Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
"(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does used to justify unilateral preventive war, human rights
not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of abuses and other violations of international law.[70][71]
global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.[55]
In April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War 2 Precursor to the September
on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful.[56] This
attacks
was explained more recently by Lady Eliza ManninghamBuller. In her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5
said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. See also: Terrorism and List of terrorist incidents
So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror.[57]
US President Barack Obama has rarely used the term,
but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he
stated Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.[58] In March 2009 the Defense Department ocially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation (OCO).[59] In March 2009, the Obama
administration requested that Pentagon sta members
avoid use of the term, instead using Overseas Contingency Operation.[59] Basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda
and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place.[60][61] In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the
General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated
that the military ght will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University,[62] predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened
to be ineective, and has been eectively destroyed,
and thus the conict will not be an armed conict under
international law.[63] In May 2013, Obama stated that the
goal is to dismantle specic networks of violent extremists that threaten America";[64] which coincided with the
US Oce of Management and Budget having changed
the wording from Overseas Contingency Operations to
Countering Violent Extremism in 2010.[65]
11
crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history.[84][85] The hijackers members of alQaedas Hamburg cell [86] intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in
New York City, New York, killing 147 civilians and the
ten hijackers on board the airliners. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from re damage related to the
crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others, and killing 2,192 civilians, 71 law enforcement ocers, and 343 reghters who were in the towers and on
the ground. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into
the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside
Washington D.C., killing 70 civilians and 55 military personnel who were in the building, as well as 59 civilians and
the ve hijackers on board. 39 civilians, a law enforcement ocer, and four hijackers died when the fourth
plane crashed into a eld near Shanksville, Pennsylvania,
after some of its passengers and ight crew attempted
to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had
redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White
House, or the U.S. Capitol. No ights had survivors.
A total of 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers perished in the
attacks, making it the worst terrorist attack to ever take
place on U.S. soil (and the worst act of international terrorism to take place on U.S. soil) and also the deadliest foreign attack on U.S. soil since the Japanese carried
out a surprise air raid on Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941.[87]
NATO
Trans Sahara initiative
Major military operations (Afghanistan Pakistan Iraq
Somalia Yemen)
Other allies involved in major operations
Major terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda and aliated groups: 1.
1998 United States embassy bombings 2. 11 September attacks 2001 3. Bali bombings 2002 4. Madrid bombings 2004
5. London bombings 2005 6. Mumbai attacks 2008
U.S. objectives
the Bush administration for the War in Afghanistan, to(a) Integrate the National Strategy for Homeland gether with three smaller military actions, under the umSecurity
brella of the Global War on Terror. These global operations are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda
(b) Attain domain awareness
ghters or aliates.
(c) Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical, physical,
and information-based infrastructures at home 5.2.1 Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan
and abroad
(d) Implement measures to protect US citizens Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001present)
See also: War in Afghanistan (2015present) and List of
abroad
military operations in the war in Afghanistan (200114)
(e) Ensure an integrated incident management caOn 20 September 2001, in the wake of the 11 September
pability
5.1
5.2
5.2
bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack.[55] The Taliban demanded evidence of
bin Ladens link to the 11 September attacks and, if such
evidence warranted a trial, they oered to handle such a
trial in an Islamic Court.[90] The US refused to provide
any evidence.
Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces (with UK
and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the ocial invasion
began with British and US forces conducting airstrike
campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city
of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining
al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged US Special Forces soldier and infantrymen of the Philippine
mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In Army
December, Coalition forces (the US and its allies) fought
within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the isescaped into Pakistan during the battle.[91][92]
land of Basilan.[104] The second portion of the operation
In March 2002, the US and other NATO and non-NATO was conducted as a humanitarian program called Operforces launched Operation Anaconda with the goal of de- ation Smiles. The goal of the program was to provide
stroying any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part
Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. of a Hearts and Minds program.[105][106] Joint Special
The Taliban suered heavy casualties and evacuated the Operations Task Force Philippines disbanded in June
region.[93]
2014,[107] ending a 14-year mission.[108] After JSOTF-P
The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces
to unleash an insurgent-style oensive against Coalition continued to operate in the Philippines under the name
[109]
forces in late 2002.[94] Throughout southern and eastern PACOM Augmentation Team.
