Test

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems
NB: All solutions should be read in conjunction with the relevant class handout.
1a) A plane frame is used as part of a support structure on a chemical plant. Examine its rigidity
and calculate the magnitude and direction of the forces acting in each of the members using the
method of pins.
The design stress of the frame material is 100 MPa and the factor of safety is 8. Determine the
minimum dimensions of the square member required to prevent failure of the frame by
excessive stretching.
Answers
[Reaction at supports: Cy = 660 N
Ax = 1000 N, Ay = 160 N
FBC = 1100 N (c), FDC = 880 N (t)
FAD = 880 N (t), FBD = 500 N (t)
FAB = 200 N (t)
8.4 mm]
Solution
o
Rigidity: m + r 2 j = 5 + 3 2x4 = 0
Replace supports at A and C by their equipollent force systems (at A, Ay acts vertically upwards
and Ax acts horizontally to the left; at C, Cy acts vertically upwards).
Find reactions at A and C:
M A = 0 = 6.25Cy 3x1000 2.25 x 500

+
Cy = 660 N
+ F = 0 = 1000 A A = 1000 N
x
x
x
+ Fy = 0 = Ay + Cy 500
Ay = 160 N (direction guessed incorrectly)

o
Pin C, assume FBC acts towards pin, FDC acts away from pin:
+ Fy = 0 = 660 FBC
3
5
+ F = 0 = F 4 F
BC
DC
x
5
FBC = 1100 N (c)
FDC = 880 N (t)
Pin D, assume FBD acts away from pin, FAD acts away from pin:
+ Fy = 0 = FBD 500
FBD = 500 N (t)
+ F = 0 = 880 F
FAD = 880 N (t)
AD
x
Pin A, assume FAB acts away from pin:

+ Fy = 0 = FAB
3
160
3.75
FAB = 200 N (t)
+ F = 0 = 880 1000 200 2.25 = 0 (check only)

x
3.75
Member AD or DC will fail first as both carry the same maximum tensile loading (880 N),
hence:
max =
100 x106
force
880
= 12.5 x106 Pa =
=
8
x-area x-area
for a square member, minimum dimension is
x-area = 7.04 x105 m 2
7.04 x105 = 0.0084 m 8.4 mm

1b) A plane frame is used as part of a support structure on a chemical plant. Examine its rigidity
and calculate the magnitude and direction of the forces acting in each of the members using the
method of pins.
The design stress of the frame material is 100 MPa and the factor of safety is 8. Determine the
minimum dimensions of the square member required to prevent failure of the frame by
excessive stretching.
Answers
[Reactions at supports Dx = 0 N
Dy = 2667 N, Gx = 2000 N, Gy = 2667 N
FGF = 3334 N (t), FFD = 0 N
FCD = 2667 N (c), FCF = 0 N
FBC = 2667 N (c), FAB = 1000 N (c)
FAE = 800 N (t), FEB = 800 N (c)
FEF = 800 N (t), FFB = 2333 N (t)
16.3 mm]
Solution
o
Rigidity: m + r 2 j = 10 + 4 2 x 7 = 0
Replace supports at G and D by their equipollent

force systems (at G, Gy acts vertically upwards and Gx
acts horizontally to the left; at D, Dy acts vertically
upwards and Dx acts horizontally to the left).
Find reactions at G and D:
M G = 0 = 12 Dy 8 x 600 16 x 800 24 x 600

+
Dy = 2667 N
+ Fy = 0 = Gy + Dy
Gy = 2667 N
Fx = 0 = 600 + 600 + 800 Gx Dx

Gx + Dx = 2000 N

o Pin G, assume FGF acts away from pin:
+ Fy = 0 = FGF
8
2667
10
FGF = 3334 N (t)
+ F = 0 = 3334 6 G G = 2000 N and D = 0 N

x
x
x
x

10
o Pin D, assume FFD acts away from pin, FCD acts towards pin:
+ F = 0 = F 6 F = 0 N (i.e. redundant member)

FD
FD
x
10
+ Fy = 0 = 2667 FCD
FCD = 2667 (c)
o Pin C, assume FCF acts away from pin, FBC acts towards pin:
+ F = 0 = F
CF
x
FCF = 0 N (i.e. redundant member)
+ Fy = 0 = 2667 FBC
FBC = 2667 (c)
o Pin A, assume FAE acts away from pin, FAB acts towards pin:
+ F = 0 = 600 F 6 F = 1000 N (c)

AB
AB
x
10
+ Fy = 0 = 1000
8
FAE
10
FAE = 800 (t)
o Pin E, assume FEF acts away from pin, FEB acts towards pin:
+ F = 0 = 800 F
FEB = 800 N (c)
EB
x
+ Fy = 0 = 800 FEF
FEF = 800 (t)

o Pin F, assume FFB acts away from pin:
+ F = 0 = 600 + F 6 3334 6 F = 2333 N (t)

FB
FB
x

10
10
8
8
+ Fy = 800 + 2333 3334 = 0 N (check only)
10
10
o Pin B:
+ F = 0 = 800 + 1000 6 2333 6 = 0 N (check only)

x

10
10
8
8
+ Fy = 2667 1000 2333 = 0 N (check only)
10
10
o Member GF will fail first as it carries the maximum tensile loading (3334 N), hence:
max =
100 x106
force
3334
= 12.5 x106 Pa =
=
8
x-area x-area
for a square member, minimum dimension is
x-area = 2.67 x104 m 2
2.67 x104 = 0.0163 m = 16.3 mm

2a) A plane frame is used as part of a support structure on a chemical plant. Find the magnitude and
direction of the forces in the members GH, CH and BC using the method of sections.
Answers
[FGH = 5.83 kN (c), FCH = 4.17 kN (c), FBC = 8 kN (t)]
Solution
o Replace supports at A and E by their equipollent force systems (at A, Ay acts vertically upwards
and Ax acts horizontally to the left; at E, Ey acts vertically upwards).
o Find reactions at A and E:
M A = 0 = 8 x 5 16 x 2 24 x 5 + 32 Ey
+
+ Fy = 0 = Ay + Ey 5 2 5
+ F = 0 = A
x
x
Ey = 6 kN
Ay = 6 kN
Ax = 0 kN

o Take a virtual section through the members GH, CH and BC. Discard the right hand portion of
the frame and replace with forces FGH, FCH and FBC. These are assumed to act away from the
pins at H and B on the remaining left hand portion of the frame and respectively parallel to the
members GH, CH and BC.
o Force in member GH. Let perpendicular distance from point C to line through FGH equal z:
6
= 53.13o = BHC
10
z
CHZ = 180o 2 x 53.13o = 73.74o = sin1 z = 9.6 m
10
cos ( BHA) =
M C = 0 = 16 x 6 + 8 x 5 9.6 FGH
+
FGH = 5.83 kN (c) (direction guessed incorrectly)
o Force in member CH, let perpendicular distance from point B to line through FCH equal z (same
as perpendicular distance from point B to a line through frame member AH):
6
= 36.87o = HCB
8
z
36.87o = sin1 z = 4.8 m
8
tan ( HAB ) =
M B = 0 = 8 x 6 4.8FCH + 4.8 x 5.83

+
FCH = 4.17 kN (c) (direction guessed incorrectly)
o Force in member BC:
M H = 0 = 6 FBC 6 x 8
+
FBC = 8 kN (t)

