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SAE TECHNICAL
PAPER SERIES
2008-01-1835
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Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
2008-01-1835
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
This paper is based on the Tongji University PACE
(Partners for the Advancement of Collaborative
Engineering Education) Centers 2007-2008 Project
Formula
One
Racers
Diffuser
Design
and
Manufacturing in PACE Global Vehicle Collaboration. 20
different universities all around the world design the
racer referring to the F.I.A 2009 regulation [1].
REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC
FORMULA ONE RACING
PROGRESS
IN
PRINCIPLE OF A DIFFUSER
Diffuser is an act of Venturi Effect [3], when an
incompressible flow through a restriction in a tube, the
flow will be accelerated and have a lower pressure. The
following CFD experiment will show this effect.
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
Figure 5: The Formula One course in Shanghai (picture taken from the
website of www.17uc.com)
CORNERING ANALYSIS
By observing Formula One racing, we can find that there
are several different ways to turn the corner. One is to
go the shortest path by driving along the inner side of
the corner. Another is the out-in-out style, which takes
fully advantage of the width of the course by following
the red track line in Figure 6. These two are the most
common turning methods. And as long as the course is
wide enough, it is always recommended to take the
second method [7, 8].
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
speed.
However,
another
formation
of Ft = F f + Fw + Fi + F j , in which Fw = 1/ 2Cd A r ur
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
Figure 10: Pressure on racer with diffuser, blue is low pressure area.
This is a diffuser with 900 mm length, 25 angle and a 50 mm ground
clearance.
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
1:15
1515x1185x820
(a)
Injection area (m )
0.12
170
1160
7.5
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a) mechanical scanner, (b) pressure sensor, (c) pitot tube, (d) channel
switcher, (e) code displayer
Figure 16: Main parts of the mechanical pressure scanner system.
2. Pressure channels
3. Pressure sensor
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
Experiment Process
Figure 18: PMD-1608FS data collector
3.1(L)3.2(W)1(H)
Input
Configuration
Channel
Convert
Accuracy
Input Range
10V5V2V1V
10 V
5.66 mV
Absolute
Accuracy mV
5 V
2.98 mV
2 V
1.31 mV
1 V
0.68 mV
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
CL
pitch moment
100km/h
0.04857
-0.18205
-0.01161
130km/h
0.08877
-0.222
-0.01449
150km/h
0.15762
-0.33614
-0.01532
(Unit: N)
(c) Pressure distribution on Plane of Y=40
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
VISCOUS MODEL
Viscous Model: k-epsilon
Model Constants:
CMU: 0.09
C1-epsilon: 1.44
C2-epsilon: 1.92
TKE Prandtl Number: 1
TDR Prandtl Number: 1.3
DIFFUSER LENGTH
RESULTS VALIDATION
L (MM)
1400
1150
900
700
450
LF (N)
-439
-793
-1789
-343
-518
From both CFD analysis and wind tunnel test, the design
factors are chosen. They are: diffuser length, diffuser
angle, and ground clearance.
DESIGN
A()
35
30
25
20
10
LF (N)
+2030
-1257
-1789
-610
-2535
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
GROUND CLEARANCE
When ground clearance is a variable, angle is set to 25
and length is set to 900 mm.
Ground clearance is calculated from the ground to the
undertray part of diffuser.
GC()
100
75
50
25
15
LF (N)
-1924
-2865
-1789
-1343
-82
Figure 25: Diffuser is very close to the ground, in order to get a precise
result; a good mesh shall be made.
Type
General
Base
Outskirt
LF(N)
-1556
-2023
-2478
RESULTS
To getting the parameters, the best way is to make them
change in the Fluent, and since you can write some
program in this software, it is easy to achieve that.
With a goal of achieving maximized negative lift force
and under the current model, each variable shall have its
optimized number, diffuser length is best near 900 mm,
diffuser angle is best near 10 and ground clearance is
best near 75 mm (in 2D analysis).
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
CONCLUSION
This study shows some methods in designing a
maximized negative force generate diffuser for a
Formula One Racer.
Figure 27: Pressure distribution on racer by diffuser with rear wing (in
2d).
Rear Wing
With
Without
LF(N)
-4821
-1789
FINAL RESULTS
Figure 14 shows the finished diffuser in this years PACE
Global formula project.
The major parameters chosen for 07-08 PACE Global
Formula Racer are shown below:
Diffuser length: 900mm
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank Youfu Wang, Wenjun
Gu, Yingqin Zhang, Junhui Yu, Ningjian Wang for their
continuous support and effort on this project.
The authors would like to thank all the universities
involved in this project for their contribution and help,
especially BYU for leading the project and Hongik
University, Queens University and West University for
their collaboration.
The authors would like to thank the entire PACE
sponsors, especially GM, for providing the equipments
and arranging such an interesting project.
Diffuser angle: 10
Ground clearance: 75mm
REFERENCES
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7
APPENDIX
Schematic of the Tongji small scaled wind tunnel:
CONTACT
Zhen Zhang: jacksonzhang@live.com
Author:Gilligan-SID:13235-GUID:29563742-131.151.244.7