Basic EE

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GE NERALISE D TREATMENT' O F ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACIIINES
FIELD
WINDING
STUDY OF DIFFERENTryPES
OF D.C MOTORS
ARMATURE
CONDUCTORS
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DC MACEINESI
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DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES
Electrical machines can be classified

mainly into DC Machines and AC
Machines. Slide no 1 shows the view
of a dc machine. For simplicity , only
main component parts have been
shown.
The field windings are shown as

excited from external source.The
polarity of electro-magnetic field will
depend upon the dircction of field
current as shown in the fig. of slide
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DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES
The armature carries conductors
in
placed
side the slots.Two brushes are
at the right angle to the main field axis.
The brushes are stationary whereas
armature is free to rotate.
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DC MACHINES
When the armature is rotated in the

magnetic field, an e.m.f will be induced
in the armature
conductors.The
direction of the induced e.m.f can be

found by applying Fleming's Right
Hand Rule.
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DC MACHINES
The direction of induced e.m.f will

depend upon the direction of rotation
of armature , if polarity of field poles to
be kept unchanged.When load is
connected across the armature
terminals , the current will flow through
the armature circuit.
The direction of current will be same as

that of induced e.m.f. The armature will
now be considered as electro+nagnet
and its polarity is shown in the fig. of
slide no. 2
.The electro-magnetic
torque T.will be developed in the anticlock wise direction as shown in the
fig.of slide no. 1 and 2.
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DC MACHINf,S
DC MACHINES
The magnitude of T"will depend on the

strength of the field poles and armature
field which further depends upon the
currents flowing through the respective
windings. As the external load on the
generator is increased, the magnitude
ofT" increases.
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As T" acts in the opposite direction to

the applied mechanical torque, more
torque will be required through the
prime mover to maintain the speed of
armature.
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DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES
The direction of currents in the upper
conductors in the armature are

indicated by 'dots' and conductors in
lower half of armature are indicated by
tcross'.
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The brush 'B' will collect dot currents

and brush 'A'will collect cross currents
as the armature continues to rotate in
clockwise direction. ln the out put
circuit, across terminals 'A' and 'B',
current wil! flow in one direction.
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DC MACHINES
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DC MACHINES
The dc machine shown in fig. of slide

no. 2 is working as generator.The same
machine will work as motor , if the
armature is provided with electric
supply as shown in fig. of slide no. 3
is connected across a
supply voltage 'V' and the field
windings are excited from the same
supply or from any external dc
The armature
source.The magnetic polarities due to

the current in armature winding will be
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DC MACHINES
DC MACHINES
The electro-magnetic
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torque T" will
be
developed in the anti-clockwise

direction as opposite poles of armature
field and main field will attract each
other. The armature will rotate in anticlockwise direction due to T" .
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To reverse the direction of rotation of

armature, either the direction of current
in the field winding or armature
winding will have to be reversed.lf the
direction of currents in both the
windings are reversed, direction of
rotation of armature will
be
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DC MACHINES
mechanical load on the

armature i.e. rotor shaft represented by
load torque T, is increased, more and
more electro+nagnetic torque will be
developed by the armature to balance
the mechanica! torque requirements for
which the armature will draw more
current from the supply mains.
As the
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
INTODUCTION
A DC machine is an electro-mechanical
energy conversion device. lt can convert
Mechanical power into Electrical Power.
When output electrical power is DC , it is
called DC Generator. When it converts
DC electrical power into mechanical
power, it is known as DC Motor.
1. BODYOR MAGNETIC FRAME ORYOKE
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS
4. ARMATURE CORE
5. ARMATURE wlNDING
6. COMMUTATOR
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALFEATURES
7.
Bearing
Pulley
BRUSHES
Body / Yoke
Housing
8. END HOUSINGS
9.
BEARINGS
10. SHAFT
Armature
'Fietd Core
.Field Winding
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONALTEATURES

'1.
MAGNETIC FMME or YOKE
The outer cylindrical

to which main 11
ARM.{TIIRE
frame
poles and inter poles are

fixed and by means of
the machine is fixed to
the foundation is called
YOKE.
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1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE

1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE:
!t serves two purposes:
b) lt provides a low
reluctance path for the
magnetic flux.
a) lt
provides
mechanical protection
to the inner parts of the
machines.
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The yoke
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2.POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
The pole core and pole

shoes are faxed to the
yoke by bolts. They
serves the following
purpose:
a) They support
the field or exciting
coils.
machines and cast stee!

or fabricated rolled
steel for larger
machines.
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is
cast aron for smaller ...