2b) A plane frame is used as part of a support structure on a chemical plant. Find the magnitude and
direction of the forces in the members EF, RF, RN and ON using the method of sections.
Answers
[FEF = 3333 N (c), FON = 3333 N (t), FRF = 542 N (c), FRN = 542 N (t)]
Solution
o Replace supports at A and K by their equipollent force systems (at A, Ay acts vertically upwards
and Ax acts horizontally to the left; at K, Ky acts vertically upwards).
o Find reactions at A and K:
M A = 0 = 24 K y 4 x1000 12 x1200 16 x 2000 6 x1800

+
+ F = 0 = 1800 A
x
x
K y = 2550 N
Ax = 1800 N
+ Fy = 0 = Ay + K y 1000 1200 2000
Ay = 1650 N

o Take a virtual section through the members EF, ER, RO and ON. Discard the right hand portion
of the frame and replace with forces FEF, FER, FRO and FON. These are assumed to act away from
the pins at E and O on the remaining left hand portion of the frame and respectively parallel to
the members EF, ER, RO and ON.
o Forces in members EF and ON:

M O = 0 = 4 x1000 6 x1800 6 FEF 8 x1650
+
+ F = 0 = 1800 1800 + F + F
EF
ON
x
FEF = 3333 N (c)
FON = 3333 N (t)

o Take a (new) virtual section through the members EF, RF, RN and ON. Discard the right hand
portion of the frame and replace with forces FEF, FRF, FRN and FON. FEF and FON are known
whilst FRF and FRN are assumed to act away from the pin at O on the remaining left hand portion
of the frame and respectively parallel to the members RF and RN.
o Forces in members RF and RN. Noting that RN = RF = 5 m:

+ Fy = 0 = 1650 1000 FRN cos ( ORN ) + FRF cos ( ERF )
3
3
FRF FRN + 650 = 0
5
5
+ F = 0 = 1800 1800 + 3333 3333 + F cos ( RNO ) + F ( RFE )

RN
RF
x
FRN + FRF = 0
Solving the simultaneous equations, FRF = 542 N (c) and FRN = 542 N (t) .
10

3a) A beam is used as part of a support structure for a reactor vessel, the loading pattern is given in
the diagram. Obtain expressions for the shear force (V), axial force (N) and bending moment (M)
as functions of distance x measured from the left-most extremity of the beam.
Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagrams and indicate the principal values.
Answers
[Reactions at supports: Ay = 24.75 kN; Ax = 0 kN; By = 38.25 kN
x = 0-1.5 m: V = 24.75 kN; N = 0 kN; M = 24.75x kN m
x = 1.5-3 m: V = 6.75 kN; N = 0 kN; M = 6.75x + 27 kN m
B
x = 3-6 m: V = 51.75 15 x kN ; N = 0 kN; M = 27 + 6.75 x 7.5( x 3) 2 kN m ]
Solution
o Replace supports at A and B by their equipollent force systems (at A, Ay acts vertically upwards
and Ax acts horizontally to the left; at B, By acts vertically upwards).
B
11

o Find reactions at A and B:
M A = 0 = 6 By 1.5 x18 4.5 (15 x 3)

+
By = 38.25 kN
+ F = 0 = A A = 0 kN
x
x
x
+ Fy = 0 = Ay + By 18 15 x 3
Ay = 24.75 kN
o Take successive virtual sections through the beam, each time discarding the right hand portion.
For the remaining left hand portion, introduce a shear force V (acting vertically downwards) and
a bending moment M (acting anticlockwise) at the end of the beam exposed by the virtual
section (labelled point Q).
o At all points along the beam, N = 0 (there are no horizontal forces acting).
o Section 0 < x < 1.5 m:

+ Fy = 0 = 24.75 V
V = 24.75 kN
M Q = 0 = M 24.75 x
+
M = 24.75 x kN m
o Section 1.5 < x < 3 m:
+ Fy = 0 = 24.75 18 V
M Q = 0 = M + 18 ( x 1.5 ) 24.75 x
+
V = 6.75 kN
M = 6.75 x + 27 kN m
12

o Section 3 < x < 6 m:
+ Fy = 0 = 24.75 18 15 ( x 3) V
V = 51.75 15 x kN
M Q = 0 = M + 15 ( x 3) x 3 + 18 ( x 1.5) 24.75 x
+
2
M = 27 + 6.75 x 7.5 ( x 3) kN m
2
o Shear force and bending moment diagrams:
13

3b) A beam is used as part of a support structure for a reactor vessel, the loading pattern is given in
the diagram. Obtain expressions for the shear force (V), axial force (N) and bending moment
(M) as functions of distance x measured from the left-most extremity of the beam.
Answers
[Reactions at wall: RB = qoL/2; MB = qoL2/6
x = 0-L: V = - qox2/(2L); N = 0; M = - qox3/(6L)]
B
Solution
o Replace support B by its equipollent force system (By acts vertically upwards, Bx acts
horizontally to the right and MB acts anticlockwise).
B
o Find reactions at B:
M B = 0 = L 1 q0 L M B
+
32
q0 L2
MB =
6
+ F = 0 = B B = 0
x
x
x
1
+ Fy = 0 = By q0 L
2
By =
q0 L
2
14

o Take a virtual section through the beam and discard the right hand portion. For the remaining
left hand portion introduce a shear force V (acting vertically downwards) and a bending moment
M (acting anticlockwise) at the end of the beam exposed by the virtual section (labelled point
Q).
o Section 0 < x < L. Noting that at x = 0, q = 0 and at x = L, q = q0 , the loading on the beam can
be described by the equation q = q0 ( x L ) . Thus:
1 x
+ Fy = 0 = V x q0
2 L
M Q = 0 = M + 1 x q0 x x
+
2 L 3
V =
q0 x2
2L
q0 x3
M =
6L
15

16

3c) A beam is used as part of a support structure for a reactor vessel, the loading pattern is given in
the diagram. Obtain expressions for the shear force (V), axial force (N) and bending moment
(M) as functions of distance x measured from the left-most extremity of the beam.
Answers: [V = Pcos; N = Psin; M = Prsin]
Solution
o Take a virtual section through the semi-circular beam at point B and discard the right hand
portion. On the remaining left hand portion, introduce a shear force V (acting parallel to the
section and toward O), a bending moment M (acting anticlockwise) and a normal force (acting
perpendicular to, and away from, the section) at the end of the beam exposed by the virtual
o Resolve parallel to the section:

+
= 0 = V P cos
V = P cos
o Resolve perpendicular to the section:

+
= 0 = N P sin
N = P sin
o Take moments:
M O = 0 = M Nr
+
M = Pr sin
17

3d) A beam is used as part of a support structure for a reactor vessel, the loading pattern is given in
the diagram. For regions to the left of support B, obtain expressions for the shear force (V), axial
force (N) and bending moment (M) as functions of distance x measured from the left-most
extremity of the beam.
In outline, how would N, V and M be determined over the region 5.4 < x < 9.6?
Answers
[Reactions at supports: Ay = - 39.33 kN; Ax = 0 kN; By = - 39.33 kN
x = 0-4.2 m: V = 5.1x + 0.66x2 kN; N = 0 kN; M = 2.55x2 + 0.22x3 kN m
x = 4.2-5.4 m: V = 10.6x - 50.88 kN; N = 0 kN; M = 5.3(x - 4.2)2 - 6.36x + 87.9 kN m
x = 5.4-9.6 m: V = - 0.66x2 + 17.75x - 109.57 kN; N = 0 kN; M = 429.6 - 109.8x + 8.9x2 - 0.22x3 kN
m]
B
Solution
o Replace supports at A and B by their equipollent force systems (at A, Ay acts vertically upwards
and Ax acts horizontally to the left; at B, By acts vertically upwards).
B
18

o Find reactions at A and B. (Virtually) divide the loading into a large rectangle (base length 9.6
m, height 5.1 kN m-1), a smaller rectangle (base length 1.2 m, height 5.5 kN m-1) and two
triangles (base length 4.2 m, height 5.5 kN m-1):
M A = 0 = 0.6 ( 9.6 x 5.1) + 0.6 (1.2 x 5.5 ) 1.4 ( 0.5 x 4.2 x 5.5 ) + (1.2 + 1.4 )( 0.5 x 4.2 x 5.5 ) + 1.2 By
+
By = 39.33 kN (i.e. guessed in wrong direction)
+ F = 0 = A A = 0 kN
x
x
x
+ Fy = 0 = ( 9.6 x 5.1) + (1.2 x 5.5 ) + 2 ( 0.5 x 4.2 x 5.5 ) + Ay + By
Ay = 39.33 kN (guessed in wrong direction)
o Take successive virtual sections through the beam, each time discarding the right hand portion.
On the remaining left hand portion, introduce a shear force V (acting vertically downwards) and
a bending moment M (acting anticlockwise) at the end of the beam exposed by the virtual
o Section 0 < x < 4.2 m:
+ Fy = 0 = 5.1x +
1
x
x 5.5
V
2
4.2
x
M Q = 0 = M 5.1x x 1 x 5.5 x

+
4.2 3
2 2
V = 5.1x + 0.66 x2 kN
M = 2.55 x2 + 0.22 x3 kN m
19

o Section 4.2 < x < 5.4 m:
+ Fy = 0 = 5.1x + 5.5 ( x 4.2 ) + 0.5 x 4.2 x 5.5 39.33 V
V = 10.6 x + 50.88 kN
M Q = 0 = M 5.1x x 5.5 ( x 4.2 ) x 4.2 1 x 4.2 x 5.5

x 4.2 ( 39.33)( x 4.2 )
+
3
2
2 2
M = 5.3 ( x 4.2 ) 6.36 x + 87.86 kN m

2
o Section 5.4 < x < 9.6 m. A virtual cut through the region results in a trapezium shape loading
that can either be dealt with as a trapezium shape (see class notes) or split into a rectangle plus a
triangle. Doing either, resolving vertically and taking moments gives V = - 0.66x2 + 17.75x 109.57 kN and M = 429.6 - 109.8x + 8.9x2 - 0.22x3 kN m. As loading of the beam is
symmetrical, the general form of the curve shapes over this region are the same as those over
0 < x < 4.2 m.
20

21

4a) The x-sectional shape in the diagram is a potential candidate for beams in a new chemical plant
walkway. Find the position of the neutral axis ( y ) and the second moment of area ( I x ) about
the neutral axis. All dimensions are in millimetres. State any assumptions.
Answers
[ y = 150 mm (from bottom edge); Ix = 3.83x10-4 m4 ]
Solution
o By symmetry, position of neutral axis y = 300 2 = 150 mm
o Second moment of area. Treating the x-section as a large rectangle (width = 200 mm, height =
300 mm, designated L) with a smaller rectangle (width = 100, height = 200 mm, designated S)
removed:
Ix =
bL hL3 bS hS3 200 x 3003 100 x 2003
= 3.83 x108 mm 4 3.83 x104 m 4

12
12
12
12
o Alternatively, (virtually) split the x-section into four smaller rectangles (two of width = 50 mm,
height = 200 mm, designated 1 and two of width = 200 mm, height 50 mm, designated 2) and
employ the parallel axis theorem:
b h3 b h3
50 x 2003 200 x 503

2
I x = 2 1 1 + 2 2 2 + A2 d 22 = 2
+ 200 x 50 x (150 25 )
+ 2
12 12
12
12
= 3.83 x108 mm 4 3.83 x104 m 4
22

4b) The x-sectional shape in the diagram is a potential candidate for beams in a new chemical plant
Answers
[ y = 150 mm; Ix = 4.45x10-4 m4]
Solution
o By symmetry, y = 300 2 = 150 mm
o
Ix =
bh3 d 4 200 x 3003 1004
= 4.45 x108 mm 4 4.45 x104 m 4

12
64
12
64
23

4c) The x-sectional shape in the diagram is a potential candidate for beams in a new chemical plant
Answers
[ y = 150 mm; Ix = 3.83x10-4 m4]
Solution
o (Virtually) split the x-section into three parts. Namely two rectangles, one at the top and one at
the bottom (width = 200 mm, height = 50 mm, designated 1) and a third rectangle that joins the
other two (width = 100 mm, height = 200 mm). Employing the parallel axis theorem:
Ix =
b h3
100 x 2003
200 x 503
bh3
2
+ 2 1 1 + A1d12 =
+ 2
+ 200 x 50 x (150 25 )
12
12
12
12
= 3.83 x108 mm 4 3.83 x104 m 4
o Alternatively, consider the x-section to comprise a large rectangle (width = 300 mm, height =
300 mm, designated L) with two smaller rectangles (width = 100 mm, height = 250 mm,
designated S) removed. Employing the parallel axis theorem:
Ix =
b h3
300 x 3003
100 x 2503
bL hL3
2 S S + AS d S2 =
2
+ 100 x 250 x 252
12
12
12
12
= 3.83 x108 mm 4 3.83 x104 m 4
24

4d) The x-sectional shape in the diagram is a potential candidate for beams in a new chemical plant
the neutral axis for each of the beam sections shown. All dimensions are in millimetres. State
any assumptions.
Answers
[ y = 138.6 mm; Ix = 3.08x10-4 m4]
Solution
o Assume that the fillet radii can be ignored for the purpose of calculation.
o Summing moments about the bottom edge of the x-section:
25 ( 200 x 50 ) + 150 ( 50 x 200 ) + 275 (150 x 50 ) = y ( 200 x 50 + 50 x 200 + 150 x 50 )
y = 138.6 mm
o (Virtually) split the x-section into three parts. Namely two rectangles, one at the top (width =
150 mm, height = 50 mm) and one at the bottom (width = 200 mm, height = 50 mm) and a third
rectangle that joins the other two (width = 100 mm, height = 200 mm). Employing the parallel
axis theorem:
3
3
150 x 503
2 50 x 200
2 200 x 50
Ix =
+ 150 x 50 x136.4 +
+ 50 x 200 x11.4 +
+ 200 x 50 x113.62
12
12
12
= 3.08 x108 mm 4 3.08 x104 m 4
25

5) To provide additional strength a plate (width = 400 mm, height = 50 mm) is welded to the top of
the beam section shown in Question 4(c) such that its right hand edge protrudes 50 mm from the
right hand extremity of the beam. Stating any assumptions, calculate y and I x for the new
beam.
Answers: [ y = 208.3 mm; Ix = 7.96x10-4 m4]
Solution
o Assume that the plate welded to the beam acts as continuously with the original section.
o Summing moments about the bottom edge of the x-section:

25 ( 200 x 50 ) + 150 (100 x 200 ) + 275 ( 200 x 50 ) + 325 ( 400 x 50 )
= y ( 200 x 50 + 100 x 200 + 200 x 50 + 400 x 50 )
y = 208.3 mm
o (Virtually) split the x-section into four parts. Namely the three identified in Question 4(c) plus
the rectangle due to the extra plate on the top of the beam section (width = 400 mm, height = 50
mm). Employing the parallel axis theorem:
400 x 503
200 x 503
+ 400 x 50 x116.7 2 +
+ 200 x 50 x 66.7 2
Ix =
12
12
100 x 2003
200 x 503
+
+ 100 x 200 x 58.32 +
+ 200 x 50 x183.32
12
12
= 7.96 x108 mm 4 7.96 x104 m 4
26

