam turbine and speed governing system.

24-78
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)

Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Trh
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
(Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity)
Maximum shaft power (rated MW)
Minimum shaft power ( > = 0)
Governor reset time constant
Steam chest time constant
Reheater time constant
Speed relay time constant
24-79
Unit
%
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5.2 Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a two-stage steam turbine with reheat and speed
governing system. It consists of a speed relay, a control amplifier, a steam chest, and a reheater.

24-80
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tdrp
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Steam time constant
Load sensor time constant
Speed relay time constant in second
24-81
Unit
%
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)
24.5.3 Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, single-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is a type ST1 model with a block representing crossover piping to the lowpressure turbines.
24-82
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)


Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Fip
Flp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tco
Trh
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Low pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Crossover time constant
Reheater time constant
24-83
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)
24.5.4 Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, double-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is similar to type ST2 model except for the added block representing reheated
steam between the very-high pressure and high-pressure turbines.
24-84
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)


Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Fip
Flp
Fvhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tco
Trh1
Trh2
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Low pressure turbine power fraction
Very high pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Crossover time constant
First reheater time constant
Second reheater time constant
24-85
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5.5 IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
This type of governor-turbine system represents an IEEE suggested general steam turbine and speed
governing system. It may be used for modeling the steam systems represented by ST, ST1, ST2, and ST3,
as well as the cross-compound, single-reheat and cross-compound, double-reheat systems.
24-86
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Mode
Droop
DB
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
Pmax
Pmin
T1
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop in second
Speed deadband
Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Partial low pressure turbine power fraction
Partial low pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Amplifier/Compensator time constant
24-87
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
UC
UO
Definition
Load sensor (droop) time constant
Control Amp./current driver time constant
Acutator time constant
Engine dead time constant
Limit of value closing
Limit of value opening
24-88
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)
24.5.6 Gas-Turbine (GT)
Gas-Turbine (GT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple gas turbine and speed governing system.

24-89
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)

Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tsr
Tt
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Turbine relay time constant
24-90
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
24.5.7 Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a steam turbine and speed governing system, with the
inclusion of the fuel system.
24-91
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)


Parameter
Mode
Droop
Ff
KD
Kf
Kr
Pmax
Pmin
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
VL
VU
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Minimum fuel flow
Governor gain
Fuel system feedback gain Kf = 0 or 1
Fuel system transfer function gain
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Fuel value time constant
Fuel system lead time constant
Lower incremental power limit
Upper incremental power limit
24-92
Unit
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5.8 General Purpose (GP)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a general-purpose governor-turbine system.

24-93
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
Ta
Tc
Tdrp
Tsr
Tt
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Actuator time constant
Load sensor time constant
Turbine relay time constant
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
24-94
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)
24.5.9 Diesel-Engine (DT)
Diesel-Engine (DT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple diesel engine and speed governing system.

24-95
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)

Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Definition
Isoch only
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
24-96
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
24.5.10 Woodward Steam-Turbine 505

Speed
Ref
Speed
1 + sD1
1 + sT f 1
e 1.5Ts
Speed Ctrl Loop
P1
Ratio/
Limiter
Turbine Shaft
HP
L1
1
1 + sT a 1
1
1 + sT m 1
Pm
1
1 + sT m 2
EF
L2
Dr1
1
1 + s / I1
Steam
Map
L3
P2
Inverse
Ratio/
Limiter
L4
Dr 2
1
1 + sT a 2
LP
1
1+ s / I2
Extraction Flow
Extraction Ctrl Loop

Ext Press
e 1.5Ts
1 + sD2
1 + sT f 2
Ext Pres
Ref
Woodward 505 and 505E Steam-Turbine (505)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 505 and 505E PID governor for extraction
steam turbine system.
24-97
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Mode
Droop1
Droop2
Efmax
ExtFlow
ExtPress
Hpa
HPb
HPc
Hpmax
I1 <D>
I1 <I>
I2
L1
L2
L3
L4
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Extraction loop droop
Max. extraction flow
Turbine extraction flow
Extraction pressure
Min. extraction @ max. power
Max. extraction @ min. power
Min. extraction @ min. power
Max. HP flow
Speed loop integral (Droop mode)
Speed loop integral gain in (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop integral gain
Up limit for speed loop output
Low limit for speed loop output
Up limit for extraction loop output
Low limit for extraction loop output
24-98
Unit
%
%
T/Hr
%
%
T/Hr
T/Hr
T/Hr
T/Hr
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
P1 <D>
P1 <I>
P2
RampRate
Sa
Sb
Sc
SDR1
SDR1 <I>
SDR2
Smax
Ta1
Ta2
Tm1
Tm2
TS
Definition
Speed loop proportional gain (Droop mode)
Speed loop proportional gain (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop proportional gain
Speed reference ramp rate
Max. power @ min. extraction
Min. power @ max. extraction
Min. power @ min. extraction
Speed loop parameter (Droop mode)
Speed loop parameter (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop parameter
Max. power
HP valve actuator time constant
LV valve actuator time constant
Turbine time constant (shaft power output)
Turbine time constant (extraction flow)
Controller sample time
24-99
Unit
%
%
%
%
%/Sec.
kW
kW
%
%
%
kW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
24.5.11 Woodward UG-8
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward UG-8 governor, used mainly for diesel
generators. This model includes a representation for a ball head filter, amplifier/compensator, and a diesel
engine.

