Typological Changes(are inclusivly morphplogical change)

These changes depend on each other where the main shift is from synthetic to analytical type of lang.
(ex.Eng was a synthetic,now its's analytical).As we already know,there exist 3 types of
lang:Isolating,Agglutinating and Inflecting.
Genetically related lang.are also typologically similar;through long-term contact lang develop similarities
and arise divergences from a common source-one approuach to typology is ti describe the whole
system of language.But one lang cannot be easily described if the boundary between a lang and a
dialect is fuzzy;also lang are always in a state od flux-there are no homogenous lang.
-Another approach from morph. perspective is to classify lang in terms of WO and according to this,to be
able to decide to what type of lang it belongs
1)Isolating Language-There isnt morphology at all; every word consist of a single morpheme;there are
no prefixes or suffixes and no grammatical modifications of any type.Its also known as analytic lang
Ex:Vietnamese,West African lang. also it has a high degree of iconicity and is morphologucally
transparent(clear).It develops into agglutinating lang by compounding.Word and morphemes concide
only root morphemes Ex:in Chinese-there are different items for "I speak" "You speak" each sign is not a
sound but a whole concept.Isolating lang have a high degree of iconicity.
2)Agglutinative Language-Single word may consist of several morphemes but the morpheme
boundary(line) is easy to identify:each morpheme is distinct form,it has a special function;each
grammatical morpheme means a single grammatical category;the words are longer.
Ex:Turkish,Hungarian Basque=Agg+Inflectional lang are also called "synthetic".Aggl are morphologically
transparent and have a high degree of iconicity.It can develop into inflecting by complex phonological
changes.
3)Inflectional Language-word consist of several morphemes but the morpheme boundaries are
different ir impossible to idnetify,the root morphemes and grammatical suffixes arent separated;one
marker stands for more than 1 category.Ex:Old English,Proto-Germanic,IndoEuropean,Latin,Rissian,North-Am.Languages.So they have a messy morphology difficult to
analyse.These are also called "Fusional! lang.and together with Aggl.-"Synthetic".Have lower degree of
iconicity.
4)Incorporating Language-( North American Indian Lang.) the word consist of more than 1 root,the
roots are in a syntactic relation(dvugodishen) also a whole sentence can coincide a word:
*MdE has Agglutinative charachter: love-loves;dog-dogs

Iflectional lang. : goose-geese; take-took

Isolating lang. :you must have been sitting in fron of the TVfor hours.
Aggulative lang can become inflectional,but not the other way round.In all typological shifts is involved
one process:a lexical unit becomes a grammatical marker(ex:verbs of wishing tend to become markers
for future tense-->grammaticalization)
Those lexical units which are associated with other lexical units can be reduced,not pronounced
,attached to other words. Ex:I had my hair cut-in OE would be not considered as grammatical and it
didnt mean what it means today. Ex:Do-used ti be a notional verb(nowadays its not an action but a
state). Ex:Instead- in stead(stead was independent lex.item=place + prep. in)
*Now we dont express the mng as the sum of all members,so each lexical unit(analytical type) becomes
a grammatical marker-reduction/loss (syntactical type)
***According to the Subsystems of Typological Classification,we can distinguish between several word
orders=> SVO,SOV,VSO (VOS ,OVS,OSV)
When a lang fits almost perfectly into 1 type or another-appears the so called "Typological Harmony"
(VO or OV lang-accors=ding to Greenberg)
***Human Lang rely to the order of the verb and the sub.

Analytical lang usually have the SVO WO this is the most economical way of linear
representation of the duer and patient.

VSO-ergative lang ex) Basque (intr, sub and Od are treated same and different from transitive
verb)
a) But there are lang in which the category of subject doesnt exist ex:Japanise lacks in subj it relies on
the category of topic-topics have morphological markers.In MiddleEng the sub was a dominant
category-in OE it was normal to find subjectless sentences.

b)Articles-their positions is important(pre-r post-)

The structure of SVO lang is reflected in the structure if the NP;
*There are 5 distinct ways od marking possesion in MdE
1)My house; 2)John's house; 3)a table of John's; 4)a friend of mine/his; 5)the library of Sydney
*According to Greenberg we can devide the lang according ti the classificationof VO or OV or purely
through internal changes. Vo lang (engl. Europian lang):1.V precedes Obj 2.Aux precedes main 3.Adj
follows N 4.Genetive follows N 5. Relative clause follows head 6.Prepositions 7.Case-marking absent
8.Comparative adj precedes standard
OV lang(Japanise,Turkish,Basque):1.V follows Obj; 2.Aux follows main; 3.Adj precedes N; 4.Genetive
precedes N; 5.Relative cl. precedes head 6.Postpositions; 7.Case-marking present; 8.comparative
adj.follows standard
***English has develop from OV language to Vo Language.