6) For the beam loading shown in Question 3(a) calculate:
(a) The maximum and minimum normal and shear stresses 1.5 m from the right hand end of the
beam. Assume that the beam has a rectangular cross-section with a width of 150 mm and
depth of 200 mm.
Answers
[min = 0 MPa @ neutral axis; max = 40.5 MPa @ beam edges; min = 0 MPa @ beam
edges; max = - 0.79 MPa @ neutral axis]
(b) The normal and shear stresses 30 mm above the neutral axis for the rectangular beam
described in Question 6(a).
Answers: [ = - 12.2 MPa; = - 0.72 MPa]
(c) The maximum and minimum normal and shear stresses 1.5 m from the right hand end of the
beam. Assume in this case that the beam has the I-section shown in Question 4(d).
Answers
[min = 0 MPa @ neutral axis; max = 18.2 MPa (t) @ bottom edge; max = - 21.2 MPa (c) @
top edge; min = - 1.05 MPa @ top edge of web; max = - 1.36 MPa @ neutral axis]
(d) If the design stress is 200 MPa, determine the margins of safety against failure through
breakage for the beams in Questions 6(a) and 6(c). State your assumptions.
Answers: [3.9, 10]
Solution 6(a)
o At 1.5 m from the right hand end of the beam in Question 3(a):
V = 51.75 15 x kN
@ x = 4.5 m V = 15.75 kN
M = 27 + 6.75 x 7.5 ( x 3) kN m
2
@ x = 4.5 m M = 40.5 kN m
27
Ix =
bh3 150 x 2003

=
= 1x108 mm 4 1x104 m 4
12
12
o Using the flexure formula = My I :

@ y = 0, min
40.5 x103
=
( 0 ) = 0 MPa
1x104
( 40.5 x10 )(100 x10 ) = 40.5 x10

=
3
@ y = 100 mm, max
Pa 40.5 MPa (t)
( 40.5 x10 )( 100 x10 ) = 40.5 x10

=
3
@ y = 100 mm, max
1x104
1x10
Pa 40.5 MPa (c)
o Using the shear formula = VQ Ib :
( 15.75 x10 ) ( 0 ) = 0 MPa

=
(1x10 )(150 x10 )
3
@ y = 100 mm, min
( 15.75 x10 ) ( (100 x10 )(150 x10 )( 50 x10 ) )

=
(1x10 )(150 x10 )
3
@ y = 0 mm, max
= 7.9 x105 Pa 0.79 MPa
Solution 6(b)
( 40.5 x10 )( 30 x10 ) = 12.2 x10

=
3
1x10
Pa 12.2 MPa
( 15.75 x10 ) ( (150 x10 ) ( (100 30 ) x10 )( 65 x10 ) )

=
= 7.2 x10
(1x10 )(150 x10 )
3
Pa 0.72 MPa
28

Solution 6(c)
o Note from Question 6(a) that V = 15.75 kN , M = 40.5 kN m and from Question 4(d) that
y = 138.6 mm and I x = 3.08 x104 m-4.

@ y = 0, min =
40.5 x103
( 0 ) = 0 MPa
3.08 x104
( 40.5 x10 )(138.6 x10 ) = 1.82 x10

=
3
@ y = 138.6 mm, max
3.08 x10
Pa 18.2 MPa (t)
( 40.5 x10 )( 161.4 x10 ) = 2.12 x10

=
3
@ y = 161.4 mm, max
3.08 x10
Pa 21.2 MPa (c)
o Using the shear formula = VQ Ib :
@ y = 0 mm, max
(138.6 50 ) x103
3
3
( (138.6 50 ) x10 )( 50 x10 )
15.75 x103
2
=
4
3
3.08
x10
50
x10
(
)(
)
3
3
3
200
x10
50
x10
138.6
25
x10
+
)
)(
) ((
)
(
max = 1.36 x106 Pa 1.36 MPa
29

minimum shear occurs at the extremities of the web:
@ bottom of web, =
15.75 x103
200 x103 )( 50 x103 ) ( (138.6 25 ) x103 )
(
4
3
( 3.08 x10 )( 50 x10 )
= 1.3 x106 Pa 1.3 MPa
( 15.75 x10 )
@ top of web, =
( (150 x10 )( 50 x10 ) (( 300 138.6 25) x10 ))
( 3.08 x10 )( 50 x10 )
3
= 1.05 x106 Pa 1.05 MPa
hence min = 1.05 MPa
30

Solution 6(d)
o From Question 6(a) max = 40.5 MPa , hence the margin of safety is ( 200 40.5 ) 1 = 3.9
o From Question 6(c) ( max )tensile = 18.2 MPa and ( max )compression = 21.2 MPa . Assuming that any
failure will occur through tensile loading, the margin of safety is ( 200 18.2 ) 1 = 10 . Should the
beam fail in compression then it is likely to buckle before crushing.
31

7a) Determine the equations of the slope and deflection curves (in terms of the distance x measured
from the left most edge) for the beam shown. Find also the angles of rotation at the supports
and the position of the maximum deflection of the beam. [Start from 4th order equation]
Answers
qo x 5 qo Lx 3 7 qo L3 x
qx
+
= o ( 3 x 4 10 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
120 L
36
360
360 L
4
2
3
q x q Lx 7 qo L
q
+
= o (15 x 4 30 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
EIv = o o
24 L
12
360
360 L
3
3
7q L
qL
A = o ; B = o ; maximum deflection occurs @ x = 0.52L]
360 EI
45 EI
[ EIv =
Solution
o Noting that at x = 0, q = 0 and at x = L, q = q0 , the loading on the beam can be described by
the equation q = q0 ( x L ) and the 4th order equation may be written as:
EIv = q =
q0
x
L
o Successive integration w.r.t. x gives:
q0
L
q
EIv = 0
L
EIv =
x2
+ C1 = V
2
x3
+ C1 x + C2 = M
6
32

o Invoke boundary conditions:
@ x = 0, M = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = L, M = 0
C1 = q0 L 6
EIv =
q0 x3 q0 Lx
6L
6

q0 x 4 q0 Lx 2
+ C3
24 L
12
EIv =
EIv =
q0 x 5 q0 Lx 3
+ C3 x + C4
120 L
36

@ x = 0, v = 0
C4 = 0
@ x = L, v = 0
C3 = 7 q0 L3 360
o Substituting gives the equations of the slope and deflection curves:

EIv =
EIv =
qo x 4 qo Lx 2 7 qo L3
q
+
= o (15 x 4 30 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
24 L
12
360
360 L
qo x5 qo Lx3 7qo L3 x
qx
+
= o ( 3 x 4 10 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 )
120 L
36
360
360 L
o Using the equation of the slope curve:

@ x = 0, v = A =
7 qo L3
360 EI
@ x = L , v = B =
qo L3 qo L3 7 qo L3
q L3
+
= o
24
12
360
45 EI
at point of maximum deflection v = 0 = 15 x 4 30 L2 x 2 + 7 L4 , solving gives x 0.52 L
33