24-100
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Parameter
Mode
A1
A2
A3
Ad
B1
B2
C1
K1
Pmax
Pmin
T7
T8
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Compensator constant
Permanent droop constant
Ball head filter constant
Ball head filter constant
Governor drive ratio
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
24-101
Unit
rad/Sec.
rad/Sec.
rad/Sec.
rpm/in
Deg/in
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
24.5.12 Woodward Governor 2301

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 2301 and 2301A speed governing systems
with a diesel turbine system and load sharing capability.
Woodward Governor 2301A and 2301 (2301)
24-102
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Load Sharing (MW Sharing)

To share load (MW) between generators, set LS GP# (Load Sharing Group Number) of 2301 governors to
the same group number. Note that in order to use this capability, load sharing governors must be in
isochronous mode.

Parameter
Mode
LS GP#
Droop
max
min
K1
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Load sharing group number
Min. shaft position in degrees
Max. shaft position in degrees
Gain setting
Reset setting
Actuator compensation setting
Partially very high pressure power fraction
24-103
Unit
%
Deg
Deg
Deg/A
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
T1
T2
Pmax
Pmin
k
Definition
Actuator time constant
Engine Dead Time constant
Amplifier/compensator time constant
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Internal variable ( = MVA/(max-max))
24-104
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
MW
MW
MW/Deg
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
24.5.13 GE Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTH)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE heavy-duty gas turbine speed governing system.
GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
24-105
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Mode
Droop
Max
Min
Term.Ctrl
Acc.Ctrl
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
Kf
KI
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Fuel upper limit (VCE' upper limit)
Fuel lower limit (VCE' lower limit)
Flag to include temperature control loop
Flag to include acceleration control loop
Governor transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system feedback gain, Kf = 0 or 1
Gain for Isoch Mode
24-106
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
Tf
Tcr
Tcd
Ttd
T
Tt
Tr
t1
t2
Ta
Definition
Fuel system time constant
Combustion reaction time delay
Compressor discharge volume time constant
Turbine & exhaust system transportation delay
Transportation delay
Temperature controller integration rate
Turbine rated exhaust temperature
Tr - 700 (1 - WF) + 550 (1 -N) in English units
Tr - 390 (1 - WF) + 306 (1 -N) in Metric units
1.3 (WF - 0.23) + 0.5 (1 -N)
Ambient temperature
24-107
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Deg.F
Deg.F
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)
24.5.14 GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTS)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE simplified single shaft gas turbine speed
governing system.
GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
24-108
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)


Parameter
Mode
Droop
Max
Min
X
Y
Z
A
B
C
D
R
S
T
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Fuel upper limit
Fuel lower limit
Fast load pickup operating zone limit
24-109
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5.15 Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Turbine MARS governor set for gas turbine and
speed governing systems.
24-110
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

24-111
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Parameter
Mode
Droop
MaxGov
MinGov
Max2
Min2
Max3
Min3
Maxo
Mino
Wover
Tref
Ks
Kt
Ko
Ku
Kl
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Th1
Th2
Definition
Unit
Speed droop
Governor maximum at no load
Governor minimum at no load
Maximum mechanical power
Minimum mechanical power
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Maximum gas producer

Minimum gas producer
Maximum overspeed control
Minimum overspend control
Over speed reference
Temperature reference
Speed control gain
Temperature control gain
Overspeed control gain
Loader delta maximum fuel
Loader delta minimum fuel
Governor reset time
Combustor time constant
Gas producer time constant
Controller delay time constant
Speed Lead/Lag lead time constant
Speed Lead/Lag lag time constant
Thermocouple time constant
Controller recursion time constant
24-112
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)
24.5.16 Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Detroit Diesel turbine with DDEC controller and the
Woodward DSLC unit system.
Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)