Afghanistan, reghts broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded
with a series of military oensives and an increase in 5.2.3 Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of
Africa
the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010,
Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military oensives in Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of
the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency Africa
once and for all.[95] Peace talks are also underway be- See also: War in Somalia (200609), War in Somalia
tween Taliban aliated ghters and Coalition forces.[96] (2009present) and Piracy in Somalia
This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was tiIn September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States
signed a security agreement, which permits United States
and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least
2024.[97] The United States and other NATO and nonNATO forces are planning to withdraw;[98] with the
Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and
NATO,[99] and the Obama Administration viewing it as
a victory.[100] In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation
in Afghanistan.[101] Continued United States operations
within Afghanistan will continue under the name Operation Freedoms Sentinel.[102]
5.2.2
tled OEF-HOA. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a
specic organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its eorts to disrupt and detect militant activities in
the region and to work with willing governments to pre-
On 1 July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic
state in the country and warned western governments that
the al-Qaeda network would ght against them if they intervened there.[112]
Somalia has been considered a "failed state" because its
ocial central government was weak, dominated by warlords and unable to exert eective control over the country. Beginning in mid-2006, the Islamic Courts Union
(ICU), an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration
of law and order through Sharia law, had rapidly taken
control of much of southern Somalia.
On 14 December 2006, the US Assistant Secretary of
State Jendayi Frazer claimed al-Qaeda cell operatives
were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, a claim denied by the ICU.[113]
By late 2006, the UN-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia had seen its power eectively
limited to Baidoa, while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of southern Somalia, including the
capital of Mogadishu. On 20 December 2006, the Islamic Courts Union launched an oensive on the government stronghold of Baidoa, and saw early gains before
Ethiopia intervened in favor of the government.
By 26 December, the Islamic Courts Union retreated towards Mogadishu, before again retreating as
TFG/Ethiopian troops neared, leaving them to take Mogadishu with no resistance. The ICU then ed to
Kismayo, where they fought Ethiopian/TFG forces in the
Battle of Jilib.
The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three terror suspects from the 1998 United States embassy bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo.[114] On 30 December
2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called
upon Muslims worldwide to ght against Ethiopia and the
TFG in Somalia.[115]
On 8 January 2007, the US launched the Battle of
Ras Kamboni by bombing Ras Kamboni using AC-130
gunships.[116]
On 14 September 2009, US Special Forces killed two
men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters
used for the operation launched from French-agged warships, but that could not be conrmed. A Somali-based
al-Qaida aliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has conrmed
the death of sheik commander Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan
along with an unspecied number of militants.[117] Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002
Mombasa attacks.[118]
5.3
Iraq
5.2.4
Northern Mali
Conflict
100 km
500 km
A L G E R I A
Taoudenni
Tessalit
Held by MUJAO
Aguelhok
Held by AQIM
Tilems
TOMBOUCTOU
Held by MNLA
KIDAL
Kidal
A British C-130J Hercules aircraft launches are countermeasures prior to being the rst coalition aircraft to land on the newly
reopened military runway at Baghdad International Airport.
Anfis
Lr
Ouagadou
forest
Diabaly
Niono
Banamba
Niger
Gao
Dir
GAO
Talataye
Ansongo
Niafunk
Hombori
Douentza
Konna
Tessit
Mopti Sevar
Nampala
Kayes
Bourem
Mnaka
Andramboukane
Goundam
MAUR ITANIA
Rharous
Ouallam
(Timbuktu)
Az
ao
ua
gh
Tombouctou Gourma-
SENEGAL
the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-y zones, to protect Iraqs Kurdish and
BURKINA FASO
Shi'a Arab populationboth of which suered attacks
Sikasso
G U I N E A
from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War
BE NIN
GHANA
in Iraqs northern and southern regions, respectively. US
forces continued in combat zone deployments through
November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox
is the name of the military operation conducted by the US against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet US demands of
and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, unconditional cooperation in weapons inspections.[121]
consisting of counter-terrorism eorts and policing of
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox, during Decemarms and drug tracking across central Africa.