7b) Determine the equations of the slope and deflection curves (in terms of the distance x measured
from the left most edge) for the beam shown. Find also the angle of rotation at the support and
the position of the maximum deflection of the beam. [Start from 2nd order equation]
Answers
qL2 x 2 qLx 3 qx 4 qx 2
+
=
6 L2 4 Lx + x 2 )
(
4
6
24
24
2
2
3
qL x qLx
qx
qx
+
= ( 3L2 3Lx + x 2 )
EIv =
2
2
6
6
A = 0; maximum deflection occurs at the right hand extremity of the beam]
[ EIv =
Solution
o Noting from static equilibrium that V = q ( L x ) and M = q ( L x ) 2 , the 2nd order equation
may be written as:
2
q ( L x)
qL2
qx 2
EIv = M =
=
qLx +
2
2
2
2

EIv =
qL2 x qLx 2 qx 3
+
+ C1
2
2
6
EIv =
qL2 x 2 qLx 3 qx 4
+
+ C1 x + C2
4
6
24
34

@ x = 0, v = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 0, v = 0
C1 = 0
o Substituting gives the equations of the slope and deflection curves:
EIv =
qL2 x qLx 2 qx3 qx
+
= ( 3L2 3Lx + x 2 )
2
2
6
6
EIv =
qL2 x 2 qLx3 qx 4 qx 2
+
=
6 L2 4 Lx + x 2 )
(
4
6
24
24
o At the cantilever support v = A = 0 and the maximum deflection occurs at the right hand
extremity of the beam.
35

7c) Determine the equations of the slope and deflection curves (in terms of the distance x measured
from the left most edge) for the beam shown. Find also the angles of rotation at the supports
and the position of the maximum deflection of the beam.
Answers
9qo L
11qo L
7 q L2
; RB =
; MA = o
40
40
120
5
3
2 2
qo x
qo Lx qo L x RB x 3 RB Lx 2 qo x 2
EIv =
7 L3 9 L2 x + 2 x 3 )
(
+
=
12
6 6
2 240 L
120 L
[ RA =
qo x 4 qo Lx 2 qo L2 x RB x 2
qx
+
RB Lx = o (14 L3 27 L2 x + 10 x 3 )
EIv =
+
4
3 2
240 L
24 L
q L3
A = 0; B = o ; maximum deflection occurs @ x = 0.6L]
80 EI
Solution
o Use the method of superposition. Assume that the beam loading comprises a downward acting,
non-uniformally distributed load over the beam length plus a concentrated load (RB) acting at
the point B in the upward direction. The problem is solved by considering the two loadings
independently to find the respective equations for the slope and deflection curves and then
combining the solutions to find the equations for the combined loadings.
B
36

o Consider the non-uniformally distributed load alone, i.e. (virtually) remove the rolling support
at B.
o Noting that at x = 0, q = 0 and at x = L, q = q0 , the loading on the beam can be described by

the equation q = q0 ( x L ) and the 4th order equation may be written as:
EIv = q =
q0
x
L
o Integrating w.r.t. x gives:

EIv =
q0 x 2
+ C1 = V
2L

@ x = L, V = 0
EIv =
C1 = q0 L 2
q0 x 2 q0 L
2L
2
o Integrating w.r.t. x gives:

EIv =
q0 x 3 q0 Lx
+ C2 = M
6L
2

@ x = L, M = 0
EIv =
C2 = q0 L2 3
q0 x3 q0 Lx q0 L2
+
6L
2
3
37

EIv =
q0 x 4 q0 Lx 2 q0 L2 x
+
+ C3
24 L
4
3
EIv =
q0 x 5 q0 Lx 3 q0 L2 x 2
+
+ C3 x + C4
120 L
12
6

@ x = 0, v = 0
C4 = 0
@ x = 0, v = 0
C3 = 0
o Substituting gives the equations of the slope and deflection curves for the non-uniformally
distributed loading alone:
EIv =
qo x 4 qo Lx 2 qo L2 x
+
24 L
4
3
EIv =
qo x5 qo Lx 3 qo L2 x 2
+
120 L
12
6
@ x = L, v =
11q0 L4
120 EI
o Consider the concentrated load (RB) alone, i.e. virtually remove the non-uniformally distributed
load.
B
o Noting from static equilibrium that M = RB ( L x ) , the 2nd order equation may be written as:
EIv = M = RB ( L x ) = RB x RB L
38

EIv =
RB x 2
RB Lx + C1
2
EIv =
RB x 3 RB Lx 2
+ C1 x + C2
6
2

@ x = 0, v = 0
C2 = 0
@ x = 0, v = 0
C1 = 0
o Substituting gives the equations of the slope and deflection curves for the concentrated loading:
EIv =
RB x 2
RB Lx
2
EIv =
RB x 3 RB Lx 2
6
2
@ x = L, v =
RB L3
3EI
o Recombining the two loadings and equating the deflections at B gives:

11q0 L4 RB L3
=0
120 EI 3EI
RB =
11q0 L
40
o Substituting gives the equations of the slope and deflection curves for the original beam
loadings:
q x 4 q Lx 2 qo L2 x RB x 2
qx
+
RB Lx = o (14 L3 27 L2 x + 10 x 3 )
EIv = o o
+
4
3 2
24 L
240 L
q x 5 q Lx 3 qo L2 x 2 RB x3 RB Lx 2 qo x 2
+
EIv = o o
( 7 L3 9L2 x + 2 x3 )
+
=
L
L
120
12
6
6
2
240

o Using the equation for the slope curve:
@ x = 0, v = A = 0
@ x = L, v = B =
at point of maximum deflection v = 0 =
qo
q L3
14 L3 27 L3 + 10 L3 ) = o
(
240
80 EI
qo x
(10 x3 27 L2 x + 14 L3 ) , solving gives x 0.6 L
240 EIL
39

8) Part of a vessel support comprises a horizontal bar AB that is propped by a pinned end column
CD. The column is a steel bar of square cross-section with length L = 3 m, side dimensions b =
50 mm, modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa and yield stress y = 250 MPa. The factor of safety
with regard to buckling is 2.5. Calculate:

(a) The allowable load (P).
(b) The allowable load if the pinned end support
at D is replaced by a cantilever support.
(c) The allowable load if the yield stress of the
pinned end column is raised to 550 MPa by
changing the material of construction.
Answers
[P = 15.2 kN; P = 31.2 kN; P = 15.2 kN]
Solution
o For the square x-section, I = b 4 12 = ( 50 x103 ) 12 = 5.21x107 m 4
4
o Using Eulers formula for buckling:

Pcr =
2 EI
L
2 ( 200 x109 )( 5.21x107 )

2
= 1.142 x105 N 114.2 kN
o With a 2.5 factor of safety, Pcr = 114.2/2.5 = 45.7 kN

o Consider a free body diagram for the horizontal bar AB and take moments about the point A:
M A = 0 = 45.7d P ( 3d )
+
P = 15.2 kN
o With a cantilever support at D, Eulers buckling formula becomes

Pcr = 2.046
2 EI
L2
P = 2.046 x15.2 = 31.2 kN
o If the yield stress is raised to 550 MPa, other properties remain the same and Eulers buckling
theory is valid then there is no change to the critical load (i.e. P = 15.2 kN) as Pcr fn ( y ) .
40