24-113
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)

Parameter
Mode
Droop
PMmax
PMmin
K1
K2
R1
Ts
T1
T2
T3
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Maximum shaft power (rated MW)
Minimum shaft power (>=0)
PL control gain
Lead/Lag controller gain
PL control constant
Load share system time constant
PTO filter time constant
Filter and Delay time constant
Filter time constant
24-114
Unit
%
MW
MW
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
24.5.17 GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the GHH BROSIG steam turbine governor system.
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor System (GHH)
24-115
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
KP1
KP2
KP3
KP4
GL
GM
GH
Tn1
Tn2
Tn3
Tn5
Tn6
TL
TM
TH
HP
MP
Definition
Generator load control gain
Extraction 1 control gain
Extraction 2 control gain
Speed control gain
Low pressure steam valve control gain
Medium pressure steam valve control gain
High pressure steam valve control gain
Time constant of generator load control
Time constant of extraction 1 control
Time constant of extraction 2 control
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control loop
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control loop
Time constant of high pressure steam valve control loop
Extraction 1 pressure
Extraction 2 pressure
24-116
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
bar
bar
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
VLmax
VLmin
VMmax
VMmin
VHmax
VHmin
PLmax
PLmin
PMmax
PMmin
PHmax
PHmin
Pa
Pb
Pc
Pd
Pe
Pf
LFa
LFc
LFd
EX2f
LFv1
LFv2
LFv3
LF1
LF2
LF3
KFM0
FM0
FM1
KFL0
FL0
FL1
m1
m2
m3
e1
e2
Esf1
Esf2
Initia2
Definition
Maximum value of low pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of low pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of medium pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of medium pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of high pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of high pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of low pressure valve position
Minimum value of low pressure valve position
Maximum value of medium pressure valve position
Minimum value of medium pressure valve position
Maximum value of high pressure valve position
Minimum value of high pressure valve position
Power output value at point A of steam map
Power output value at point B of steam map
Power output value at point C of steam map
Power output value at point D of steam map
Power output value at point E of steam map
Power output value at point F of steam map
Maximum value of live steam flow
Live steam flow value at point C of steam map
Minimum value of live steam flow
Extraction 2 steam value at point F of steam map
Valve position value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
Flow value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
Exponential coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
Minimum flow value of medium pressure steam flow characteristics

Coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
Exponential coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Minimum flow value of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Valve control parameter
Initial extraction 1 steam flow
Initial extraction2 steam flow
24-117
Unit
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
t/h
t/h
t/h
t/h
mm
mm
mm
t/h
t/h
t/h
1/mm
t/h
t/h
1/mm
t/h
t/h
t/h
t/h
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Steam Map Diagram
24-118
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
24.5.18 Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward hydraulic governing systems.
Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
24-119
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
VO
VC1
VC2
GMAX1
GMAX2
GMIN
Q
RP
RT
TP
TG
TR
Zt
Zp1
ft
fp1
Tt
Definition
Gate opening speed
Gate closing speed inside of the buffer zone
Gate closing speed outside of the buffer zone
Max gate position (RPM>RPM2)
Max gate position.(RPM<RPM2)
Min gate position
Servo gain
Permanent droop
Temporary droop
Pilot and servo motor time constant
Main servo time constant
Dashpot time constant
Surge impedance of tunnel
Surge impedance of penstock
Head loss coefficient of tunnel
Head loss coefficient of penstock
Travel time constant of tunnel in
24-120
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
Tp1
At1
QNL
Q2
Wref
Href
GC
Damp
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
GBUFF
m
B
Definition
Travel time constant of penstock
Proportionality factor
No load flow in first unit
Flow rate in second unit
Speed reference
Head reference
Gate conversion factor
Damping coefficient
Gate limit speed set point 1
Buffer zone gate limit
Partial shutdown gate position coefficient
Partial shutdown gate position coefficient
24-121
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
24.5.19 IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the IEEE gas-turbine governing systems.
24-122
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Pref
Pmax
Pmin
K1
K2
K3
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR
Definition
Load reference
Maximum power limit
Minimum power limit
Gain 1
Gain 2
Gain 3
Governor time constant 1
Turbine time constant 1
Load setting time constant
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
p.u.
Sec.
Sec
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
24-123
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
24.5.20 PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Siemens Westinghouse PowerLogic model A
governing systems.
PowerLogic Turbine/Governor Model A (PL-A)
24-124
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Model
Plimit
TP
TL
TQ
TLD
TLG
TA
TC
TD
TV
TPL
TPG
TC1
TC2
TX1
TX2
TX3
Definition
Liquid fuel or Gas fuel
Turbine base load
Load transducer time constant
Filter time constant in sec
Speed transducer time constant
Lead time constant
Leg time constant
Speed/load controller time constant
Speed/load controller time constant
Current to pneumatic pressure transmitter time constant
Valve servo time constant
Liquid piping time constant
Gas piping time constant
Combustion time constant
Combustion time constant
Temperature controller time constant
24-125
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
TX4
TX5
KL
KI
KA
KC
KT
DL
JRL1
JRL2
TFLD
Tref
GovBase
Definition
Speed droop
Speed/load controller gain
Temperature controller gain
Decel limiter
Jump rate limiter1
Instantaneous jump rate limiter1
Loading time from no-load to full load
Governor base
24-126
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
V/F
V/V
V/BTU/Sec
p.u.
%/Sec
%/Sec
min
p.u./100
MW
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
24.5.21 Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST60)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel systems
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system
24-127
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine


Parameter
Mode
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Th1
Th2
KS
KT
Kmax
Kmin
Definition
Unit

Speed compensator lead time constant
Speed compensator lag time constant
Speed control gain
Loader delta maximum fuel gain
Loader delta minimum fuel gain
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
24-128
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Parameter
MinGOV
Pmax
Pmin
Gmax1
Gmin1
Gmax2
Definition
Governor minimum at no load
Maximum fuel
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Gmin2
Psolo
R
Tref
Minimum fuel
Solonox control threshold
Speed droop
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
24-129
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
24.5.22 Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST70)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel systems
Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system
24-130
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

24-131
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine

Parameter
Mode
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Gp
Th1
Th2
KS
KT
Pmax
Pmin
Gmax1
Gmin1
R
Tref
Definition
Unit

Speed compensator lead time constant
Speed compensator lag time constant
Gas producer constant
Speed control gain
Speed droop
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
24-132
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)
24.5.23 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)

This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with windup limits.
Gas-Turbine and Governor system (GT-2)

24-133
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)

Parameter
Pref
Plimt
Vmax
Vmin
Base
R
TR
T1
T2
T3
KT
Definition
Load reference
Ambient temperature load limit
Maximum fuel valve opening
Minimum fuel valve opening
Governor base
Speed droop
Load sensing time constant
Governor time constant
Combustion-chamber time constant
Turbine thermal time constant
Load limit thermal sensitivity gain
24-134
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)
24.5.24 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT3)

This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with non-windup limits.
Gas-Turbine and Governor-Turbine system (GT3)

24-135
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)

Parameter
Pref
Plimt
Vmax
Vmin
Base
R
TR
T1
T2
T3
KT
Description
Load reference
Ambient temperature load limit
Maximum fuel valve opening
Minimum fuel valve opening
Governor base
Speed droop
Governor time constant
Combustion-chamber time constant
Turbine thermal time constant
Load limit thermal sensitivity gain
24-136
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)
24.5.25 Combustion Turbine-Governor (CT251)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a combustion turbine-governor.
Combustion Turbine and Governor system (CT251)

24-137
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)

Parameter
R
TR
T1
TV
TE
K1
K2
KP
Definition
Speed droop
PID Integral time constant
Throttle valve time constant
Piping combustion time constant
PID input scaling factor
PID output scaling factor
PID proportional gain
24-138
Unit
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
User Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
24.5.26 User-Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)

From the governor type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and save.
Details on how to use UDM model are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.
24-139
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
24.6 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)

Power system stabilizer (PSS) is an auxiliary device installed on synchronous generator and tuned to help
with system stability.
ETAP provides two standard IEEE type models:
IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)

Reference for these two types of PSS is from:
IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992
24-140
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
24.6.1 IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
24-141
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models


Parameter
VSI
KS
VSTmax
VSTmin
Vtmin
TDR
A1
A2
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Definition
PSS input (speed, power or frequency) in pu
PSS gain
Maximum PSS output
Minimum PSS output
Terminal undervoltage comparison level
Reset time delay for discontinuous controller
PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant
PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant
PSS lead compensation time constant
PSS leg compensation time constant
PSS washout time constant
24-142
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
sec
p.u.
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
24.6.2 IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)
24-143
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