ber 1998, Iraq announced that it would no longer respect
The conict in northern Mali began in January 2012 the no-y zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down
with radical Islamists (aliated to al-Qaeda) advancing US aircraft.
into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard
time maintaining full control over their country. The
edgling government requested support from the interna- 5.3.2 Operation Iraqi Freedom
tional community on combating the Islamic militants. In
January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian Main article: Iraq War
governments request and deployed troops into the reThe Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air camgion. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January
2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda aliated groups from northern Mali.[119]
I
Ouagadougou
Niamey
NIGE R IA
Sgou
Koulikoro
Bamako
Markala
TO
5.3
GO
CTE D'IVOIRE
Iraq
Following the ceasere agreement that suspended hos- forces in the Al Doura section of Baghdad.
tilities (but not ocially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War,
Main articles: 2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Timeline of the Iraqi
insurgency (2014), Spillover of the Syrian Civil War,
American-led intervention in Syria and 2014 Americanled intervention in Iraq
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaedas organization,
Tomahawk missiles being red from the USS Philippine Sea and
the USS Arleigh Burke at IS targets in Syria
6.1
Fighting in Pakistan
11 feet high
Opaque windows
(located on north
side of building)
12 feet high
Gate
10 feet high
13 feet high
6.1
Fighting in Pakistan
Gate
18 feet high
12 feet high
On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts
of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism
and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his
government was committed to rooting out extremism and
made it clear that the banned militant organizations would
not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said,
the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting
militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign
inuence.[137]
In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a rm stand
against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of
the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Haz Muhammad Saeed,
chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An ocial ban was imposed on the
groups on 12 January.[138] Later that year, the Saudi born
Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was
arrested by Pakistani ocials during a series of joint USPakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a highranking al-Qaeda ocial with the title of operations chief
and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps.[139]
Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the
following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is
10
known to have been a nancial backer of al-Qaeda oper- development over the next three years.[145]
ations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time
of his capture was the third highest-ranking ocial in alQaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for 6.3 Fighting in Kashmir
the 11 September attacks.
Main article: Kashmir conict
In 2004, the Pakistan Army launched a campaign in In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistans
Waziristan region, sending in 80,000 troops. The goal
of the conict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban
forces in the region.
After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of
the Taliban resistance ed to the Northern border region
of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army
had previously little control. With the logistics and air
support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured
or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid
Sheikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the
USS Cole bombing, the Bojinka plot, and the killing of
Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
The United States has carried out a campaign of Drone
attacks on targets all over the Federally Administered
Tribal Areas. However, the Pakistani Taliban still operates there. To this day its estimated that 15 US soldiers
were killed while ghting al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants
in Pakistan since the War on Terror began.[140]
Political Map: the Kashmir region districts
7.1
Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with AlQaeda.[156][157] Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel
as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member,[158] while others described him as the head of military operations for AlQaeda.[159] Waziristan had now become the new battleeld for Kashmiri militants, who were now ghting
NATO in support of Al-Qaeda.[160] On 8 July 2012,
Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for
mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in
Kashmir.[161]
11
EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as
well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.[163]
NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean
Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or
weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the
security of shipping in general called Operation Active
Endeavour.
7.1 International
Force
Security
Assistance
12
8.1
Al-Qaeda
The 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain were inspired by Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement
has been established.
The 2009 Fort Hood shooting in the United States 8.2 Islamic State
was committed by Nidal Malik Hasan, who had
2013 Reyhanl bombings in Turkey that led to 52
been in communication with Anwar al-Awlaki,
deaths and the injury of 140 people.
though the Department of Defense classies the
shooting as an incidence of workplace violence.
Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis (9 January 2015)
Morocco blames Al-Qaeda for the 2011 Marrakech
perpetrated by Amedy Coulibaly in Paris.
bombing, though Al-Qaeda denies involvement.
2015 Corinthia Hotel attack on 27 January in Libya
2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings in France
that led to 10 deaths.
were committed by Mohammed Merah, who report 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings on 20 March that led
edly had familial ties to Al-Qaeda, along with a histo the death of 142 and injury of 351 people.
tory of petty crime and psychological issues. Merah
claimed ties to Al-Qaeda, though French authorities
Curtis Culwell Center attack on 3 May 2015, that
deny any connection.
led to the injury of one security ocer.
