CONTENT

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. .3
Chapter 1 Transformation translation and their classification.................................. 5
1.1 Development of translation notion in linguistics .......................................... 5
1.2 Equivalence of translation ............................................................................ 6
1.3 Translation transformations and their classification ................................ 11
1.4 Grammatical transformations ..................................................................... 14
Chapter 2 Analysis of grammatical transformations in translation on the basis of
"the dventures of

Huckleberry Finn by M. Twen ........................................... 17

2.1 Conversion ................................................................................................... 17

2.2 Transposition ............................................................................................... 18
2.3 Sentence fragmentation ............................................................................... 18
2.4 Sentence integration .................................................................................... 19
2.5 Addition ....................................................................................................... 20
2.6 Omission ...................................................................................................... 21
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 24

INTRODUCTION
2

Translation is dominated by objective, scientific, and linguistic description

and explanation. At the same time it is a subjective choice of means preserving
stylistic equivalence of the source text.
Translation reflects the source text but it does not copy it. To translate
adequately, a translator must do his or her best to find a proper means of
expression. A translator bears in mind that the receptor has a cultural background
other than that of a receptor of the original text; therefore, s/he has to be very
resourceful in producing the same impact upon the receptor as that of the source
text. Special problems arise in translating dialects, foreign speech, puns, poetry,
etc. And a translator is in constant search for new tools to solve translation
problems.
Achievement of the translation adequacy, despite the discrepancy in
semantic systems of source and target languages, demands from translator abilities
to make numerous translation transformations in order to target text transfers the
information from source text with maximum accuracy and observance SL norms.
Actuality of the given paper consists in problem of choice maximum correct
translation transformation in transferring different grammatical forms to the
Russian language.
The aim of this term paper is to investigate the problem of transformations
in translation and to reveal peculiarities of the grammatical transformations usage
in translation of the literary texts.
The following tasks were set up to identify translation peculiarities:
1. To give the notion and the general characteristics of the transformations in
translation;
2. To reveal types of translation transformations;
3. To observe main types of the grammatical transformations;
4. To analyze peculiarities of grammatical transformations usage on the basis
of the literary text.

The object of this research is the peculiarities of grammatical

transformations usage in translating of the literary text. The subject of this
research is the problem of transformations in translation.
Scientific novelty consists in reviling dominant grammatical transformation
in translation of the English fiction.
Main method of our course paper is comparative on the basis of M. Twens
novel "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" and its translation into Russian by N.
Daruzes.
Theoretical value of the given work consists in attempt to develop uniform
criteria of grammatical transformations classification and different methods and
approaches while translating different grammatical forms from the English
language to Russian.
Practical value. The results of the given research can supply further
investigations in the problem of translation transformations; also all the materials
of the work can be used on lections and studies on theory and practice of
translation.
The paper consists of introduction, two chapters and conclusion. It is also
provided with bibliography list. In introduction we define actuality of the paper, set
up aim and tasks, define scientific novelty, theoretical and practical value of the
work. First chapter is devoted to translation notion in linguistics, to the definition
of the translation transformations and their classification. In the second chapter we
analyse types of grammatical transformations through the translation of the story
"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by Twen M. The results of the research are
submitted in the conclusion of the work.