9a) A column of circular x-section carries a compressive load and is used as part of a pipeline
support system. Due to a recent plant modification the support has partially buckled and by way
of a repair it is proposed to replace this column with a new member having either a square or
equilateral triangle x-section as columns with either of these cross-sections can be fabricated
immediately on site. The potential new columns have the same length and x-sectional area as
the original and they are made from the same material.
The equilateral triangle section is designated Column 1 for which I = b14 3 / 96 and b1 is the
length of one side. Column 2 has the square section (side length is b2 ) and Column 3 has the
circular section (diameter b3 ).
Determine the ratios P1 : P2 : P3 of the critical loads for the three columns.
Which column is potentially the least likely to fail through buckling?
Answer
1 1 1
[
: :
1.209 :1.047 :1 ; Column 1, triangular section]
3 3 6 2
Solution
o For Column 2, the square x-section of area A:
A = b22
2
b 4 ( b2 )
I= 2 =
12
12
I=
A2
12
o For Column 3, the circular x-section of area A:
A=
b32
I=
b34
64
b34 =
I=
16 A2
16 A2 A2
=
64 2 4
41

o For Column 3, the triangular x-section of area A:
1
3
A = b1 b1
2 2
I=
b14 3
96
I=
b14 =
16 A2
3
3 16 A2 A2 3
=
96 3
18
o From Eulers buckling formula Pcr = 2 EI L2 , for the same material and length Pcr I and the
ratio of critical loads is:
A2 3 A2 A 2
1 1 1
:
:
: :
1.209 :1.047 :1
18 12 4 3 3 6 2
o Column 1, the triangular section, is potentially the most resistant to buckling as it has the
highest critical load (and second moment of area).
42

9b) For the plane frame support structure in Question 1(b), E = 200 GPa. Determine the minimum
dimension of the square cross-section member required to prevent frame collapse through
buckling.
Answer: [32 mm]
Solution
o Either members CD or BC (both 8 m long, load 2667 N) or AB (10 m long, load 1000 N) could
potentially fail first as they are the longest or carry the largest compressive load.
o For the pinned end column CD (or BC) using Eulers formula:
Pcr =
I=
2 EI
L
b4
12
= 2667 =
2 ( 200 x109 ) I
8
I = 8.65 x108 m 4
b = 4 12 ( 8.65 x108 ) = 0.032 m 32 mm
o Similarly for AB:
Pcr = 1000 =
I=
b4
12
2 ( 200 x109 ) I
10
I = 5.07 x108 m 4
b = 4 12 ( 5.07 x108 ) = 0.028 m 28 mm
o Thus, minimum required dimension is 32 mm.
43
10) A steel pinned end column has a length L = 1.5 m, a square x-section with side dimensions b =
40 mm and a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa. Calculate:
(a) The stress induced in the column when the centrally applied axial load reaches the critical
value for buckling.
(b) The maximum stress when a load of 10 kN is applied axially in the middle of one side of
the column x-section.
(c) What load applied axially in the middle of one side of the column x-section will produce a
maximum stress of 60 MPa.
(d) The maximum stress if a load of 10 kN is applied centrally to the column x-section that
following manufacture has an initial deflection at its midpoint equal to 1/500 of its overall
length.
Answers
[117 MPa; 26.3 MPa; 21.4 kN; 9.1 MPa]
Solution 10(a)
o Noting that I = b 4 12 = ( 40 x103 ) 12 = 2.13 x107 m 4 and using Eulers buckling formula:
4
Pcr =
2 EI
L
2 ( 200 x109 )( 2.13 x107 )

1.5
= 1.86 x105 Pa
Pcr
1.86 x105
cr =
=
= 1.168 x108 Pa 116.8 MPa
2
3
A ( 40 x10 )
Solution 10(b)
o Noting that Rg = I A =
max =
( 2.13 x10 ) ( 40 x10 )
L
P
ec
1 +
sec
2
A ( Rg )
2 Rg
10 x103
= 0.0115 m , the Secant formula gives:
EA
20 x103
10 x103
1 + 20 x10
1.5
sec
2
2 x 0.0115 200 x109 40 x103
0.01152
( 40 x10 )
3
3 2
)(
= 2.52 x107 MPa 25.2 MPa
44
Solution 10(c)
o Using the Secant formula:
max =
L
P
ec
1 +
sec
2
A ( Rg )
2 Rg
60 x10 =
6
20 x103
P
1 + 20 x10
1.5
sec
2
2
9
0.0115
2 x 0.0115 200 x10 40 x103
( 40 x10 )
3
EA
)(
o Solving by trial and error gives P = 21.4 kN
Solution 10(d)
o Using the formula
max
2 1
P
ac
P L
1
1+
=

A ( Rg )2 2 EA Rg
10 x103
3
(1.5 500 ) 20 x10
1+
2
0.01152
( 40 x10 )
3
) 1
10 x103
1
2
1.5
0.0115

2 200 x109 ( 40 x103 )
= 9.09 x106 Pa 9.09 MPa
45

11) At a point in a pressure vessel the material is subjected to plane stress such that x = 50 MPa,
y = 30 MPa and xy = 20 MPa. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum shear stresses
and the stresses acting on an element oriented at an angle of = 50. Use Mohr's stress circle
to visualise the problem.
Answers
[P1 = 62.4 MPa; P2 = 17.6 MPa; max = 22.4 MPa; x1 = 58 MPa; y1 = 22 MPa; ; x1y1 = - 13.3
MPa]
Solution
o From Mohrs stress circle:
aver =
x + y
2
50 + 30
= 40 MPa
2
2
y
50 30
2
R= x
+ ( xy ) =
+ 20 = 22.36 MPa
2
2
P1 = aver + R = 40 + 22.36 = 62.4 MPa

P 2 = aver R = 40 22.36 = 17.6 MPa
max = R = 22.36 MPa
46

at an angle of @50:
x1 = 0.5 ( x + y ) + 0.5 ( x y ) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= 0.5 ( 50 + 30 ) + 0.5 ( 50 30 ) cos ( 2 x 50o ) + 20sin ( 2 x 50o ) = 58 MPa
y1 = 2 aver x1 = 2 x 40 58 = 22 MPa
x1 y1 = 0.5 ( x y ) sin 2 + xy cos 2
= 0.5 ( 50 30 ) sin ( 2 x 50o ) + 20 cos ( 2 x 50o ) = 13.3 MPa
o Alternatively, use trigonometry (on Mohrs stress circle) to find x1 , y1 and x1 y1
47

y = -16 MPa and xy = -31 MPa. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum shear
stresses and the stresses acting on an element oriented at an angle of = 55. Use Mohr's stress
circle to visualise the problem.
Answers
[P1 = 64 MPa; P2 = - 28 MPa; max = 46 MPa; x1 = - 22.8 MPa; y1 = 58.8 MPa; ; x1y1 = - 21.3
MPa]
Solution
52 MPa (+ve)
aver =
x + y
2
52 16
= 18 MPa
2
2
y
2
52 + 16
R= x
+ ( xy ) =
+ ( 31) = 46 MPa
2
2
2
P1 = aver + R = 18 + 46 = 64 MPa
P 2 = aver R = 18 46 = 28 MPa
max = R = 46 MPa
48

at an angle of @55:
x1 = 0.5 ( x + y ) + 0.5 ( x y ) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= 0.5 ( 52 16 ) + 0.5 ( 52 + 16 ) cos ( 2 x 55o ) 31sin ( 2 x 55o ) = 22.8 MPa
y1 = 2 aver x1 = 2 x18 + 22.8 = 58.8 MPa

x1 y1 = 0.5 ( x y ) sin 2 + xy cos 2
= 0.5 ( 52 + 16 ) sin ( 2 x 55o ) 31cos ( 2 x 55o ) = 21.4 MPa
49