To date, no one has been convicted for the 2012 U.S.
Consulate attack in Benghazi in Libya and no one So far, there has been only one failed plot by the Islamic
has claimed responsibility. Branches of Al-Qaeda, State:
Al-Qaeda aliates, and individuals sympathetic to
2014 mass-beheading plot in Australia
Al-Qaeda are blamed.
13
In a speech on 9 June 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more
than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been
convicted. Meanwhile the ACLU quoted Justice Depart-
14
10
Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools, sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments.
Such thwarted attacks include:
The 2001 shoe bomb plot
A plan to crash airplanes into the US Bank Tower
(aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles
The 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the
Brooklyn Bridge in New York City
The 2004 Financial buildings plot, which targeted
the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
buildings in Washington, D.C., the New York Stock
Exchange and other nancial institutions
The 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot
The 2006 Sears Tower plot
The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot
The 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot
The New York Subway Bombing Plot and 2010
Times Square car bombing attempt
The Obama administration has promised the closing of
the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, increased the number of troops in Afghanistan, and promised the withdrawal of its troops from Iraq.
15
11
Casualties
16
11 CASUALTIES
to Cost of War project from 2001 to
2013[188]
According to Marc W. Herolds extensive database,[189] between 3,100 and
3,600 civilians were directly killed by
US Operation Enduring Freedom bombing and Special Forces attacks between
7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003. This
estimate counts only impact deaths
deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shootingand
does not count deaths that occurred later
as a result of injuries sustained, or deaths
that occurred as an indirect consequence
of the US airstrikes and invasion.
In an opinion article published in August
2002 in the magazine The Weekly Standard, Joshua Muravchik of the American
Enterprise Institute,[190] questioned Professor Herolds study entirely on the basis
of one single incident that involved 25
93 deaths. He did not provide any estimate his own.[191]
In a pair of January 2002 studies, Carl
Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that at least 4,200
4,500 civilians were killed by midJanuary 2002 as a result of the war and
Coalition airstrikes, both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign,
and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis.
His rst study, Operation Enduring
Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties?",[192] released
18 January 2002, estimates that, at the
low end, at least 1,0001,300 civilians
were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the 3 months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002.
The author found it impossible to provide an upper-end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the Operation Enduring Freedom bombing campaign that
he noted as having an increased use of
cluster bombs.[193] In this lower-end estimate, only Western press sources were
used for hard numbers, while heavy reduction factors were applied to Afghan
government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as
75%.[194]
In his companion study, Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation
Somalia: 7,000+
17
In December 2007, The Elman Peace
and Human Rights Organization said it
had veried 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516
people wounded, and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone
during the year 2007.[198]
USA
1 June 2009, Pvt. William Andrew
Long was shot and killed by Abdulhakim
Muhammad, while outside a recruiting
facility in Little Rock AR.[199][200]
On 5 November 2009, Nidal Malik
Hasan shot and killed 13 people and
wounded more than 30 others in Fort
Hood, Texas.[201]
Total American casualties from the War on Terror
(this includes ghting throughout the world):
12
Costs
A March 2011 Congressional report[208] estimated spending related to the war through scal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion, and that spending through 2021 assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops would be $1.8 trillion. A June 2011
academic report[208] covering additional areas of spending related to the war estimated it through 2011 at $2.7
trillion, and long term spending at $5.4 trillion including
interest.[note 4]
14 See also
AfPak
Attacks on U.S consulate in Karachi
Axis of evil
Bush Doctrine
Foreign policy of the United States
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
13
Criticism
18
16
REFERENCES
15
Notes
16
References
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[3] French hostage beheading: France to boost Syria rebels.
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[4] Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American
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[5] Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed.
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2014.
[6] Kayla Mueller, American ISIL hostage, is dead, Al
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[11] Williams, Dan (2014-09-08).
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[81] Malcolm Clark (20 March 2000). Bad air and rank
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[82] Stevel Lee Myers and Tim Weiner (27 August 1998).