Chapter 1 Transformation translation and their classification

1.1

Development of translation notion in linguistics

4

Among multiple problems that modern linguistics studies an important role

is played by studying of linguistic aspects of cross-language speaking activity that
is called translation or translating activity. Translation is an ancient human's
activity. Due to groups of people appeared in the history of mankind had different
languages the bilinguals became urgent as they helped communication between
groups with different languages. Then writing appeared and along with oral
interpreters written translators became urgent as well. They translated different
texts of official, religious and business issues. From its very beginning translation
played a significant social function allowing people of different languages
communicate. Spreading of written translations gave people access to cultural
achievements of other people and it made interacting and intersaturation of
literatures and cultures feasible. Knowledge of foreign languages allows reading
books originally written in those languages [1,562].
The first theories of translation were the translators themselves who tried to
generalize their own experience. Translators of ancient world discussed the issue of
proximity degree to the source text. In early Bible translations or translations of
other materials that were considered to be sacral and exemplary we can find word
for word approach of the source text interpretation that sometimes lead to partly or
even full misunderstanding of translations. That is why later translators tried
theoretically approve the right of translator for reasonable variety in subject to the
source text that meant the interpretation of meaning and the impression of the
source text instead of word for word coping [2,124].
The foundations of scientific theory of translation started to be developed in the
middle of XXth century when the problematic of translating appeared to be urgent
amongst linguists. Before that period it was thought that translation is not the issue
of linguistic range. Translators themselves considered linguistic aspects to be nonsignificant but totally technical role. The translator was supposed to be fluent both
in source and target languages but knowledge of the language was just a
preliminary condition and did not cover its meaning. By the middle of XXth
5

century the attitude to translation activity had changed and its systematic studying
commenced. During this period the translation of political, commercial, scientifictechnical and other texts was of great priority. In those types of translation the
features of individual writer's style were not important. Due to this fact more and
more attention was paid to the main difficulties of translation related to different
structures and functioning of languages in this process. The meaning of language
units was emphasized by more precise requirements for the translation. During the
translation of such materials it was not enough to get general translation as the
translation was supposed to provide information transmission in all details up to
the meaning of single words. It was required to identify linguistic meaning of this
process and what factors identified it and what range they have for information
transmitting [3,44].
1.2 Equivalence of translation
So, there are always two texts during translation, and one of them is initial
and is created independently on the second one, and the second text is created on
the basis of the first one with the help of some certain operations - the inter
language transformations. The first text is called the text of original''; the second
text is called the text of translation". The language of the text of original is called
the source language (SL). The language of the text of translation is called the
target language (TL) [4,97]. We need to define the most important thing: why do
we consider that the text of translation is equivalent to the text of original? For
example, why do we speak that the Russian sentence
"

is

the

translation

of

the

English

sentence

"My brother lives in London", while the Russian sentence

is not the translation of the English sentence given above - to say
in other words - is not equivalent to it?
Obviously, the replacement of the text in one language by the text in the
other language is not always the translation. The same idea can be expressed in the
6

other way: the process of translation or the inter language transformation is

realised not arbitrary, but with the help of some certain rules, in some strict
frameworks. And if we do not observe these rules we have already no rights to
speak about translation. To have the rights to be called the translation, the text on
TL should contain in it something that the text on SL contains. Or else, while
replacing the text on SL by the text on TL it is necessary to keep some certain
invariant; the measure of keeping of this invariant defines by itself the measure of
the equivalence of the text of translation to the text of original. So, first of all, it is
necessary to define what is the invariant in the process of translation, that is in the
process of transformation of the text on SL in the text on TL [5,176].
At the decision of this problem it is necessary to take in account the
following. The process of translation directly depends on bilateral character of a
mark, as it is called in a mark systems science - semiotics - It means that any mark
can be characterised from two sides, or plans the plan of expression or form and
the plan of contents or meaning. It is known that the language is a specific mark
system, that is why the units of language are also characterised by the presence of
two plans, both form and meaning. Thus the main role for translation is played by
that fact that different languages contain different units and these units differ from
each other in the way of expression, but they are similar in the way of the contents,
that is by the meaning. For example, the English word "brother" differs from
Russian word " in the way of the expression, but coincides with it in the way
of the contents, that is has the same meaning [5,312]. The English word "brother"
has not only the meaning " but also some meanings expressed in Russian
language by the words ", ", , " etc. And the
Russian word " in the combination corresponds not to
the English word "brother", but to the word "cousin", which means not only
but also ". This phenomenon, namely,
the incomplete concurrence of systems of meanings of units in different languages,
complicates the process translation. Taking in account this fact we can say, that if
7

we replace the English word "brother" by the Russian word ", the process of
translation takes place here, as these words, differing in the way of expression, that
is by the form, coincide or are equivalent in the way of the contents, that is by the
meaning. Actually, however, as the minimal text is the sentence, the process of
translation is always realised in the limits of minimum one sentence. And in the
sentence, as a rule, the discrepancy between the units of different languages in the
way of the contents is eliminated. Proceeding from this, we can give now the
following definition of the translation:

The translation is the process

of

transformation of the speech product in the language into the speech product in the
other language by keeping the constant plan of the contents that is the meanings.
About the keeping of the constant plan of the contents it is possible to speak only
in the relative, but not in the absolute sense. During the inter language
transformation some losses are inevitable, that is the incomplete transference of
meanings, expressed by the text of the original, is taking place [6, 29]. So, the text
of translation can never be complete and absolute equivalent of the text of original;
the task of the interpreter is to make this equivalence as complete as it is possible,
that is to achieve the minimum of losses. It means that one of the tasks of the
theory of translation is the establishment of the order of transference of meanings.
Taking into account that there are various types of meanings, it is necessary to
establish which of them have the advantages during the transference in the process
of translation, and which of them it is possible to endow" so that the semantic
losses would be minimal while translating. To finish the consideration of the
question about the essence of translation, it is necessary to answer one question
yet. This question arises from the definition of translation equivalence based on the
keeping of the constant plan of the contents, that is the meaning, given above. It
was already marked that the opportunity of keeping of plan of the contents, that is
the invariance of meanings while translating, assumes that in the different
languages there are some units that are similar in the way of meaning. The
divergence in the semantic systems of different languages is a certainty fact and it
8

is the source of numerous difficulties arising before the interpreter in the process of
translation. That is why, many researchers consider that the equivalence of the
original and the translation is not based on the identity of expressed meanings.
From the numerous statements on this theme we shall quote only one,
belonging to the English theorist of translation J. Ketford: ... The opinion that the
text on SL and the text on TL have the same meaning" or that there is a carry of
meaning" while translating, have no bases. From our point of view, the meaning is
the property of the certain language. The text on SL have the meaning peculiar to
TL; for example, the Russian text has Russian meaning, and the English text, that
is the equivalent of it, has the English meaning [7, 120]. For the benefit of
translation it is possible to state the following arguments: In the system of
meanings of any language the results of human experience are embodied, that is
the knowledge that the man receives about the objectively existing reality. In any
language, the system of language meanings reflects the whole external world of the
man, and his own internal world too, that is the whole practical experience of the
collective, speaking the given language, is fixed. As the reality, environmental
different language collectives, has much more than common features, than
distinguishes, so the meanings of different languages coincide in a much more
degree, than they miss. The other thing is that these meanings (the units of sense or
semes') are differently combined, grouped and expressed in different languages:
but it concerns already not to the plan of the contents but to the plan of the
language expression. The greatest difficulties during translation arise when the
situation described in the text on SL is absent in the experience of language
collective - the carrier of TL, otherwise, when in the initial text the so-called
realities are described, that is different subjects and phenomena specific to the
given people or the given country. The ability to describe new unfamiliar situations
is the integral property of any language; and this property makes what we speak
about to be possible. The translation was determined above as the process of
transformation of speech product in one language into the speech product in the
9

