Eq Class PDF

AR 2079 EQ RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE
UNIT I
Fundamental of EQ
UNIT II
Site planning, Performance of Ground & Building
UNIT III
Seismic Design Codes and building Configuration
UNIT IV
Various Types of Construction Details
UNIT V
Urban planning and design
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes
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Long time ago, a large

collection of material
masses coalesced to
form the Earth. A large
amount of heat was
generated by this
fusion, and slowly as
the
Earth
cooled
down, the heavier and
denser materials sank
to the center and the
lighter ones rose to
the top.
The differentiated Earth consists of the Inner Core

(radius ~1290km), the Outer Core (thickness
~2200km), the Mantle (thickness ~2900km) and the
Crust (thickness ~5 to 40km).
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 2: Plate Tectonics & Seismic Waves
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Convection currents
develop in the
viscous Mantle due to
prevailing high
temperatures and
pressure gradients
between the Crust
and the Core
These convection currents

result in a circulation of the
earths
mass;
the
temperature
difference
causes interlayer movement.
The hot molten lava rises and
the cold rock mass sinks into
the Earth.
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The convective flow of Mantle material cause the Crust and some portion of the
Mantle, to slide on the hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earths mass takes
place in pieces called Tectonic Plates.
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Many such local circulations are taking place at different regions underneath the Earths
surface, leading to different portions of the Earth undergoing different directions of
movements along the surface.
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The Himalayas are formed due to conveyance of Indo-Australian plate

The relative movement of these plate boundaries varies across
the Earth; on average, it is of the order of a couple to tens of
centimeters per year.
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after the earthquake is over, the process of strain build-up at this modified interface
between the rocks starts all over again. This is Stage AB
This is know as
Elastic Rebound
Theory
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 18: Vernacular Structural Systems
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Seismic Zones of India

The varying geology at different locations in the country implies
that the likelihood of damaging earthquakes taking place at
different locations is different.
Thus, a seismic zone map is required so that buildings and

other structures located in different regions can be designed to
withstand different level of ground shaking.
The seismic zone map of 1984 subdivided India into five zones
I, II, III, IV and V.
Parts of Himalayan boundary in the north and northeast, and

the Kachchh area in the west were classified as zone V.
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The seismic zone maps are revised from time to time as more
understanding is gained on the geology, the seismotectonics and
the seismic activity in the country. For instance,
Koyna earthquake of 1967 occurred in an area classified in
zone I as per map of 1966. The 1970 version of code upgraded
the area around Koyna to zone IV.
Killari (Latur) earthquake of 1993 occurred in zone I. The current
Indian seismic zone map places this area in zone III.
The zone map now has only four seismic zones II, III, IV and V.
The areas falling in seismic zone I in the 1984 map were merged
with those of seismic zone II.
Chennai now comes under seismic zone III as against zone II in
1984 map.
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The national Seismic Zone Map presents a large-scale

view of the seismic zones in the country.
Local variations in soil type and geology cannot be
represented at that scale.
Therefore, for important projects, such as a major dam
or a nuclear power plant, the seismic hazard is
evaluated specifically for that site.
Also, for the purposes of urban planning, metropolitan
areas are microzoned. Seismic microzonation accounts
for local variations in geology, local soil profile, etc.
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Measuring Instruments
The instrument that measures earthquake shaking, a
seismograph, has three components
Sensor
Recorder
Timer.
The principle: A pen attached at the tip of an oscillating
simple pendulum marks on a chart paper that is held on
a drum rotating at a constant speed.
A magnet around the string provides required damping
to control the amplitude of oscillations.
The pendulum mass, string, magnet and support
together constitute the sensor; the drum, pen and chart
paper constitute the recorder; and the motor that rotates
the drum at constant speed forms the timer.
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One such instrument is required in each of the

two orthogonal horizontal directions. Of course,
for measuring vertical oscillations, the string
pendulum is replaced with a spring pendulum
oscillating about a fulcrum.
Some instruments do not have a timer device
(i.e., the drum holding the chart paper does not
rotate). Such instruments provide only the
maximum extent (or scope) of motion during the
earthquake; for this reason they are called
seismoscopes or scratch plate accelerometers.
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The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus

The point vertically above this on the surface of the
Earth is the Epicenter
The distance from the epicenter to any point of
interest is called epicentral distance
The depth of focus from the epicenter, called the Focal
Depth, is an important parameter in determining the
damaging potential of an earthquake.
Most damaging earthquakes have a shallow focus with
focal depths less than about 70km..
After & Before shocks More numbers
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MedvedevSponheuerKarnik scale (USSR-Germany-Czechslovakia)
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Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking

at a location during an earthquake, and is assigned as
Roman Capital Numerals.
Two commonly used ones are the Modified Mercalli
Intensity (MMI) Scale and the MSK Scale. Both scales
are quite similar
and range from I (least perceptive) to
.
XII (most severe).
The intensity scales are based on three features of
shaking perception by people and animals,
performance of buildings, and changes to natural
surroundings
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Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size. For

instance, one can measure the size of an earthquake by the
amount of strain energy released by the fault rupture. This
means that the magnitude of the earthquake is a single value for
a given earthquake.
Intensity is an indicator of the severity of shaking

generated at a given location. Clearly, the severity of shaking is
much higher near the epicenter than farther away. Thus, during
the same earthquake of a certain magnitude, different locations
experience different levels of intensity
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The peak ground acceleration (PGA), i.e.,

maximum acceleration experienced by the ground
during shaking, is one way of quantifying the
severity of the ground shaking. Approximate
empirical correlations are available between the
MM intensities and the PGA that may be
experienced.
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These waves are of two types - body waves and surface waves
Body waves consist of Primary Waves (P-waves) and Secondary Waves (Swaves)
Surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
Under P-waves, material particles undergo extensional and compressional
strains along direction of energy transmission.
Under S-waves, oscillate at right angles to it P Waves . S-waves are the
primary cause of damage to buildings.
Love waves cause surface motions similar to that by S-waves, but with no
vertical component.
Rayleigh wave makes a material particle oscillate in an elliptic path in the
vertical plane (with horizontal motion along direction of energy transmission).
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P-waves are fastest, followed in sequence by S-, Love and

Rayleigh waves.
For example,
in granites,
P- and S-waves have speeds ~4.8 km/sec and ~3.0km/sec,
respectively.
S-waves do not travel through liquids.
S-waves in association with effects of Love waves cause
maximum damage to structures by their racking motion on the
surface in both vertical and horizontal direction
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Random motion in earthquake shaking occurs in all directions; therefore buildings and
structures designed to resist earthquake shaking must have strength to withstand
shaking from any direction.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

Consequences of EQ
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Fault
A fracture in the earth along which the opposite
sides have been relatively displaced parallel to the
plane of movement. The Earths crust breaks along
surfaces known as faults which are weak areas in
the crust along which opposite sides have been
displaced relative to each other. Faults occur when
stresses within the Earth build to a point that the
elastic properties of the rock are exceeded causing
irreversible strain or fracturing of the rock. Fault
lengths may range from a few centimeters to
hundreds of kilometers.
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Elastic rebound theory

The strain along the fault exceeds the limit of the
rocks at that point to store any additional strain. The
fault then ruptures--that is, it suddenly moves a
comparatively large distance in a comparatively
short amount of time. The rocky masses which form
the two sides of the fault then "snap" back into a new
position. This snapping back into position, upon the
release of strain, is the "elastic rebound.
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The initial rupture point of an earthquake, where strain energy is first converted to
elastic wave energy; the point within the Earth which is the center of an earthquake.
The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus or Hypocenter

Consequences of EQ
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That point on the Earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter of an earthquake is
the Epicenter

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earthquake depth range of 0 - 700

shallow, intermediate, and deep.
km is divided into three zones:
The depth of focus from the epicenter, called as Focal Depth

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Distance from epicenter to any point of interest is called epicentral distance

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Main shock believed to be the result of minor readjustments of stress at places in the
fault zone results in After shocks

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Dip Slip Faults

There are three primary types of fault motion (1) normal, (2) reverse, and (3)
strike slip. A normal (or gravity) fault is one in which one plate slips downward
along the plane relative to the other. The angle of dip is generally 45 to 90. A
reverse fault is one in which one plate slips upward along the plane relative to
the other. The angle of dip is generally 45 or more. Along the Himalayas,
reverse faulting is occurring.
Strike Slip Faults
A strike-slip fault is one in which the movement is predominantly horizontal
and approximately parallel to the strike of the fault. Strike-slip faults can be
classified as right lateral or left lateral depending if the fault block opposite the
viewer moved right or left, respectively. The San Andreas fault in California and
the north Anatolian fault in Turkey are examples of predominant strike-slip
faults.
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Earthquake Ground Shaking