1. MAGNETIC FRAME oTYOKE
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2. FOLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :
2. POLE CORE AND POLE SFOES :
b) They distribute
c) The pole shoes have
the
the
armature periphery
more uniformly.
magnetic flux
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]\&{CHII{ES
on
larger
X-
section,
so,
the reluctance of the ,/:magnetic path is "
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reduced. The pole core
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2, POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
and pole shoes

made
of

3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS
steel assembled bt /_ _=.-_\

riveting together
r./
,
hydraulic pressure.
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magnetise the pole core.

Enameled copper wire is.
used for the construction
of these coils.When direct
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3. FIELD or EXCITING GOILS
Field coils or exciting

coils are used to
are
laminated
under
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4. ARMATURE CORE:
Armature is a rotating part of the DC

machine, reversal of flux takes place,
so hysteresas losses are produced.
To minimise this !oss, silicon steel as
used for the construction.
current is passed through
these coals/ winding, it

sets up the magnetic field
which magnetise the pol
core to the reqd. flux.
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DCMACHnTES--- -
4. ARIilATURE CORE:
4. ARTfATURE GORE:
The rotating armature cuts the main

magnetic field , therefore an e.m.f is
induced in the armature core.This e.m.f
circulates eddy currents in the core
which results in eddy current loss in it.
The armature core is laminated to reduce
the eddy current loss.
Armature core serves the following

purposes:
a) lt houses the conductors in the slots.
b) lt provides an easy path for magnetic

flux
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5. ARMATURE WNDING
The no.

5, ARMATURE WNDING ;
of
This is
the
armature winding
where conversion
of power takes
place i.e. in case
of generator ,
conductors in form
of coils placed in
the slots of the
armature and
suitably inter
connected
are
called winding.
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATUR ES

5. ARMATURE WIND]NG ;
5. ARNJTATURE WINDING
mechanica! power
is converted into
electrical power
converted
and in case of
power
rs
into
mechanica!
power.
motor, electrical
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1t29t2015
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL X'EATURES
5. ARIIIATURE WiNDiT{G ;
5. ARMATURE WINDING
Depending upon the types of inter

connection. of coils , the winding can
be classified into two types;
i) Lap Winding;
The
connected
conductors/coils are
in such a way that no of
parallel paths are equalto no. of poles.
lf machine has 'P' no. of poles and 'Z'

no. of conductors, then there will be 'P'
no. of parallel paths.And each path wil!
have 'ZlP'no of conductors in series.
Also the no. of brushes are equalto no.
of parallel paths.
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5,
ARMATURE WNDING
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5. ARMATURE
Out of which half of the brushes will be

posative and remaining will be negative.
ii) Wave Winding;
The conductors are so connected
that they are divided into two paralle!
paths only , irrespective of the no. of
poles. lf machines has 'Z'no. of ...
WNDING
conductors, there will be only two

parallel paths and each will be having
'Zl2' no. of conductors connected in
series with only two brushes.
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6, COMMUTATOR
It is the
6. COMMUTATOR
the
most
rotating
important part of
armature
a DG machine and
serves the
following purpose
:- i) lt connects ...
conductors to the
stationary external
circuit through the
brushes.
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MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURE,S
6. COMMUTATOR
6. COMiIIUTATOR
current in
aa) !t converts
altering current
induced in the
armature
conductors
into
unidirectional .....
the
extemal load
circuit
in
generating action
and it converts
alternating torque
into unidirectional
COMMLIATOR
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6. COMMUTATOR
COPPER SEGMtrN I
RISER
MICAINSULATION
END RINC
6. COMMUTATOR
torque produced in the armature in

motoring action.
The commutator is of
cylinddcal
shape and is made of wedge shaped
hard drawn copper segments.The

segments are insulated from each ....
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[----..DCMACrrrNEs--.-MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
6. COMMUTATOR
7. BRUSHES
other by a thin sheet of mica.The