other language. Thus, the interpreter deals not with the languages as the systems,
but with the speech products, that is with the texts. Those semantic divergences,
that is in the meanings, which we are talking about, concern, first of all, to systems
of different languages; in the speech these divergences very often are neutralised,
erased, brought to nothing. The concrete distribution of elementary units of sense
(semes" or semantic units) on separate words, word combinations or sentences of
the given text is defined by the numerous and complex factors. And, as a rule, it
does not coincide in the text on SL and text on TL. But it concerns not to the plan
of the contents, but to the plan of expression and is not the infringement of a
principle of semantic equivalence of the texts of original and the text of translation
[8, 65]. Last give an example to prove the fact given above. In the story of the
known English writer S. Moem A Casual Affair " we can see the following
sentence: " He'd always been so spruce and smart; he was shabby and unwashed
and wild-eyed ". This is the Russian variant of this sentence: "
, ,
, , , (translation of Litvinova ) On the
first sight the Russian text do not seems to be the equivalent to the English one:
there are such words as ", , " in it,
which have not the direct conformities in the text of original. But really, the
semantic equivalence is available here, though here are no verbal equivalence, of
course. The thing is that the Russian words " and transfer the
meanings, which are expressed not by the words, but by the grammatical forms in
the English text: the opposition of the forms of the verb "to be" -had been and
was expresses that the first event is taking place before the second one, which
has the logical expression through adverbs of time in Russian language. [9, 90]
Words " transfer the semantic information, which
the initial English text contains too, but in one of the previous sentences, not in the
given sentence (He didn't been the job in Sumatra long and he was back again in
Singapore). So, the semantic equivalence is provided not between the separate
10

words and even not between the separate sentences here, but between the whole
text on SL and the whole text on TL as a whole [10, 37]. So, the semantic
divergences between the languages cannot serve as the insuperable obstacle for the
translation, by virtue of that circumstance, that the translation deals with the
languages not as the abstract systems, but with the concrete speech products
(texts). And in their limits there is the complex interlacing and interaction of
qualitatively diverse language means being the expressions of meanings - of
words, grammatical forms, and "super signments" means, transmitting this or that
semantic information together. That semantic equivalence of the texts of the
original and the text of translation, which we regard as the necessary condition of
the process of translation, exists not between the separate elements of these texts,
but between the texts as a whole. And inside the given text the numerous
regroupings, rearrangement and redistribution of separate elements are not only
allowed, but frequently they are simply inevitable, (" translation transformations ").
So, while translating, there is a strict rule - the principle of submission of elements
to the whole, of the lowest units to the highest [11, 176].
1.3

Translation transformations and their classification

Main purpose of the transfer is the achievement of adequacy. Adequate, or as

it also called equivalent

translation

is a translation, which is performed at the level

necessary and sufficient for transfer invariable plane of content, subject to

appropriate plan expression, i.e. rules of the translation language. By definition by
A.V. Fedorov, adequacy a "comprehensive transfer semantic content of the
original and is fully functional and stylistic correspondence to him" [12, 179].
Main task of an interpreter in achieving adequacy - ably produce
various translation transformation in order to text translation as close as possible to
transmit all information contained in the original text, while respecting the rules of
the translation language. "Transformation is the basis of most methods of translation.

11

It consists in change of formal (lexical or grammatical transformations) or

semantic components of the source text while transferring".
Y.I. Retsker defines transformation as "the techniques of logical thinking, with we
disclose the value of foreign words in context and find him n match, does not
coincide with the dictionary" [13, 38]. Currently, there are many classifications
of translation transformations proposed by various authors.
Let's consider some of them. Latyshev gives a classification of the nature
deviations from the interlanguage of correspondences in which all are divided at:
1) Morphological replacement of a categorical form of one or more;
2) Syntax changed the syntactic functions of words and phrases;
3) The style stylistic change in color of the segment of text;
4) Semantic a change not only the content of expressions, but the content itself,
namely, those signs by which describe the situation;
5) Mixed lexical-semantic and syntactic and morphological.
The classification by Barkhudarov differs transformations on formal
grounds:

transpositions,

additions,

functional

replacements,

omissions.

Barkhudarov emphasizes that such a division is in largely approximate and

relative. Transpositions are changes in location (order of) the language elements in
the text translation compared with the text of the original. Under the functional
replacements are regarded as changes in the translation of words, parts of speech,
parts of the sentence, types syntactic context, and lexical substitution
(concretization, generalization, antonymic translation, compensation). Additions
imply the use of additional words in the translation, without correspondences in the
original. Omission means the omission of one or other words in the translation.
Retsker writes that "although not always possible classify each example the
transfer because of interlocking categories, generally can be identified 7 types of
lexical transformations:
- differentiation of values;
- specification of values;
12