y = 0 MPa and xy = 30 MPa. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum shear stresses
and the stresses acting on an element oriented at an angle of = 75. Use Mohr's stress circle
Answers
[P1 = 30 MPa; P2 = - 30 MPa; max = 30 MPa; x1 = 15 MPa; y1 = - 15 MPa; ; x1y1 = - 26 MPa]
Solution
aver =
x + y
2
0+0
= 0 MPa
2
2
y
00
2
R= x
+ ( xy ) =
+ 30 = 30 MPa
2
2
2
P1 = aver + R = 0 + 30 = 30 MPa
P 2 = aver R = 0 30 = 30 MPa
max = R = 30 MPa
50

at an angle of @75:
x1 = 0.5 ( x + y ) + 0.5 ( x y ) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= 0.5 ( 0 + 0 ) + 0.5 ( 0 0 ) cos ( 2 x 75o ) + 30sin ( 2 x 75o ) = 15 MPa
y1 = 2 aver x1 = 2 x 0 15 = 15 MPa
x1 y1 = 0.5 ( x y ) sin 2 + xy cos 2
= 0.5 ( 0 0 ) sin ( 2 x 75o ) + 30 cos ( 2 x 75o ) = 26 MPa
51

y = -7 MPa and xy = 0 MPa. Determine the principal stresses, the maximum shear stresses
and the stresses acting on an element oriented at an angle of = 22.5. Use Mohr's stress circle
Answers
[P1 = 28 MPa; P2 = - 7 MPa; max = 17.5 MPa; x1 = 22.9 MPa; y1 = - 1.9 MPa; ; x1y1 = - 12.3
MPa]
Solution
aver =
x + y
2
28 7
= 10.5 MPa
2
2
y
28 + 7
2
R= x
+ ( xy ) =
+ 0 = 17.5 MPa
2
2
P1 = aver + R = 10.5 + 17.5 = 28 MPa

P 2 = aver R = 10.5 17.5 = 7 MPa
max = R = 17.5 MPa
52

at an angle of @22.55:
x1 = 0.5 ( x + y ) + 0.5 ( x y ) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= 0.5 ( 28 7 ) + 0.5 ( 28 + 7 ) cos ( 2 x 22.5o ) 0sin ( 2 x 22.5o ) = 22.9 MPa
y1 = 2 aver x1 = 2 x10.5 22.9 = 1.9 MPa

x1 y1 = 0.5 ( x y ) sin 2 + xy cos 2
= 0.5 ( 28 + 7 ) sin ( 2 x 22.5o ) 0 cos ( 2 x 22.5o ) = 12.3 MPa
53

15) A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure of 42 bar and a condenser pressure of
0.035 bar. With these limits, calculate the cycle efficiency and the work ratio for:
(a) a Carnot cycle using wet steam.
Answers: [43.0%, 0.737]
(b) a Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam at the entry to the turbine.
Answers: [36.9%, ~1.00]
(c) the Rankine cycle of (b) when the expansion process has an isentropic efficiency of 80%.
Answers: [29.5%, ~1.00]
Solution 15(a)
o Steam tables give calculate saturation temperatures:
@ 42 bar T1 = 253.2 + 273 = 526.2 K
@ 0.035 bar T2 = 26.7 + 273 = 299.7 K
o For the Carnot cycle = 1
T2
299.7
= 1
= 0.43 43%
T1
526.2
o Designate Point (1) between boiler and turbine, Point (2) between turbine and condenser, Point
(3) between condenser and pump and Point (4) between pump and boiler. Denoting x2 and x3 as
dryness fractions and using steam tables:
@ Point (1) and 42 bar:
h1 = hg = 2800 kJ kg -1 , s1 = s2 = 6.049 kJ kg -1 K -1
@ Point (2) and 0.035 bar:

s2 = 6.049 = 0.391 + 8.130 x2
x2 = 0.696
h2 = 112 + 0.696 x 2438 = 1809 kJ kg -1

h4 = h f = 1102 kJ kg -1 , s4 = s3 = 2.823 kJ kg -1 K -1

s3 = 2.823 = 0.391 + 8.130 x3
x3 = 0.299
h3 = 112 + 0.299 x 2438 = 841.3 kJ kg -1
54

o Gross work output = h1 h2 = 2800 1809 = 991 kJ kg -1
o Net work output = (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 ) = 991 (1102 841.3) = 730.3 kJ kg -1
o
Work ratio =
net work output

730.3
=
= 0.737
gross work output
991
Solution 15(b)
o Designate Point (1) between boiler and turbine, Point (2) between turbine and condenser, Point
(3) between condenser and pump, Point (4) between pump and boiler and Point (5) as the
saturated liquid state in the boiler (i.e. point just before phase change begins).
o As for the Carnot cycle in Question 15(a), h1 = 2800 kJ kg -1 and h2 = 1809 kJ kg -1
@ Point (3) and 0.035 bar (and assuming work done by pump is negligible):
h3 = h4 = h f = 112 kJ kg -1
@ Point (5) and 42 bar:

h5 = h f = 1102 kJ kg -1
net work output h1 h2 2800 1809

=
=
= 0.369 36.9%
heat supplied
h1 h3
2800 112
Work ratio 1
Solution 15(c)
o For a Rankine cycle with an isentropic efficiency of 0.8:
0.8 ( 2800 1809 )

2800 112
= 0.295 29.5%
Work ratio 1
55

16) An open-cycle gas turbine unit has a pressure ratio of 10 and a maximum cycle temperature of
700C. The air enters the compressor at 15C. For the compression process Cp = 1.005 kJ kg-1 K-1
and = 1.4. For the expansion process Cp = 1.11 kJ kg-1 K-1 and =1.333. For the combustion
process Cp = 1.11 kJ kg-1 K-1. Calculate the cycle efficiency and the work ratio for:
(a) isentropic compression and expansion.
Answers: [43.9%, 0.430]
(b) compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies of 0.82 and 0.85 respectively.
Answers: [18.4%, 0.182]
Solution 16(a)
o Designate Point (1) before compressor, Point (2) between compressor and combustion chamber,
Point (3) between combustion chamber and turbine and Point (4) after turbine. Noting that
T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K and T3 = 700 + 273 = 973 K , for isentropic compression and expansion
respectively:
T2 = T1 ( rp )
( 1) /
T4 = T3 ( rp )
( 1) /
= 288 (10 )
0.4 /1.4
= 973 (10 )
= 556 K
0.333/1.333
= 547.4 K
o Work input to compressor = C p (T2 T1 ) = 1.005 ( 556 288 ) = 269.3 kJ kg -1

o Work output from turbine = C p (T3 T4 ) = 1.11( 973 547.4 ) = 472.4 kJ kg -1
o Heat supplied in combustion = C p (T3 T2 ) = 1.11( 973 556 ) = 462.9 kJ kg -1
net work output 472.4 269.3
=
= 0.439 43.9%
heat supplied
462.9
Work ratio =
net work output

472.4 269.3
=
= 0.43
gross work output
472.4
Solution 16(b)
o Using the same designations as Question 16(a) and denoting the isentropic efficiencies for
compression and expansion as c and e respectively:
c =
T2 s T1
556 288
= 0.82 =
T2 T1
T2 288
e =
T3 T4
973 T4
= 0.85 =
T3 T4 s
973 547.4
T2 = 614.8 K
T4 = 611.2 K
56
o Work input to compressor = C p (T2 T1 ) = 1.005 ( 614.8 288 ) = 328.4 kJ kg -1

o Work output from turbine = C p (T3 T4 ) = 1.11( 973 611.2 ) = 401.6 kJ kg -1
o Heat supplied in combustion = C p (T3 T2 ) = 1.11( 973 614.8 ) = 397.6 kJ kg -1
net work output 401.6 328.4
=
= 0.184 18.4%
heat supplied
397.6
Work ratio =
net work output