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21
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[103]
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24
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16.1 Bibliography
Jackson, Richard. Writing the War on Terrorism:
Language, Politics and Counter-Terrorism. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press,
2005. ISBN 0719071216.
17 Further reading
Sergei Boeke, Transitioning from Military Interventions to a Long-Term Counter-Terrorism Policy
(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism The
Hague, 2014)
18 External links
White House FAQ about the WoT
CIA and the WoT
U.S. National Military Strategic Plan for the WoT
Early presidential perspectives on terror and terrorism
A New Strategy for Americas War on Terrorism,
Patrolling magazine, 75th Ranger Regiment Assoc.,
Winter 2011. at the Wayback Machine (archived
June 16, 2013)
Fifty Terror Plots Foiled Since 9/11: The Homegrown Threat and the Long War on Terrorism
25
19
19.1
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Williams, Artaxiad, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Mange01, Frankroyce74, Jimmyhogg, Chernus, Pharos04, RatSkrew, Bogey97,
UBeR, Shimaspawn, Asurbanipal~enwiki, Battlecruiser, Koraman~enwiki, Jonpro, Athaenara, Mike.lifeguard, Cocoaguy, Mhansond2007,
NerdyNSK, Wongjeremy, Oppositesattract, Alex2706, Mehmetaergun, Andareed, It Is Me Here, Dss2mtm, Katalaveno, Bad Night, Natobxl, Iam4eversmart, Starnestommy, Novis-M, Crimson123, Skier Dude, Warrior on Terrorism, Wiki1609, GhostPirate, WHeimbigner,
Outofthebox, Bobber0001, Tgj1, Thesis4Eva, Cobi, MKoltnow, Whoblitzell, Doomsday28, Olegwiki, Osaboramirez, Sunderland06, Renvarian, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Evb-wiki, Jondaris, Leladax, SBKT, Gliding, Pyrenees33, Criticism crisis, Nomi887, Andy Marchbanks, Wewelsburg, McFizzle, WLRoss, Haddyrikabi34, Tirk, Permafrost, Arrogant Papist, Sand Squid, RiseAgainst01, CardinalDan,
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BoogaLouie, Bovineboy2008, Paulscholesscoresgoals, MJFiorello, Sue H. Ping, Ryan032, Jedravent, UnfairlyImbalanced, JLSWiki, Philip
Trueman, The Electric Eel, SonnyCorleone, ESommers, XavierGreen, Cosmic Latte, SeanNovack, Paine, SilentOne17, Transformers666,
Pwnage8, Jonas Langaas~enwiki, Thycid, Dchall1, HelaBxtn, Ann Stouter, Puzik, IanR57, Norkus007, Kellym133, Maximo Decimo,
Raven Morris, Steven J. Anderson, Bass shing physicist, Bonneau14, Martin451, Oren neu dag, Leafyplant, Trillionaire, LeaveSleaves,
Manchurian candidate, AmorPatriae, PDFbot, Check80, UnitedStatesian, Harryc4848, Haplochromis, Washington87, David in DC, Onore
Baka Sama, Adam on a Airplane, Prof77, Chocolate Horlicks, C-M, Nikkul, Ubersuntzu, Kevingdavis, Spreefan, The dog2, AmbulanceHead, We have 6 heads, Jamesmarkhetterley, The Dragon of Bosnia, FatPatriot, Danrolo~enwiki, Clintville, Buddemeyer, Falcon8765,
@pple, Enviroboy, Turgan, AgentCDE, Kermanshahi, The Devils Advocate, Brianga, ASJ94, Edkollin, Tiquicia, GavinTing, Solicitr,
Sfmammamia, LesterFreamon, Signsolid, Uncle Scrooge, Michal herra, D. Recorder, Wsanders, HelpWikipedia911, Cam275, Ponyo,
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opr, Matty1471, MaesterTonberry, LookingYourBest, Amreatsf4620, CRock692, Atlanta622, Digwuren, Poyani, Toddst1, Flyer22, Langloisrg, FlirtyLHSgirl, Exert, KP-TheSpectre, Arbor to SJ, Lucky Mitch, Ms2150, Jc-S0CO, Yerpo, Wombatcat, Mimihitam, Kegpistol,
Clinton151, Oxymoron83, AndoverHighSchool, Wakamusha, Avnjay, Nuttycoconut, Roomshappy, Lightmouse, Legolas1987, Salex1093,