- generalization of values;
- meaning development;
- antonymic translation;
- holistic transformation;
- compensation for losses in the translation process. [14,48]
Barkhudarov (1973), Latyshev (1988), Levitskaya, Fiterman (1973),
Komissarov (1994), Retsker (1974) divided all transformations on the lexical,
grammatical, stylistic. Transformations can be combined with each other, taking
the nature of complex transformations. For example, Lviv (1985) finds that among
the different types of transformations are no blank wall, the same transformation can
sometimes be a contentious case, they can be attributed to different types.
Lexical transformations
Lexical transformations change the semantic core of a translated word.
According to Retsker they can be classified into the following groups:
1. Lexical substitution, or putting one word in place of another. It often
results from the different semantic structures of the source language and target
language words.
Deliberate substitution as a translation technique can be of several subtypes:
a) Specification,
b) Generalization
c) Differentiation
d) Modulation
2. Compensation is a deliberate introduction of some additional element in
the target text to make up for the loss of a similar element in the source text.
3. Metaphoric transformations are based on transferring the meaning due
to the similarity of notions [15, 44].
Stylistic transformations
Stylistical transformations at the translation from English into Russian have
to consider a contextual background of the original texts (micro and
13

macrocontext), individuality of author's style and also to consider specifics of SL,

its stylistic norms and syntactic organization of the text.
Stylistic techniques of different languages are basically the same, however,
their functioning in the speech is variously. During translation of original text the
translator's task consists in defining function of used stylistic technique and to
make the necessary decision concerning possibility of preservation this technique
in target text or about its replacement with other stylistic technique.
Kazakova defines three main stylistic techniques:
metaphor translation;
metonymy translation;
irony translation.
1.4 Grammatical transformations
The term "grammatical transformation" as transformation of the English
sentence in translation process, certainly, should be understood relatively. The
English sentence, of course, isn't changed, but in mind of the translator there is a
certain transformational operation of that "picture" of an English sentence
construction in which English words are already replaced by Russians. Essentially,
there is a transferring of a literal translation which is an inevitable stage in work of
the beginning translator. Only experience can fast prompt on Russian sentence
construction typical for English language, like the following: A bus and tram crash
killed four.
[16,22].
According to Retsker all types of grammatical transformations can be set to
the following main categories:
Conversion (grammar substitution) is used at partial discrepancy of
structural-semantic properties of this or that syntactic unit in initial and
translating languages [18; 41].
14

 Transposition (word order change). Usually the reason for this

transformation is that English and Russian sentences have different
information structures, or functional sentence perspective.
Sentence partitioning. Sentence fragmentation is the replacement of a
simple sentence in the source text with a complex sentence (with some
clauses), or a complex sentence with several independent sentences in the
target text for structural, semantic or stylistic reasons .
Sentence integration is a contrary transformation. It takes place when we
make one sentence out of two or more, or convert a complex sentence into a
simple one .
Omission. In the translation process the words being semantic superfluous,
i.e. express semantic excess values that can be understood from the text
without their help, are most often exposed to omission. Both system of any
language as a whole, and concrete speech works possess, as we know, very
big degree of redundancy that gives the chance to make these or those
omissions in translation process [17,145].
Addition. The reasons causing the necessity of lexical additions in a target
text can be various. One of them perhaps, the most usual is that it is
possible to call "formal not expressiveness" semantic components of the
phrase in SL. These phenomenon are quite usual for English words
combinations, grammatically they can be regarded as "ellipse". Words which
the known American linguist Z. Harris calls "appropriate words" often are
exposed to such "ellipse".
Two last transformations omission and addition Retsker regards as more
lexical than grammatical one.
Shweizer classified grammatical transformations following way:
1. Sentence integration;
2. Sentence fragmentation;
3. Addition of grammatical units (prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc);
15