401.6 328.4
=
= 0.182
gross work output
401.6
57

17) The exhaust stream from the gas turbine unit described in Question 16 is used to provide part of
the boiler heat for the steam plant described in Question 15. Calculate the thermal efficiency and
work ratio for the combined cycles with:
(a) isentropic compression and expansion, i.e. plant in Question 15(b) + plant in Question 16(a).
Answers: [41.3%, 0.816]
(b) non-isentropic compression and expansion, i.e. plant in Question 15(c) + plant in Question
16(b).
Answers: [31.4%, 0.725]
Solution 17(a)
o Note the results of calculations in Questions 15(b) and 16(a).
o Energy in gas turbine exhaust = 462.9 ( 472.4 269.3) = 259.8 kJ kg -1
o Energy supplied by additional fuel = ( 2800 112 ) 259.8 = 2428.2 kJ kg -1
net work output ( 472.4 269.3) + ( 2800 1809 )
=
= 0.413 41.3%
heat supplied
462.9 + 2428.2
Work ratio =
( 472.4 269.3) + ( 2800 1809 ) = 0.816

net work output
=
gross work output
472.4 + ( 2800 1809 )
Solution 17(b)
o Note the results of calculations in Questions 15(c) and 16(b).
o Energy in gas turbine exhaust = 397.6 ( 401.6 328.4 ) = 324.4 kJ kg -1
o Energy supplied by additional fuel = ( 2800 112 ) 324.4 = 2363.6 kJ kg -1
net work output ( 401.6 328.4 ) + 0.8 ( 2800 1809 )
=
= 0.314 31.4%
heat supplied
397.6 + 2363.6
Work ratio =
( 401.6 328.4 ) + 0.8 ( 2800 1809 ) = 0.725

net work output
=
gross work output
401.6 + 0.8 ( 2800 1809 )
58
4) A comparison is to be made for two potential CHP systems:
System A is a steam turbine where the boiler efficiency = 0.8, turbine efficiency = 0.1 for
producing X units of power (mechanical) energy, process fluid heat exchanger efficiency = 0.8
for producing Y units of process energy and there is a 20% loss in flash steam.
System B comprises a gas turbine with a waste heat boiler. The compressor/turbine efficiency =
0.1 for producing X units of power (mechanical) energy, the waste heat boiler efficiency = 0.6
(additional fuel is required), process fluid heat exchanger efficiency = 0.8 for producing Y units
of process energy and there is a 20% loss in flash steam.
Assuming that the energy in the make-up water and the condensate pumping energy can be
neglected, calculate the overall efficiencies for Systems A and B.
Answers: [76.6%, 60.3%]
Plant for system A

Solution System A
o Let Mechanical Energy output = X
o As turbine efficiency is 0.1, HP Steam Energy = X 0.1 = 10
o LP Steam Energy = 10 X X = 9 X
o As heat exchanger efficiency is 0.8, Process Energy = 0.8 ( 9 X ) = 7.2 X = Y and thus energy
remaining in cycle is 9 X 7.2 X = 1.8 X
o For a 20% loss, the Energy in Flash Steam = 0.2 (1.8 X ) = 0.36 X and thus energy remaining in
Condensate = 1.8 X 0.36 X = 1.44 X
59

o Energy input in boiler = 10 X 1.44 X = 8.56 X and with a boiler efficiency of 0.8 the required
energy input from the Fuel = 8.56 X 0.8 = 10.7 X
o
net work output X + 7.2 X

=
= 0.766 76.6%
heat supplied
10.7 X
Plant for system B

Solution System B
o Let Mechanical Energy output = X
o As for System A, Process Energy = 7.2X = Y
o For an efficiency of 0.8 the energy in Steam = 7.2 X 0.8 = 9 X and thus energy remaining in the
output stream from the heat exchanger = 9 X 7.2 X = 1.8 X
o For a 20% loss to flash steam, the energy in Flash Steam = 0.2 (1.8 X ) = 0.36 X and thus the
energy remaining in cycle (i.e. going into Pump) = 1.8 X 0.36 X = 1.44 X
o Energy input in boiler = 9 X 1.44 X = 7.56 X
o With a boiler efficiency of 0.6, the required energy input = 7.56 0.6 = 12.6 X
o Energy in turbine inlet (from Fuel) X 0.1 = 10 X
o Energy in turbine exhaust = 10 X X = 9 X
o Energy in additional Fuel = 12.6 X 9 X = 3.6 X
o
net work output

X + 7.2 X
=
= 0.603 60.3%
heat supplied
10 X + 3.6 X
60

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Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Find reactions at A and C:

M A = 0 = 6.25Cy 3x1000 2.25 x 500

Ay = 160 N (direction guessed incorrectly)

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

FBC = 1100 N (c)

FDC = 880 N (t)

FBD = 500 N (t)

Pin A, assume FAB acts away from pin:

FAB = 200 N (t)

+ F = 0 = 880 1000 200 2.25 = 0 (check only)

for a square member, minimum dimension is

x-area = 7.04 x105 m 2

7.04 x105 = 0.0084 m 8.4 mm

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Replace supports at G and D by their equipollent

Find reactions at G and D:

M G = 0 = 12 Dy 8 x 600 16 x 800 24 x 600

Fx = 0 = 600 + 600 + 800 Gx Dx

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

FGF = 3334 N (t)

+ F = 0 = 3334 6 G G = 2000 N and D = 0 N

+ F = 0 = F 6 F = 0 N (i.e. redundant member)

FCD = 2667 (c)

FCF = 0 N (i.e. redundant member)

FBC = 2667 (c)

+ F = 0 = 600 F 6 F = 1000 N (c)

FAE = 800 (t)

FEF = 800 (t)

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

+ F = 0 = 600 + F 6 3334 6 F = 2333 N (t)

+ F = 0 = 800 + 1000 6 2333 6 = 0 N (check only)

for a square member, minimum dimension is

x-area = 2.67 x104 m 2

2.67 x104 = 0.0163 m = 16.3 mm

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

o Find reactions at A and E:

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

M B = 0 = 8 x 6 4.8FCH + 4.8 x 5.83

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

o Find reactions at A and K:

M A = 0 = 24 K y 4 x1000 12 x1200 16 x 2000 6 x1800

+ Fy = 0 = Ay + K y 1000 1200 2000

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

o Forces in members EF and ON:

FEF = 3333 N (c)

FON = 3333 N (t)

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

o Forces in members RF and RN. Noting that RN = RF = 5 m:

+ F = 0 = 1800 1800 + 3333 3333 + F cos ( RNO ) + F ( RFE )

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

x = 3-6 m: V = 51.75 15 x kN ; N = 0 kN; M = 27 + 6.75 x 7.5( x 3) 2 kN m ]

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

M A = 0 = 6 By 1.5 x18 4.5 (15 x 3)

o Section 0 < x < 1.5 m:

o Section 1.5 < x < 3 m:

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

o Shear force and bending moment diagrams:

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Plant Engineering Worked Solutions for all Problems

Answers: [V = Pcos; N = Psin; M = Prsin]