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SergeiXXX, Jmj713, Vice regent, Tylerjwm, Adam Cuerden, Will Hartley, William Saturn, Mygerardromance, Realm of Shadows, Flamgirlant, Nford24, Joelster, Verdadero, Flyboy121, Ratiuglink, 24bh3s, Angelo De La Paz, JonnyLate, Haberstr, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, RobinHood70, Deavenger, Zer0431, Irgendwo, Kadoww, Democracyisborn, Kinkyturnip, SlackerMom, Martarius, Beeblebrox, LikeFunYouAre, Jngk2007, ClueBot, Emberstone878, Atletiker, RobertLunaIII, Binksternet, Artichoker, Gits (Neo), Snigbrook,
Fyyer, The Thing That Should Not Be, Viperes, Doc1978, Starkiller88, Metiscus, Halfhaggis, Wysprgr2005, Imheresoyeah, Gregcaletta,
CasualObserver'48, Drmies, Cp111, Mild Bill Hiccup, Uncle Milty, Lokanth, Vinxx, JTBX, Jwihbey, Blameoften, Ross78, Zl1vette,
Shovon76, Karrar-commando, The hoodlums, Neverquick, Beregorn~enwiki, Williebruciestewie, House1090, Blazik, Inertia Tensor,
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Vegas949, Loren1994, TomPointTwo, USA02, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, SJSA, Totlmstr, Hunter Kahn, Santasa99, Drlight11, Addbot, Z=
TERRORIST =Z, Beamathan, NorthG~enwiki, Colibri37, RonaldHoward, Trasman, Fgnievinski, Zellfaze, Chumba12345, Okhota, TutterMouse, Elchombo, Fieldday-sunday, Adrian 1001, Marvin Nash~enwiki, Davidedge91, Poxnar, Zarcadia, CanadianLinuxUser, USchick,
InTheRed, G0T0, Download, Passport90, Chamal N, Lihaas, Historiar, Chzz, Debresser, Roux, LinkFA-Bot, Emadd, HonorTheKing,
Bluemr145, Numbo3-bot, ConnorIBurnett, Intellibeing, F Notebook, Tide rolls, William S. Saturn, User0931, Lightbot, Krano, 1j1z2,
Crusademedia, Daniel-moosh, Jarble, Emperor Genius, Arbitrarily0, Delta 51, Shah 88, Kirwin94, LuK3, Fryed-peach, Swarm, Nototter,
Andre Toulon, O76923, Noneofyour, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Uzimakiman2011, MarkDalit, Yobot, Granpu, Andreasmperu, TaBOTzerem, Morken, Legobot II, Kadrun, Jaxxon the Rabbit, Pectore, Jimderkaisser, Devashree0707, Nihilion, Re-reconquista, THEN WHO
19.2
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WAS PHONE?, Asa a1, Professortimithy, Peacekeep, Khaledattalla, Wikihad, Xnacional, Captain Spleen, Marshall Williams2, Lsagrad89,
Igorb2008, Orion11M87, AnomieBOT, Theshard, In two minutes, 1exec1, Dingobird, ThaddeusB, Rjanag, Grey Fox-9589, Killiondude,
Guyver85, Dinamic, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Law, Flinders Petrie, Keverich1, ASMassoudPhotos, Kavas, Awayanode999, Youizafoolbudd, Typethekeygen, Citation bot, Pipeafcr, Embram, E2eamon, Indiansummermh, ArthurBot, B. Fairbairn, DarkForce16271, LilHelpa,
JSW15, Xqbot, Transity, Martin martin martin martin, Finlay McWalter 22:20, Conay, Capricorn42, Meowdon, CaliSEAL, The Magnicent Clean-keeper, Poetaris, Satanoid, Stars4change, Battymondead, Nikofeelan, Laurence Gilcrest, SpideyFan09, Inferno, Lord of
Penguins, Srich32977, Robertsonfoundation, Augustus Swordsman, J04n, Rromeroiii, GrouchoBot, Zendell, Paulus Gun, Cookiemohnsta,
TAway, Algebraic123, Ohmygod766, Anotherclown, Mark Schierbecker, BobaFett85, Hahauhmmno, Wikireader41, Travrsa, Tridonia, Bahahs, Ontopofcosts, Mathonius, Iqbalhussian29, Barracuda the song, Gui le Roi, Trenodyne, AlphaRed3, Sophus Bie, Cyfraw,
Dk5552, TarseeRota, Mtrevor123, Gighli, DITWIN GRIM, Corollo12, Wouglannin, 78Dendron, Fredy.00, Bounce78, Novem Linguae,
Mughalnz, Koreanj03, RightCowLeftCoast, Green Cardamom, Allventon, Legobot III, Edgars2007, Captain Cheeks, FrescoBot, CaptainFugu, Tobby72, KMFDM Fan, Annihilatron, GodivaCake, The Red Peacock, Theterrorjournal, Milos2009, Mitchb11994, Jawad
