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UNIT I
Fundamental of EQ
UNIT II
Site planning, Performance of Ground & Building
UNIT III
Seismic Design Codes and building Configuration
UNIT IV
Various Types of Construction Details
UNIT V
Urban planning and design
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Convection currents
develop in the
viscous Mantle due to
prevailing high
temperatures and
pressure gradients
between the Crust
and the Core
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The convective flow of Mantle material cause the Crust and some portion of the
Mantle, to slide on the hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earths mass takes
place in pieces called Tectonic Plates.
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Many such local circulations are taking place at different regions underneath the Earths
surface, leading to different portions of the Earth undergoing different directions of
movements along the surface.
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after the earthquake is over, the process of strain build-up at this modified interface
between the rocks starts all over again. This is Stage AB
This is know as
Elastic Rebound
Theory
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 18: Vernacular Structural Systems
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The seismic zone maps are revised from time to time as more
understanding is gained on the geology, the seismotectonics and
the seismic activity in the country. For instance,
Koyna earthquake of 1967 occurred in an area classified in
zone I as per map of 1966. The 1970 version of code upgraded
the area around Koyna to zone IV.
Killari (Latur) earthquake of 1993 occurred in zone I. The current
Indian seismic zone map places this area in zone III.
The zone map now has only four seismic zones II, III, IV and V.
The areas falling in seismic zone I in the 1984 map were merged
with those of seismic zone II.
Chennai now comes under seismic zone III as against zone II in
1984 map.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 2: Plate Tectonics & Seismic Waves
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Measuring Instruments
The instrument that measures earthquake shaking, a
seismograph, has three components
Sensor
Recorder
Timer.
The principle: A pen attached at the tip of an oscillating
simple pendulum marks on a chart paper that is held on
a drum rotating at a constant speed.
A magnet around the string provides required damping
to control the amplitude of oscillations.
The pendulum mass, string, magnet and support
together constitute the sensor; the drum, pen and chart
paper constitute the recorder; and the motor that rotates
the drum at constant speed forms the timer.
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These waves are of two types - body waves and surface waves
Body waves consist of Primary Waves (P-waves) and Secondary Waves (Swaves)
Surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
Under P-waves, material particles undergo extensional and compressional
strains along direction of energy transmission.
Under S-waves, oscillate at right angles to it P Waves . S-waves are the
primary cause of damage to buildings.
Love waves cause surface motions similar to that by S-waves, but with no
vertical component.
Rayleigh wave makes a material particle oscillate in an elliptic path in the
vertical plane (with horizontal motion along direction of energy transmission).
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Random motion in earthquake shaking occurs in all directions; therefore buildings and
structures designed to resist earthquake shaking must have strength to withstand
shaking from any direction.
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Fault
A fracture in the earth along which the opposite
sides have been relatively displaced parallel to the
plane of movement. The Earths crust breaks along
surfaces known as faults which are weak areas in
the crust along which opposite sides have been
displaced relative to each other. Faults occur when
stresses within the Earth build to a point that the
elastic properties of the rock are exceeded causing
irreversible strain or fracturing of the rock. Fault
lengths may range from a few centimeters to
hundreds of kilometers.
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The initial rupture point of an earthquake, where strain energy is first converted to
elastic wave energy; the point within the Earth which is the center of an earthquake.
The point on the fault where slip starts is the Focus or Hypocenter
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That point on the Earth's surface vertically above the hypocenter of an earthquake is
the Epicenter
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Main shock believed to be the result of minor readjustments of stress at places in the
fault zone results in After shocks
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However, the maximum amplitude in the vertical direction is usually less than
that in the horizontal direction.
In design codes, the vertical design acceleration is taken as a half to two-thirds
of the horizontal design acceleration.
In contrast, the maximum horizontal and vertical ground accelerations in the
vicinity of the fault rupture do not seem to have such a correlation.
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Liquefaction
Quick sand condition in soils is a very well known
phenomenon. An upward flow of water through a sand leads to
this effect. Soil liquefaction is also known as quick-sand
condition.
If saturated cohesionless soils, like sands are subjected to
earthquake ground motions, the resultant tendency to compact
is accompanied by an increase in the pore water pressure in soil
and a resulting movement of water from the voids.
Being lighter than soil, water is caused to flow upward to the
ground surface, where it emerges and manifests in the form of
mud spouts or sand boils. The development of high pore water
pressure due to ground vibration and the resulting upward flow
of water turns the soil into a liquefied condition. Under this Fluid
conditions, heavier buildings sink, lighter buildings rise, and
unsymmetric building tilt
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Jelly on a plate
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From Newtons First Law of Motion, even though the base of the building moves with the
ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position.
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If the roof has a mass M and experiences an acceleration a, then from Newtons
Second Law of Motion,
Inertia force FI = M times acceleration a,
Direction is opposite to that of the acceleration.
Clearly, more mass means higher inertia force. Therefore, lighter buildings sustain
the earthquake shaking better.
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All structures are primarily designed to carry the gravity loads, The downward force
Mg is called the gravity load. The vertical acceleration during ground shaking either
adds to or subtracts from the acceleration due to gravity. Since factors of safety are
used in the design of structures to resist the gravity loads, usually most structures
tend to be adequate against vertical shaking.
However, horizontal shaking along X and Y directions (both + and directions of
each) can collapse buildings. Hence, it is necessary to ensure adequacy of the
structures against horizontal earthquake effects. Thus the strength of structure to
resist internal forces referred to as stiffness forces, in the vertical elements like
columns/walls, becomes critical in achieving the safety of the building.