The motion of the ground can be described in terms of displacement,
velocity or acceleration. The variation of ground acceleration with time
recorded at a point on ground during an earthquake is called an
accelerogram.
They carry distinct information regarding ground shaking; peak amplitude,
duration of strong shaking, frequency content (e.g., amplitude of shaking
associated with each frequency) and energy content (i.e., energy carried by
ground shaking at each frequency) are often used to distinguish them.
Peak Ground Acceleration, PGA) is physically intuitive. For instance, a
horizontal PGA value of 0.6g (= 0.6 times the acceleration due to gravity)
suggests that the movement of the ground can cause a maximum horizontal
force on a rigid structure equal to 60% of its weight. In a rigid structure, all
points in it move with the ground by the same amount, and hence experience
the same maximum acceleration of PGA.
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Generally, the maximum amplitudes of horizontal motions in the two orthogonal

directions are about the same.
However, the maximum amplitude in the vertical direction is usually less than
that in the horizontal direction.
In design codes, the vertical design acceleration is taken as a half to two-thirds
of the horizontal design acceleration.
In contrast, the maximum horizontal and vertical ground accelerations in the
vicinity of the fault rupture do not seem to have such a correlation.
Buildings have proved capable of withstanding vertical accelerations with the

exception of horizontal cantilevers .
It is the horizontal accelerations that cause damage to buildings, and these
must be designed for.
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Liquefaction
Quick sand condition in soils is a very well known
phenomenon. An upward flow of water through a sand leads to
this effect. Soil liquefaction is also known as quick-sand
condition.
If saturated cohesionless soils, like sands are subjected to
earthquake ground motions, the resultant tendency to compact
is accompanied by an increase in the pore water pressure in soil
and a resulting movement of water from the voids.
Being lighter than soil, water is caused to flow upward to the
ground surface, where it emerges and manifests in the form of
mud spouts or sand boils. The development of high pore water
pressure due to ground vibration and the resulting upward flow
of water turns the soil into a liquefied condition. Under this Fluid
conditions, heavier buildings sink, lighter buildings rise, and
unsymmetric building tilt
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Jelly on a plate

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Rupture of gas lines, overturning of

stoves and heaters, and short
circuiting of electrical wires

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Tsunamis are giant ocean waves.
The most common causes are sudden rupture or faulting of sea

bed or submarine earthquakes that shift a significant area of sea
floor upwards or downwards, displacing millions of cubic tonnes of
water.
The sudden introduction of a large amount of material into the
ocean by an erupting submarine volcano, or sudden slide down
slope of ocean-floor sediments, or a landslide into water from a
cliff or collapsing volcano, has a similar effect.
Tsunamis are relatively common in earthquake-prone regions

around Japan and along the rim of the Pacific Plate, and the word
tsunami is Japanese for port wave or harbour wave.
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Tendency to continue to remain in the previous position is known as inertia
From Newtons First Law of Motion, even though the base of the building moves with the
ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position.

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Consider a building whose roof is supported on columns.

Yourself on the bus: when the bus suddenly starts, you are thrown backwards as if
someone has applied a force on the upper body.
Similarly, when the ground moves, even the building is thrown backwards, and the
roof experiences a force, called inertia force.
If the roof has a mass M and experiences an acceleration a, then from Newtons
Second Law of Motion,
Inertia force FI = M times acceleration a,
Direction is opposite to that of the acceleration.
Clearly, more mass means higher inertia force. Therefore, lighter buildings sustain
the earthquake shaking better.
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Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

Earthquakes shake the ground in all three directions along the two horizontal
directions (X and Y, say), and the vertical direction (Z, say) Also, during the
earthquake, the ground shakes randomly back and forth (- and +)
All structures are primarily designed to carry the gravity loads, The downward force
Mg is called the gravity load. The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either
adds to or subtracts from the acceleration due to gravity. Since factors of safety are
used in the design of structures to resist the gravity loads, usually most structures
tend to be adequate against vertical shaking.
However, horizontal shaking along X and Y directions (both + and directions of
each) can collapse buildings. Hence, it is necessary to ensure adequacy of the
structures against horizontal earthquake effects. Thus the strength of structure to
resist internal forces referred to as stiffness forces, in the vertical elements like
columns/walls, becomes critical in achieving the safety of the building.
Provided a building is provided with sufficient strength in each of the X and Y
directions it will cope with shaking in any direction. Therefore architects must
ensure that each building has a suitable structural system that can resist X and
Y direction horizontal loads.
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Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundations

Under horizontal shaking of the ground, horizontal inertia
forces are generated at level of the mass of the structure

(usually situated at the floor levels).
These lateral inertia forces are transferred by the floor slab to
the walls or columns, to the foundations, and finally to the soil
system underneath.
So, each of these structural elements (floor slabs, walls,

columns, and foundations) and the connections between them
must be designed to safely transfer these inertia forces through
them.
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Consequences of EQ
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 4: Factors Affecting EQ Loads
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Fundamental natural period T is an inherent property of a building. Any alterations

made to the building will change its T
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Damping is a very important dynamic characteristic of a

building. It critically controls, i.e. reduces, the response of the
structure. Damping is a property of the building material and
the way it is combined to construct the building. Hence, the
choice of the building material is a crucial indicator of damping.
Reinforced concrete structures possess more damping than
steel structures. Damping also increases with increasing
response and damage during earthquakes.
Damping reduces the build-up of earthquake inertial forces
and reduces resonance.
We experience damping in cars which are fitted with
shock-absorbers that quickly dampen out vertical vibrations
caused when a car travels over a bump. The damping in
buildings has the same effect but is smaller in its intensity.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 5: Earthquake Load on Simple

Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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Buildings
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 6: Seismic Design Philosophy & Code
Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002

IS 1893 is the main code that provides the seismic zone map (Figure 3) and
specifies the seismic design force. This force depends on the mass and
seismic coefficient of the structure; the latter in turn depends on properties like
seismic zone in which structure lies, importance of the structure, its stiffness,
the soil on which it rests, and its ductility. For example, a building in Bhuj will
have 2.25 times the seismic design force of an identical building in Bombay.
Similarly, the seismic coefficient for a single-storey building may be 2.5 times
that of a 15-storey building.
The revised 2002 edition, Part 1 of IS1893, contains provisions that are
general in nature and those applicable for buildings. The other four parts of IS
1893 will cover: Liquid-Retaining Tanks, both elevated and ground supported
(Part 2); Bridges and Retaining Walls (Part 3); Industrial Structures including
Stack-Like Structures (Part 4); and Dams and Embankments (Part 5). These
four documents are under preparation. In contrast, the 1984 edition of IS1893
had provisions for all the above structures in a single document.
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Requirement
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Requirement
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Requirement
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 7:Calculation of Design EQ Loads
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 8: Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
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Two points to note

1. 80% of the mass of a
building is in its floor
slabs, floor live loads,
and
the
beams,
earthquake loads are
applied at the roof and
floor levels
2. In the case of wind
loads. However, in reality
all earthquake loads act
within the building.
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Effect of the Earthquake

Loads
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Strength
After calculating the earthquake loads, the structural engineer analyses
the structure, usually with the help of computer software. The shear forces,
bending moments and axial loads in each member are determined, and the
required strength is provided in them.
In the case of a RC structure, members must possess enough
longitudinal and transverse reinforcing steel to resist the shear force and
bending moments due to both gravity and earthquake loads.
The strength of the building will be developed at a given amount of
sideways deflection or drift. After reaching its maximum strength members of
a ductile building will begin to yield in a ductile manner and the building will
drift with no significant gain or loss of strength.
The maximum building strength is greater than the Design strength. This
is because reinforcing steel and (hopefully) the concrete is stronger than that
specified.
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Columns had no ductile detailing.
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Poorly designed buildings may not collapse, but may be irreparably damaged
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural

Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Consider a well configured building comprising flat slab construction and shear walls.
Gravity loads are resisted by the slabs and columns, while horizontal loads in both the
X and Y direction, are resisted by shear walls. The flat slab-column system will not
resist any significant horizontal forces because it is much more flexible than the stiff
shear walls

Systems
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Systems
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frames to perform well during strong shaking columns must be stronger than
beams. As a rule-of-thumb, columns must be at least as deep as the beams.

Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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The first requirement is that the wall must be continuous from foundation to roof.
Secondly, a strong foundation system is required to resist overturning moments

Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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Shear walls in
Y-direction
Y
Frame in
X-direction
X
Plan
Frame in
X and Y-directions
Plan
Figure 19
Examples of Structural System per Direction

Systems
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Systems
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Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 10: Earthen & Stone Wall Building
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Classification of Earthen
Constructions
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 11: Load Bearing Masonry Buildings
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 13: MRF buildings
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Components of Moment-Resisting Frames
It is good practice to make the column cross-section rectangular and deeper

so that it can possess enough bending and shear strength. Note that the frame
is effective in the direction of the plane of the frame only. The frame will not
resist any loads at right angles to its length as its columns are too weak and
there are no beams framing into the columns in that direction.
RC moment-resisting frames require special reinforcement detailing, their
members should not be too small. The minimum size of columns should be 230
mm wide by 400 deep and such small members might even be too small for a
building over two storeys high depending on the seismic zone etc.
Since small structural member sizes are not recommended, the spans of
moment-resisting frames to resist seismic loads as well as gravity loads from
floor slabs, the distance between column centre-lines should typically be in the
range from 5m to 8m. Once the span exceeds 8m the beams become quite
deep and might not allow enough clear inter-storey height.
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The Indian Standard IS:1893 (Part 1) 2002 defines two types of earthquake
load moment-resisting frames.
1. Ordinary RC moment-resisting frames for which a Response Reduction
Factor R=3.0 is specified. Then there are Special RC moment-resisting
frames, or ductile frames with a R=5.0. Special frames require a Capacity
Design Approach and special detailing to achieve the required amount of
ductility. Ordinary frames are not provided with such ductile features but
are designed stronger, in fact by 67%. In spite of their extra strength their
lack of ductility has lead to the Standard allowing their use in Seismic Zone
2 only.
2. Although in theory Special RC moment-resisting frames are ductile, in
practice it is very difficult to achieve the intentions and the requirements of the
Standard both in the design office and on the construction site. For a ductile
frame to have a high level of reliability very high design and construction quality
is necessary. If there is doubt about such quality assurance it is better to
consider using RC shear walls instead to resist seismic loads.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 14: Ductility of MRFs
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An unreinforced masonry structure in a high seismic hazard zone
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All occupants in this strong-beam weak-column building were killed in the collapse
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 15: Cross-Braced Frames
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Especially for one or two-bay

frames, tension piles may
become necessary to prevent a
braced frame from overturning
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 16: Floor & Roof Diaphragm
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 17: Load Paths
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Plan Configuration
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 17: Vertical Configuration
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This is one of the most common

configuration deficiencies. It leads to
many buildings collapsing in
damaging earthquakes. Such
buildings are commonly known as
Soft-Storey Buildings.
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The Indian seismic code (IS:1893 (Part1) - 2002) mentions another approach. It states
that the frame should be 2.5 times stronger than usual, or provide a RC shear wall
whose strength is 1.5 times the forces appearing on the ground storey elements
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Poor behaviour of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall
column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same
amount .
However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it
attracts larger earthquake force. Stiffness of a column means resistance to
deformation the larger is the stiffness, larger is the force required to deform it.
If a short column is not adequately designed for such a large force, it can suffer
significant damage during an earthquake. This behaviour is called Short
Column Effect. The damage in these short columns is often in the form of Xshaped cracking as a result of brittle shear failure
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This question is often asked by architects!

The answer goes like this:
you may have slender columns, but only if you provide another structural
system, such as RC shear walls somewhere else in plan, that will resist all
earthquake loads. This technique then frees up the slender columns to carry
gravity load only in which case they can be slender.
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In plaza type buildings, the usual solution is to separate the podium from the tower.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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Infill walls can be a valuable means of bracing for

low-rise buildings (no more than four storeys high,
provided they are continuous up the building, there
a plenty of infills in each principal direction and they
are reasonably symmetrically placed. However, so
often infills cause structural problems that lead to
building collapse.
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 22: Non-structural Elements
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The architect should obtain the inter-storey drifts from the structural engineer and then
ensure the glazing is separated from its frames by sufficient clearances. If the
clearances required are quite large, special seismic mullions which provide
considerable clearance can be used.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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At the level of roof of the lower building, maximum drift
= 0.02x15,000
= 300mm
Total gap required
= 2x300mm
= 600mm.
This can be reduced by 50% if floor levels are aligned, and further if the structure
is less flexible than specified by the standard.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 24: Cantilever, Foundation
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Although the design of building foundations is the