ahmed ch., John319, ElijahBosley, Rkr1991, Age Happens, Outback the koala, Ben76266, Terminator-800, Juno, Eagle4000, Punkrockford, Iqinn, Joker123192, , SkyHigher, Freebirds, HamburgerRadio, Diwas, Aogouguo, Henjeng55155, DrilBot,
Taeyebaar, Pinethicket, Yotna, Vicenarian, Elockid, Meros Felsenmaus, Beganlocal, Lablanka71, Blaggards22, CHawc, Bmclaughlin9,
CaptainEagle, SpaceFlight89, Jtmt88, NeoRetro, SaadMuhammad, Plasticspork, Full-date unlinking bot, Heifamily, The oklahoma city
bomber!, Reconsider the static, Ahsaninam, Zhonghuo~enwiki, IJBall, Borsanova, JokerXtreme, History of assymetry, Yunshui, Notmetal, BarrettWYWH, TheFix63, Lotje, GregKaye, Allamsha, MrX, TheMightyGeneral, Az81964444, Hxcrunner89, InvestigateIslam,
Jrod9393, Diannaa, Rambo2345, Suusion of Yellow, Reach Out to the Truth, Minimac, CuboneKing, Mikroblgeovn, MegaSloth, Splinter1044, RjwilmsiBot, Hammerhead111, TjBot, Wiki id2, NameIsRon, Hazemalsaadi, FetchcommsAWB, C0ur4g3 w01f, VernoWhitney,
Anongre, Hajatvrc, Sartre X, Sardis78, JB50000, Kiko4564, Cmo1242, Joachimus, EmausBot, John of Reading, Marlarkey, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Solopiel, AbbaIkea2010, Dewritech, ArmordHawk 001, Baseball Fanatic, GoingBatty, RA0808, Uishaki, Seming2481,
Sparella, ZxxZxxZ, PersephoneTwo, Mazsa, K6ka, Yattum, Werieth, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, AmazingAthiest, Farhan Zafar,
JohnCengiz77, Mar4d, Anir1uph, Krd, Fintelia, TheAmericanizator, Unreal7, Marcusliou5, PrivateMemoirs, Futureairman10, Jayderobb,
XxDestinyxX, Obama is worse than osama, Lexusuns, Bullmoosebell, FloydJoyMayweatherSR, Coasterlover1994, YnnusOiramo, Dzlife,
What was this guy eating?, CiriloMechas, Insommia, JohnLloydScharf, Afranelli, Eclectic Angel, TheTimesAreAChanging, Petrb, Nbaka
is a joke, ClueBot NG, Faizanalivarya, Derfel73, Obamapinoy1982, Catlemur, BarrelProof, Wibach, David O. Johnson, Ezuvian, Vulpesinculta51, Niriop, Quinsers, Suresh 5, Jim47nm, Zmaher, Groupuscule, Anupmehra, Jrobin08, Sutan alief, Popcorndu, Marshallstack380,
, Wbm1058, Gob Lofa, Carachi, Cherrybomb15, Festermunk, BG19bot, Zagurzem, Bernardini2011, Dred05m, Cyberpower678, Spiritofstgeorge, McZusatz, MusikAnimal, Kendall-K1, Mark Arsten, FutureTrillionaire, Riuken, Adriano.93, Yerevantsi, Supernerd11, Jozoisis, Nickzlapeor, Asdgdsgdgad, Emptyexistence, Oleg-ch, Lieutenant of Melkor, Mun Wizard, Jason from nyc, CA Jim,
BattyBot, HectorMoet, Grachifan, Dlv999, Kool777456, Miszatomic, Reader1987, Dodge801, Mrt3366, Green Beret 625, Gazkthul,
Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, ZappaOMati, Khazar2, MohammedBinAbdullah, Stumink, DylanLacey, Kevin Levin 27452, BrightStarSky,
MrAustin390, Hockeysoccertennis, LightandDark2000, Pjburland, Mogism, Retrospector87, Jackninja5, MathieuDeem, XXzoonamiXX,
255.255.Z55.0, JasonMacker, Mihirh, Lugia2453, Jemappelleungarcon, GeorgeHouse19, Kuzey457, Crock8 (usurped), Nicholasemjohnson, Wolukas, Bulbajer, Epicgenius, Saneparth, Howicus, PraetorianFury, PhantomTech, Everymorning, Jakec, Wuerzele, EvergreenFir,
Icemanwcs, Dustin V. S., ElHef, Origamite, Thevideodrome, The Herald, Anniepresto, Hyphantes, Acalycine, Edgth, AddWittyNameHere, Blondeguynative, Narutzy, Meteor sandwich yum, N0n3up, Thomas0802, SpetsnazGru142, Barjimoa, Cutter1234, Ancholm, Arbutus the tree, WikiWinters, 22merlin, OJOM, Aurelius1776, Monkbot, Teaksmitty, Weegee12, Filedelinkerbot, SantiLak, Happy Attack
Dog, Lucasjohansson, Gdeblois19, Architect2014, Dlbkr2, Amortias, Panzerpampfpony, Gouncbeatduke, Ttrts, Cutest Penguin, 115ash,
DavidHeshWalker, CollegeOrNah, Muldoon Mulvaney, Atifabbasi8, StanTheMan87, Krishna39, Krish8, JhonsJoe, Cyrilus486, Voter