Provided a building is provided with sufficient strength in each of the X and Y
directions it will cope with shaking in any direction. Therefore architects must
ensure that each building has a suitable structural system that can resist X and
Y direction horizontal loads.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 6: Seismic Design Philosophy & Code
Requirement
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 8: Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
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Strength
After calculating the earthquake loads, the structural engineer analyses
the structure, usually with the help of computer software. The shear forces,
bending moments and axial loads in each member are determined, and the
required strength is provided in them.
In the case of a RC structure, members must possess enough
longitudinal and transverse reinforcing steel to resist the shear force and
bending moments due to both gravity and earthquake loads.
The strength of the building will be developed at a given amount of
sideways deflection or drift. After reaching its maximum strength members of
a ductile building will begin to yield in a ductile manner and the building will
drift with no significant gain or loss of strength.
The maximum building strength is greater than the Design strength. This
is because reinforcing steel and (hopefully) the concrete is stronger than that
specified.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 8: Vertical Distribution of Base Shear
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Poorly designed buildings may not collapse, but may be irreparably damaged
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Consider a well configured building comprising flat slab construction and shear walls.
Gravity loads are resisted by the slabs and columns, while horizontal loads in both the
X and Y direction, are resisted by shear walls. The flat slab-column system will not
resist any significant horizontal forces because it is much more flexible than the stiff
shear walls
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frames to perform well during strong shaking columns must be stronger than
beams. As a rule-of-thumb, columns must be at least as deep as the beams.
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The first requirement is that the wall must be continuous from foundation to roof.
Secondly, a strong foundation system is required to resist overturning moments
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Shear walls in
Y-direction
Y
Frame in
X-direction
X
Plan
Frame in
X and Y-directions
Plan
Figure 19
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 10: Earthen & Stone Wall Building
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Classification of Earthen
Constructions
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 11: Load Bearing Masonry Buildings
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The Indian Standard IS:1893 (Part 1) 2002 defines two types of earthquake
load moment-resisting frames.
1. Ordinary RC moment-resisting frames for which a Response Reduction
Factor R=3.0 is specified. Then there are Special RC moment-resisting
frames, or ductile frames with a R=5.0. Special frames require a Capacity
Design Approach and special detailing to achieve the required amount of
ductility. Ordinary frames are not provided with such ductile features but
are designed stronger, in fact by 67%. In spite of their extra strength their
lack of ductility has lead to the Standard allowing their use in Seismic Zone
2 only.
2. Although in theory Special RC moment-resisting frames are ductile, in
practice it is very difficult to achieve the intentions and the requirements of the
Standard both in the design office and on the construction site. For a ductile
frame to have a high level of reliability very high design and construction quality
is necessary. If there is doubt about such quality assurance it is better to
consider using RC shear walls instead to resist seismic loads.
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All occupants in this strong-beam weak-column building were killed in the collapse
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 16: Floor & Roof Diaphragm
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 18: Vernacular Structural Systems
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The Indian seismic code (IS:1893 (Part1) - 2002) mentions another approach. It states
that the frame should be 2.5 times stronger than usual, or provide a RC shear wall
whose strength is 1.5 times the forces appearing on the ground storey elements
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Poor behaviour of short columns is due to the fact that in an earthquake, a tall
column and a short column of same cross-section move horizontally by same
amount .
However, the short column is stiffer as compared to the tall column, and it
attracts larger earthquake force. Stiffness of a column means resistance to
deformation the larger is the stiffness, larger is the force required to deform it.
If a short column is not adequately designed for such a large force, it can suffer
significant damage during an earthquake. This behaviour is called Short
Column Effect. The damage in these short columns is often in the form of Xshaped cracking as a result of brittle shear failure
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In plaza type buildings, the usual solution is to separate the podium from the tower.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 21: Masonry Infill Walls
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The architect should obtain the inter-storey drifts from the structural engineer and then
ensure the glazing is separated from its frames by sufficient clearances. If the
clearances required are quite large, special seismic mullions which provide
considerable clearance can be used.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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= 0.02x15,000
= 300mm
= 2x300mm
= 600mm.
This can be reduced by 50% if floor levels are aligned, and further if the structure
is less flexible than specified by the standard.
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 19: Pounding & Seismic Joints
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 25: Retroffiting & Base-Isolation
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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This building was pushed upwards by about 7cm during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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Architects should inform their clients about the standards of earthquake design
to be adopted and possible earthquake damage scenarios. For example,
clients need to understand that compliance with Indian Code IS 1893 Criteria
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, will not achieve a earthquake
proof building.
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 27: Urban Planning and Professional
Communication
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The seismic performance of a building will benefit greatly from timely interaction
between architect and structural engineer. A building that is poorly configured will
never perform well in a damaging earthquake. Unfortunately, many architectural
decisions, such as the placement of infill walls, can have a huge and detrimental
affect on a buildings performance. It is crucial that in the early stages of a building
design that engineer and architect discuss issues that will determine largely how
well a building will survive an earthquake.
The architect should consult a structural engineer as soon as the building
massing has been established, and well before detailed space planning is
undertaken. Early consultation will avoid re-work and unduly expensive structural
systems and detailing.
The architect should have a preliminary structural concept in his or her mind
before meeting the engineer so that the structure will be consistent and
compatible, and hopefully reinforce the architectural concept. This preliminary
structural concept will be a good basis from which to discuss structure in more
detail.
The best architectural outcome will occur when there is a high level of
cooperation and collaboration between architect and structural engineer at various
stages of the progress of the project.
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THANK YOU
623/29