4. Omission of grammatical units.

Pivueva and Dwoinina having compared grammatical categories and forms
of both languages, have come to conclusion, that folllowing situations can be in
any both languages:
1. lack of this or that grammatical category;
2. partial coincidence;
3. absolute coincidence.
Necessity in grammatical transformations appears only in first and second
cases. The Russian language in comparison with English doesn't have such
grammatical categories as article and gerund, and also such compound complexes
as gerund, participle and infinitive constructions. Discrepancy or partial
coincidence in meaning of corresponding forms and constructions require
grammatical transformations. There can be partial discrepancy of number category,
passive constructions, participle, infinitive, some differences in modality. Pivueva
and Dwoinina classified four types of grammatical transformations:
1. Transposition
2. Replacement
3. Additions
4. Omissions.
In our paper we adhere Retsker's classification, as it is more complete and
common. We performed an analysis of grammatical transformations on the example
of translation of selected chapters from the book by M. Twen "The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn", translation by N. Daruzes.
Chapter 2 Analysis of grammatical transformations in translation on the
basis of "the adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by M. Twen
2.1

Conversion
Conversion is applied when a grammar category of the translated unit is

changed. Thus a passive construction can be translated by an active voice verb

16

form: That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly [20;
5]. , ,
[19; 6]. The reason for this transformation is stylistic: in English the passive voice
is used much more often in neutral speech, whereas in Russian this category is
more typical of the formal style.
Or there may be substitution of the noun number category, the singular by
the plural or vice versa: She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldnt do
nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up [20, 6].
, , ,
[19, 7]. This transformation is due to the structural difference
between the English and Russian languages: in English the analyzed noun is
Singularia Tantum, in Russian it is used in the plural [18; 40].
Parts of speech, along with the parts of the sentence, can be changed: Pretty
soon I wanted to smoke, and asked the widow to let me [20, 6].
, [19,7], where the verb is
substituted by the noun. The reason for this transformation can be accounted for by
language usage preferences: English tends to the nominal expression of the state,
Russian can denote the general state by means of the verb [18, 40].
Conversion is often used for English grammatical forms like infinitive that
don't coincide with Russian one, for example: If you are with the quality, or at a
funeral, or trying to go to sleep when you aint sleepy if you are anywheres
where it wont do for you to scratch, why you will itch all over in up-wards of a
thousand places [20; 10]. : , ,
, ,
[19; 11]. In this sentence subordinate clause with infinitive is
submitted by the impersonal sentence. This miserableness went on as much as six
or seven minutes; but it seemed a sight longer than that [20; 11].
, ,
17

[19; 12]. In the given sentence grammatical construction "it seemed" transfered
with the help of personal sentence. I didnt want him to try [20; 11].
[19; 12]. Here, in order to transfer the meaning of the sentence
infinitive construction is submitted by the personal sentence.
2.2 Transposition
The stars were shining, and the leaves rustled in the woods ever so
mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who - whooing about somebody that was
dead, and a whipp of will and a dog crying about somebody that was going to die
[20; 8]; is naturally equivalent to ,
; - , - ;
, , , -
[19; 9], where the subject, predicate and adverbial modifier are positioned in a
mirrorlike fashion. He got up and stretched his neck out about a minute, listening
[20; 10]. , [19;
11].
2.3 Sentence fragmentation
Then I slipped down to the ground and crawled in among the trees, and,
sure enough, there was Tom Sawyer waiting for me [20; 9].
. :
[19; 10]. There was a place on my ankle that got to
itching, but I dasnt scratch it; and then my ear begun to itch; and next my back,
right between my shoulders [20; 10].
, . , ,
[19; 11]. The Widow Douglas she took me for her son,
and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the
time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways;
and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. I got into my old rags and
18

my sugar-hogshead again, and was free and satisfied [20; 5].

, ;
:
, .
, , , [19; 6]. In the given examples we
have both transformations sentence fragmentation and integration. But Tom Sawyer
he hunted me up and said he was going to start a band of robbers, and I might
join if I would go back to the widow and be respectable [20; 6].
, .
, [19; 7].
2.4 Sentence integration
She got mad then, but I didnt mean no harm. All I wanted was to go
somewheres; all I wanted was a change, I warnt particular [20; 7].
, , , , [19; 8].