segments are held together by means
of two V-shaped rings that fit into the
Vgrooves cut into the segments.
Each armature coil is connected to
the commutator segment through
flser.
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Brushes
are made of high
grade
carbon.They form the connecting link

between armature winding and the
external circuit. The brushes are held in
particular position around the
commutator by brush holders.
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MAIN CONSTRUC'TIONAL FEATURES
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8. END HOUSINGS
8, END HOUSIilGS
the bearing and
They are attached

to the ends of
main frame
the
brush
assembly whereas
rear housing
supports the
bearing only.
and
support bearing
The front housing
supports.....
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9. BEARINGS
The function of the bearing is to reduce

rotating and
friction between
the
stationary parts of the machines.These

are fitted in the end housings.
Generally, high carbon steel is used for
the construction of the bearings.
SHAFT
The function
of
is
to
transfer
shaft
mechanical power
to the machine or
from the machine.
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.IO. SHAFT
10. SHAFT
armature
is made of
mild steel with
Shaft
core,
commutator,
cooling fan etc. are
keyed to the shaft.
maximum breaking
strength. All the
rotating parts like
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Depending upon the type if excitation to

the field winding , The dc machine can
be classified into three categories viz.
Machines with permanent field,
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(DCMOlOro)
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separately excited and self excited type

dc machines. Dc motors with
permanent magnetic field, are
manufactured for small rating
applications such as toys, cassette tape
recorders etc.large rating dc motors ...
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IYPISOI IXGIIAIIOII$ IIIG
are constructed with electro-magnetic

field i.e field winding is placed on the
field core and this winding is supplied
with dc current called excitation.

Depending upon the type of
excitation
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, the dc motors can be
classified anto two categories ;

1) Separately excited dc motors
2) Self excited dc motors.
connections to the field winding for ....

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lf
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(TMOTOH)
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(mMorotr)
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The field winding is excited from a

supply which is not connected to the
armature winding. lt may be noted
that current flowing through the field
winding is independent of load and
is equa! to V / R; , where Rg is the....
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StPIRAItlY
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field circuit
resistance. The flux

produced is proportiona! to the field
current i.e. Ql al1
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DCMOTOS )
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ln this type of excitation , armature and

field windings are connected across a
constant source of supply. The field
I is
drawn from the same

source as that of armature current. As
current
shown in fiq.
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DIM]]1EOl4(roONS
(DCMOTm)
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The field winding is connected in series
with the armature so that ls = !" = 11 .

Therefore field winding is made up of
thick winding wire of less no. of tums
as compared to that of shunt field
winding so that armature current can ...
flow through it without overheating. ln

case of dc series machine , O a \e l^..
The relationship between
induced
e.m.f. and terminal voltage is as follows

; .....
Sce Fig.
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V=E+laRa+lrRse
or
E=V-la(Ra+
Rse)
l" =lr" =!a
and
Dffi,*oFilffio*(Dcffios)
stlIEGtIH
[G
tr
OFH@flONS (DCUOION)
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There are two field windings , namely a
shunt field winding and a series field

winding. The shunt field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature
and series field winding is connected in
series with the combination.
See
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and has a few tums only. The

resistance of series field winding is
very small.
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The shunt field winding is made up of

wires of small cross section and has
high resistance. Since the resistance of
shunt field winding is high , the current
flowing through
Series field winding wil! carry a large

armature current I" or l. and therefore it
is made of wire of large cross section
Fig.
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it is very small as
compared to that of series field winding
DlImffio!dclwoNs
(DcMoloN)
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or
armature current
!a
The
main
magnetic field ftux is produced by the

shunt field current / winding but it is
modified by the field of series winding.
A compound machine therefore
combines the best features of dc shunt
machines and dc series machines.
D]@ffi
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1129t2015
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Depending up on the connections of

shunt field winding in the combination
of armature and series field winding, dc
compound generators can be named as
i) Short shunt compound generators.
ii) Long shunt compound generators.
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i) SHORTSHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS
In this case the shunt field winding is

connected across the armature winding
only as shown in the fig of slide no.
I"" = lr_ = l"* l"t
V=E+laR"+l=.R=.
ta-Z
lsE
IeR"
Rsn
= E + !aRa+ ( la+ Irn)Rre