24-144
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

Parameter
VSI1
VSI2
KS1
KS2
KS3
VSTmax
VSTmin
VTmin
TDR
Tw1
Tw2
Tw3
Tw4
N
M
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Definition
PSS first input (speed, power or frequency)
PSS second input (speed, power or frequency)
PSS gain
PSS gain
PSS gain
Maximum PSS output
Minimum PSS output
Terminal undervoltage comparison level
Reset time delay for discontinuous controller
Integer filter constant
Integer filter constant
PSS transducer time constant
PSS transducer time constant
PSS filter time constant
PSS filter time constant
24-145
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Mechanical Load
24.7 Mechanical Load

For accelerating motors in motor starting studies and dynamically modeled motors in transient stability
studies, the connecting mechanical loads should be modeled for the calculation to determine the motors
acceleration and deceleration characteristics. Mechanical loads are modeled based on load torque curves
either curves based or point based as shown in the following screen capture:
When Polynomial type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the
mechanical load model.
A load curve is expressed by a third order generic polynomial equation:

T=A0+A1 +2 2+3 3
where
24-146
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Mechanical Load
= Load torque in percent of the rated torque of the driving motor
= Per unit speed of the load ( = m/s)

A0, A1, A2, A3 = Coefficients
T
When Curve type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the mechanical
load model. Curve type can be used to create any custom shaped load torque curve that cannot be
expressed in the form of a polynomial equation.
ETAP provides a number of the most common load models for you to choose from. Load torque curves
can be added to the ETAP Motor Load Library and are then accessible from the Load Model pages in the
Induction Machine and Synchronous Motor Editors.
24-147
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Static Var Compensator Type 1
24.8 Static Var Compensator Models

The Static Var Compesator Control model can be accessed from the SVC Editor, Model Page. It is
imperative to model this control when performing transient stability studies to determine the dynamic
response of the SVC under different conditions.
ETAP contains the following SVC control models:
Type1
Type2
Type3
The SVC control types are in accordance to the following references:
24-148
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
24.8.1 SVC Control Model Type1

24-149
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

Parameter
Definition
Unit
K
A1
A2
T
Tm
Tb
Td
T1
T2
TBmax
TBmin
Voltage regulator gain

Additional control signal gain
Voltage regulator time constatnt
Thyristor phase control time constant
Thyristor phase control delay
Maximum susceptance limit
Minimum susceptance limit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
p.u.
p.u.
24-150
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

24-151
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

Parameter
Definition
Unit
K
Ks
A1
A2
T
Tm
Tb
Td
Ts
T1
T2
Xsl
TBmax
TBmin

Synchronizing control gain
Synchronizing control time constant
Slope
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
p.u.
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
24-152
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

24-153
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models

Parameter
Definition
Unit
K
Ks
Ksr
A1
A2
VSRmax
VSRmin
Bset
T
Tm
Tb
Td
Ts
T1
T2
Xsl
TBmax
TBmin

Synchronizing control gain
Susceptance regulator gain
Maximum voltage limit
Minimum voltage limit
Susceptance set point
Synchronizing control time constant
Slope
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
Sec
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
24-154
ETAP 5.0 User Guide
Dynamic Models
Lumped Motor Load
24.9 Dynamic Lumped Motor Load Model

The motor load portion of lumped loads for conventional load type and unbalanced load type can be
modeled dynamically with system frequency variations. This dynamic model can be accessed from the
Lumped Load Editor, Dyn Model Page.
Ta
Motor load time constant

Motor load frequency coefficient
24-155
ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Dynamic Model

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Chapter 24

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1 Induction Machine

Notations and Symbols

Machine internal voltage

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.1 Single1 Model

Parameters for this model are:

Machine internal voltage

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.2 Single2 Model

Parameters for this model are:

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.3 DBL1 Model

Parameters for this model are:

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.4 DBL2 Model

Parameters for this model are:

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.5 Characteristic Curve Model

Curves specified in this model include:

Torque vs. Slip

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.6 Frequency Dependent Model

Parameters for this model are:

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.1.7 Shaft Torsion Model

Couping Gear Swing Equation:

Load Swing Equation:

Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are:

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.2 Synchronous Machine

Notations and Symbols

Direct-axis subtransient synchronous reactance

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

General Concept of Modeling Synchronous Machines

Term representing the field voltage acting along the quadrature-axis. It is

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.2.1 Equivalent Model

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ETAP 5.0 User Guide

24.2.2 Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine

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24.2.3 Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine

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