Here two

sentences are integrated by conjunction a. I went up to my room with a piece of

candle, and put it on the table. Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried
to think of something cheerful, but it warnt no use. I felt so lonesome I most
wished I was dead [20; 8].
, -
, : , [19;
9]. three simple sentences are integrated into one composed by punctuation
marks. I got up and turned around in my tracks three times and crossed my breast
every time; and then I tied up a little lock of my hair with a thread to keep witches
away. But I hadnt no confidence. You do that when youve lost a horseshoe that
youve found, instead of nailing it up over the door, but I hadnt ever heard
anybody say it was any way to keep off bad luck when youd killed a spider [20;
19

8]. ,
, , ,
, - : ,
, , ;
, ,
[19; 10]. this integrated sentence transfers the meaning of the
original one more accurately.
2.5 Addition
She worked me middling hard for about an hour, and then the widow made her
ease up [20; 7]. ,
[19; 8]. ease up is translated into Russian
like "" so to make adequate translation there is need to add some
information. Well, likely it was minutes and minutes that there warnt a
sound, and we all there so close together [20; 10]. , ,
, ,
[19; 11]. Tom he made a sign to me kind of a little noise
with his mouth and we went creeping away on our hands and knees [20; 11].
,
. [19;
12].
2.6 Omission
She said all a body would have to do there was to go around all day long with a
harp and sing, forever and ever [20; 7].
,
[19; 8]. I didnt need anybody to tell me that that was an awful
bad sign and would fetch me some bad luck, so I was scared and most shook the

20

clothes off of me [20; 8]. , ,

, , [19; 10].

CONCLUSION
Interlingual transformations exist in our language consciousness as some
deviations from interlingual compliances perceived by us.
We came to conclusion that necessity in grammatical transformations
appears only in first and second cases. The Russian language in comparison with
21

English doesn't have such grammatical categories as article and gerund, and also
such compound complexes as gerund, participle and infinitive constructions.
Discrepancy or partial coincidence in meaning of corresponding forms and
constructions require grammatical transformations. There can be partial
discrepancy of number category, passive constructions, participle, infinitive, some
differences in modality.
The first task of our paper was to give the notion and the general
characteristics of the transformations in translation. Transformation is the
techniques of logical thinking, when we disclose the value of foreign words in
context and find their equivalents if the meaning does not coincide with the
dictionary.
The second task was to reveal types of translation transformations. There is a
big number of different classifications of translation transformations generally and
grammatical transformations in particular. The most common classification
belongs to Latishev:
1) Morphological replacement of a categorical form of a word;
2) Syntax changed the syntactic functions of words and phrases;
3) The style stylistic change of expressive means of text;
4) Semantic a change not only the content of expressions, but the content itself,
namely, those units that describe the situation;
5) Mixed lexical-semantic and syntactic and morphological.
The third task was to observe main types of the grammatical
transformations. In our paper we investigated different classification and came to
conclusion that the most universal is Retsker's one. He divided grammatical
transformations into word order change, sentence integration and fragmentation,
conversion, transposition, addition and omission.
The fourth task was to analyze peculiarities of grammatical transformations
usage on the basis of the literary text.

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It is necessary to emphasize that subdivision of translation transformations is

considerably approximate and relative. First, in a number of cases this or that
transformation can be treated with identical success both as one, and as other type
of elementary transformation. For example, in case of the translation from English
into Russian typical replacement of conjunctional connection of clauses by the
clauses without conjunctions can be characterized as conversion (one type of a
syntactic link is replaced with another), and as omission (as thus there is an
omission of the union which is available in the SL text). We came to conclusion
that there is no dominant grammatical transformation. The most important that
these types of translation transformations "in pure form" meet seldom in practice,
usually they are combined with each other, accepting form of difficult, "complex"
transformations.
Thereby the aim of our investigation, to investigate the problem of
transformations in translation and to reveal peculiarities of the grammatical
transformations usage in translation of the literary texts, was achieved.

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