f,Ecl@ 90i{
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ii) LONG SHUNT
DC COMPOUND MOTORS
ln this case the shunt field winding is

connected across the combination of
armature and series field winding as
shown in the fig.
lr.
lltt
l" and
lr= l" +
= E + l" Ra+ 1.. Rr"
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Depending upon the direction of flow of

current through series field, we can
classify dc compound motors into two
categories namely;
!) Cumulative compound dc motors
ll) differential compound dc motors
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1t29t2015
The direction of current in the series field
is such that magnetic field

produced by it is in the direction to that
of shunt field. Tota! magnitude of the
field is the sum of shunt field and series
field so that A = A"n* A""..
winding
O = A=n+
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See
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The direction of current in the series field
winding is such that magnetic field

produced by at is in the opposite
direction to that of shunt field. Total
magnitude of the field is the difference
of shunt field and series field so that
A = A=1r- A=".
Ql=O=1r-Ar.
D]ffimEOFqffiONS
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(DCMOION)
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The expression for
back
e.m.f.
"**""IL"""(DcMoroB)
Comparing expressions (i) and (ii)
developed in the armature of a dc motor

is given as follows:
E-
AZN
60A
f= v-l"Ra
!A@EDMG@@OTrcM@B
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(i)
(ii)
/-\
I-\-rt-)
tr
PAZN
OR
60A
= V-laRa
K@N
v-laRa
N=
v-1.R.
KO
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IAGrons
urrtilxilG Illt sPtu 0t ltc t0I0[
Where K is the constant of

proportionalily and equal to PZ / 60 A
Now in the above expression for speed,
the speed can be varied by varying the
applied voltage 'V' , field flux @ and
resistance of the armature .
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It is clear that speed is
directly
proportional to the supply vollage 'V'. So
the speed increases with increase in
voltage 'V'and vice versa.
The speed is inversely proportionalto the
field flux @ . $o speed decreases as the
Flux@ increases and vice versa.
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GIANTGITIISIIGS llT llG TlllllRS
The important characteristics of
dc
motors are :
f ) Speed - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
2) Torque - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
3) Speed - Torque characteristics
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It is very much important to know the

characteristics mentioned above for
different types of dc motors because it
enables the selection of a specific type
of dc motor for specific purpose.
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GIIAIACIIRI$IIGS OI
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1 Speed Armature current (Load ) characteristics

-
For a dc motor , we know that
v-1"R"
KA
A dc shunt motor is connected across
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the mains having supply voltage 'V'
Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
This supply voltage is assumed to be

constant.The field winding is connected
across the armature as shown in Fig. The
magnetic flux O produced by field
current I will be constant as V remains
constant.
See Fig.
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GHIRIGImBIIC8 0I
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fltufi ilolons
t. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
But in actual practice, the air gap flux is

slightly reduced due to the effect of
armature reaction. From the expression
for the speed mentioned earlier,
it
evident that as the arnature current
la......
is
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increases speed wi!! decrease by a
sma!! amount due to an increase in l" R"
drop is very small as compared to V .

The speed verses armature current
characteristics is shown in Fig.
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CilANAGITIISI!GS llT llG SHUIlI TOIllRS
Armature current (Load ) characteristics
The shunt motor being thus more or less
a constant speed motor, can be used in
the applications such as driving of line

shafts, lathes conveyors etc.
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2 Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteristics
@
s. Speed - Torque characteristics
The equation for torque can be written as
follows;
!f flux A is taken as constant, the torque
T becomes directly proportional to
armature current (Load current) lu . lt is a
straight !ine passing through the origin.
lrcftm llo?{
GltA[tGIIilSilGt 0I0C SItUH
T ( N-m)
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G[AnAGrtRlSflGS 0] 0G StRltS
t0r0Rs
s. Speed - Torque characteristics
The relation between T and l" and N

and l" are as under;
1=finA
p=-E-
KA
And The relationship between speed and

torque can be drawn as shown in Fig .
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GIAIIGIIBISilGS 0I ltc SffiltS
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SilItS TlllllRS
Speed - Load characteristics
From the expression
N=
v-1.R,
RA
It is seen that the speed N is inversely
^,l
proportionalto flux
For a dc series motor ,magnetic flux O is

proportionalto 1".
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1 Speed - Load characteristics
t. Speed - Load characteristics
Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely

proportional to la. The N verses la
characteristics is therefore a rectangular
hyperbola as shown in Fig It is seen
from the characteristics that ....
See
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ttors
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normal speed which may cause damage

to the motor. For this reason , dc series
motors are never started on No- Load
and are not used in the applications
where there is a chance of Load being
completely removed , when the motor...
GIIARIGITNISI!GS llT IIG
ltcTw
IEC]:W
the speed decreases as the load on the

motor increases. At a very low load , the
speed is dangerously high . Thus if a dc
series motor is allowed to run on very
light load or at No- Load , its speed will
become much higherthan its ........
UOF@
remains connected to the supply. The

load on the dc series motor is connected
through the gears and not through the
belt pulley arrangement.This is because,
in case of failure of belt , the load will be
removed from the motor and thereby the
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llclw
uoro
),OO
SMIIs fllllllRS
motor will attain a dangerously hiqh

speed ln case of load connected
through the gears, however in the event
of an accidental release of load, gears
will provide some load on account of the
frictional resistance of the gear teeth.
@@o
Torque - Load characteristics

SATURATION O['
SERIES FIELD CORE
'l
@@o
21
1129t2015
@
1.
Torque - Load characteristics
The equation for the
t. Torque - Load characteristics
torque for dc motor
is given by ; t = kr0 \
The magnetic flux for a dc series motor is
proportiona! to armature current

thetorqueT=k l"1,.
1". Thus
Or Tcl"2
LECffi
Or4
and
armature current , is therefore of the form
of a parabola . With increase in !. , the
field flux increases linearly but due to
saturation of the core, beyond a certain
magnitude of lrthe increase in flux is
@@o
ltffi
uor{
@@o
negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the

square of !" up to the saturation point
beyond which T varies Iinearly with
1".
From the torque load characteristics , it

can be observed that a dc series motor -.
LECTW
The relationship between torque
D OT4
, develops a very high

starting torque.
Hence dc series motors are used in
applications where high starting torque is
required such as in electrac trains ,
hoists, trolleys etc.
started on-load
@@o
rlcrw
! oP4
@@o
G[[[[GIrilSItGt 0t [G Smlts mlom

t. Torque - Speed characteristics
t. Torque - Speed characteristics
From the characteristics shown in slide

no. , it can be seen that for low speeds ,
the torque is high and for high speeds
-l
the torque is very small. This is why dc

series motor is widely used in the ... ..
f,ICN]RI IIOI4
@@o
LEC,W UOF{
@@o
22
1t29t2015
ffi
Gfir[lDrHrsilct 0f
Dc
c0tP0ulilt tolons
i. Torque - Speed characteristics
applications where motor is to be started

on bulk loads such as electrac locomotive.
LECTW UOrO
@@o
tfc]W
lloF&
@@o
GmiAortflsltsr 0f BG G0rpoum f,orom

\
N
t
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND
SHUNT
COMPOUND
f,Eclm ll or4
ln cumulative compound motors , series

field winding is connected in such a way
that magnetic flux produced by it helps
the flux produced by shunt field winding.
Series field is directly proportional to the
load current , ..... . ... .
@@o
llcrc
UOr4
@@o
therefore total flux increases with

increase in load current / armature
total main tfux A. Therefore speed drops

more sharply as compared to dc shunt
current due to the series field in addition

to the voltage drop in the armature
winding.The speed of dc motor is
inversely proportionalto the . .. . ..
motor.Refer Fig.
Ltc]@ uor{
@@o
See
t'lg.
f,tcl:W uor4
@@o
23
1129t2015
@
2. Torque
- Load characteristics
z. Torque
The torque developed by a cumulative

compound motor increases with sudden
increase in load and at no-load , it has a
definite speed. Gumulative compound
motors are therefore, suitable

there is sudden application
flcl@
ll ors
@@o
GIIIIGIIIISIIG8
2. Torque
of
f,Effi
[G CoilP0UXI
@@o
t0I0m
z. Torque - Load characteristics
heavy loads like sheers, punches,
rolling mills etc. The speed of differential

compound motors remains more or less
constant. Wth increase in load but its
torque decreases with !oad. Since the dc
shunt motor develops a good torque and
f,BClW UOr{
01
[OF4
where
its speed does not vary appreciably with