responsibility of the structural engineer, who may consult a
geotechnical engineer when designing large buildings and
where difficult soil conditions exist, architects need to
understand the process and arrange sufficient funding from
the client.
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Retrofitting is the process of structural

upgrading of an existing building to meet
seismic design standards close to or
equivalent to standards expected of new
buildings.
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation
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Seismic isolation is a relatively recent and evolving technology. It has been in

increased use since the 1980s, and has been well evaluated and reviewed
internationally.
Base isolation has now been used in numerous buildings in countries like Italy,
Japan, New Zealand, and USA. Base isolation is also useful for retrofitting
important buildings (like hospitals and historic buildings). By now, over 1000
buildings across the world have been equipped with seismic base isolation.
In India, base isolation technique was first demonstrated after the 1993 Killari
(Maharashtra) Earthquake [EERI, 1999].
Two single storey buildings (one school building and another shopping complex
building) in newly relocated Killari town were built with rubber base isolators
resting on hard ground.
Both were brick masonry buildings with concrete roof. After the 2001 Bhuj
(Gujarat) earthquake, the four-storey Bhuj Hospital building was built with the
base isolation technique.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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This building was pushed upwards by about 7cm during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Steeper slopes have greater tendency to

undergo sliding failure under strong earthquake
shaking, particularly if the soil is saturated.
Steep slopes are prone to sliding in
earthquakes
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Single column bridge supports have

been found to be extremely vulnerable
under strong earthquake shaking
Communication
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When multi-column supports

are used, the orientation of
supports need to carefully
determined. Sudden changes
in the orientation as shown
above are not desirable
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Pipelines carry a variety of fluids;

drinking water, sewage, gas, oil etc.
Any disruption to pipelines can have
serious consequences on a
community or even a country.
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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Architects should inform their clients about the standards of earthquake design
to be adopted and possible earthquake damage scenarios. For example,
clients need to understand that compliance with Indian Code IS 1893 Criteria
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, will not achieve a earthquake
proof building.
Communication
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Communication
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Communication
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The seismic performance of a building will benefit greatly from timely interaction
between architect and structural engineer. A building that is poorly configured will
never perform well in a damaging earthquake. Unfortunately, many architectural
decisions, such as the placement of infill walls, can have a huge and detrimental
affect on a buildings performance. It is crucial that in the early stages of a building
design that engineer and architect discuss issues that will determine largely how
well a building will survive an earthquake.
The architect should consult a structural engineer as soon as the building
massing has been established, and well before detailed space planning is
undertaken. Early consultation will avoid re-work and unduly expensive structural
systems and detailing.
The architect should have a preliminary structural concept in his or her mind
before meeting the engineer so that the structure will be consistent and
compatible, and hopefully reinforce the architectural concept. This preliminary
structural concept will be a good basis from which to discuss structure in more
detail.
The best architectural outcome will occur when there is a high level of
cooperation and collaboration between architect and structural engineer at various
stages of the progress of the project.
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THANK YOU
623/29

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AR 2079 EQ RESISTANT ARCHITECTURE

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

Long time ago, a large

The differentiated Earth consists of the Inner Core

These convection currents

The Himalayas are formed due to conveyance of Indo-Australian plate

Seismic Zones of India

Thus, a seismic zone map is required so that buildings and

Parts of Himalayan boundary in the north and northeast, and

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

The national Seismic Zone Map presents a large-scale

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

One such instrument is required in each of the

The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

MedvedevSponheuerKarnik scale (USSR-Germany-Czechslovakia)

Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

Magnitude of an earthquake is a measure of its size. For

Intensity is an indicator of the severity of shaking

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

The peak ground acceleration (PGA), i.e.,

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

P-waves are fastest, followed in sequence by S-, Love and

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

Elastic rebound theory

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

earthquake depth range of 0 - 700

km is divided into three zones:

The depth of focus from the epicenter, called as Focal Depth

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

Distance from epicenter to any point of interest is called epicentral distance

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &

Dip Slip Faults

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 1: Impact of Earthquakes

2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 3: Basic Terminology &