turnout252, FaiqRiz1, Shootdatrupee!..., Arise 345, EoRdE6, Mattramzzz, Embu wiki, PleaseConsider, DirkvVeldhuizen, TeaLover1996,
Star72, Ritsaiph, StanMan87, Hey170, ZakharZee, ToonLucas22, Box345, Moorrests, BadgerStateHistorian1967, Mathura-07, Kjamjamz, LoGicpreference, Prinsgezinde, Godallaholy, Tony290699, Thecorrector97, Chaseb12345, UnkownPerson123456789, Andy2016
and Anonymous: 2022
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19
File:Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: James Gordon from Los Angeles, California, USA
File:Circle_Burgundy_Solid.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Circle_Burgundy_Solid.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wgabrie
File:CollateralMurder.ogv Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv License: Public domain Contributors: Wikileaks at http://collateralmurder.com/ Original artist: US Apache helicopter
File:Combined_Task_Force-150.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Combined_Task_Force-150.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=13996 Original artist: U.S. Navy photo by Photographers
Mate 1st Class Bart Bauer.
File:Dead_bodies_in_Mosul.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Dead_bodies_in_Mosul.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Riverwood124 at en.wikipedia
File:Flag_of_AQIS.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Flag_of_AQIS.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992-1996;_2001).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_
Afghanistan_%281992-1996%3B_2001%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Saul ip
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Quelle Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
class='image'><img
alt='Croatian
squares
Ljubicic.png'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
19.2
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30
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Public
File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
The burnt orange color in the top band and circle is Pantone(166), i.e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 on sRGB CRT screen, or
CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) for process coated print, BUT NOT light orange #FF7000 which is somewhere between Pantone(130C) and Pantone(151), and is even lighter than X11 orange! See http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/conversion/100/ The central white band is
plain D65 reference white = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF.
Original artist: Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p.
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
19.2
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32
19
19.3
Content license
33
Antonio Giustozzi: Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan. Columbia University Press, New York
2009, ISBN 978-0-231-70010-8, S.2-4 Original artist: Sommerkom
File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_relief_location_map.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Mali relief location map.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/21px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg'
width='21'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/31px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/42px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg 2x'
data-le-width='1900' data-le-height='1812' /></a> Mali relief location map.jpg (by Carport). Original artist: Orionist
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