increase in load, differential compound
motors are not preferred over dc shunt
motors and hence are rarely used.
@@o
f,Eru
tPPllCfrIl0lts 0I
3, Speed - Torque characteristics
ltG
or4
@@o
t0I0n3
(a) DC SHIINT MOTORS
(D Shunt motors are used in situations,

such as driving a line shafting etc. where
the
speed as to be maintained
approximately constant between no-load
and firll-load.
COMPOUND
otDcMfros
Lt(ro uoi4
@oc
&.*s
tr+
24
1t29t2015
@1
Epeucnrorsrrrrroronsl
(a) DC SHUNT MOTORS
(b) DC SERTES MOTORS
(ii) In situations where variable load is to

be driven at different speeds but at each
load, the speed is to be kept constant.
DC
Such as driving a lathe.
large starting torque is required. They are
Series Motors are used in
applications such as driving hoists,

cranes, trains, etc., as in these cases a
also used where the motor can

permanentrv
trc,*s
tr +
(b)DC SERTES MOTORS
(b) DC SERTES MOTORS
Fans , whose torque increases with speed.
Where constiulcy in speed is not

essential, the decrease of speed with
increase of load has the advantage that
the power absorbed by the motor does
APPIGII|0[S 0I ID
cou::::T: road' such as
not increase as
be
rap::,:::.,o.ou.
Series motors acquire very high speed at

no-load or at very light load That is why
they should not be used for a belt drive
where there is a possibility of the load
decreasing to very small value.
oo
uws
tr+
t0l0m
(c)DC COMPOUND MOTORS
(c)DC COMPOUND MoToRs
DC
Where the supply voltage may fluctuate ,

for instance on a traction system, the
Compound Motors are used in

application where large starting torque
are requrred but where the load may fall
to such a small value that a series motor
would reach a dangerously high speed.
uffis
tr+
series winding reduces the fluctuation
of
armature current partly by its inductance

and partly by its influence on the value of
qcffi
tr+
25
1t29t2015
(c)DC COMPoUND
MoToRS
flux and therefore on that of the
induced
e.m.f.
when the load is of a fluctuating nature
'
e.g. for driving stamprng processes, etc.
the shunt excitatron prevents the speed
DcMcffi
mnuculorsolncroronsl
(c)DC COMPOUND MOTORS
..1
Becoming excessive on light load, and

the decrease of speed with increase of
load enables the flywheel' usually fitted
to such a machine, to assist the motor in
. ,
in dealing with the peak load by gving
tr +
@rca[oNorDcnc*
ELECTRICAL
appucnnorsolncrorons
(c) DC COMPOUN'D
up some
MACHINES-I
E' +
NI
-l
MoToRs
of its kinetic
energ).'.
THANKS
" TTIANKS "
tr
26

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1t29t2015

Electrical machines can be classified

The field windings are shown as

The armature carries conductors

When the armature is rotated in the

direction of the induced e.m.f can be

The direction of induced e.m.f will

The direction of current will be same as

The magnitude of T"will depend on the

As T" acts in the opposite direction to

The direction of currents in the upper

conductors in the armature are

The brush 'B' will collect dot currents

The dc machine shown in fig. of slide

source.The magnetic polarities due to

torque T" will

developed in the anti-clockwise

To reverse the direction of rotation of

rotation of armature will

mechanical load on the

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

1. BODYOR MAGNETIC FRAME ORYOKE

2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAGNETIC FMME or YOKE

The outer cylindrical

poles and inter poles are

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

!t serves two purposes:

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

The pole core and pole

machines and cast stee!

cast aron for smaller ...

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

2. FOLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

2. POLE CORE AND POLE SFOES :

c) The pole shoes have

the reluctance of the ,/:magnetic path is "

reduced. The pole core

and pole shoes

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

steel assembled bt /_ _=.-_\

magnetise the pole core.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Field coils or exciting

Armature is a rotating part of the DC

current is passed through

these coals/ winding, it

The rotating armature cuts the main

The armature core is laminated to reduce

the eddy current loss.

Armature core serves the following

a) lt houses the conductors in the slots.

b) lt provides an easy path for magnetic

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATUR ES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL X'EATURES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

Depending upon the types of inter

parallel paths are equalto no. of poles.