DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EP601 DATA
COMMUNICATION

Topic 2

Basic Concept Of Data Communication

Understand types of interfaces
Understand MODEM (Modulation-Demodulation).
1

At the end of this learning session, student must be able to;

Explain the importance of interface.

List type of electrical interfaces and its application.
RS232C/V.24, RS422/V.11, RJ45, USB
Build straight through and cross over cable using RJ45.
Explain characteristic interface RS232C/V.24 and RS422/V.11:
Electrical , Mechanical , Functional
Explain the importance of MODEM.
List type of modulations:
Analogue , Digital

Point out the characteristic of MODEM:

Asynchronous , Synchronous

Illustrate the operation of synchronous MODEM.

Interfaces
A

set of wire that connect DTE and DCE.

Interface is required in order to DTE and
DCE communicate each other
Interface enable the data and control
information to be exchanged between DTE
and DCE

Types of electrical interface

RS232C/V.24
RS422/V.11,
RJ45
USB

Differences in the standards

include :
Mode of transmission
(single vs. differential)
Data transmission rates
Type of transmission line
and its length.

Characteristic of interface
Mechanical actual physical connection of the DTE

Electrical
Functional

to the DCE, terminator connector,

male or female.
voltage level and timing of voltage
level, data rates, distances

specify the function of each terminal

(data, control, timing and electrical
ground)
Procedural specify the sequence of events for
transmitting data based on the
functional characteristics

RS232-C/V.24
RS232

is a serial interface by Electronic Industries

Alliance (EIA) or known as EIAs Recommended
Standard (RS)
RS232-C is the latest version of RS232 (1969).
Used to connect DTE and DCE (i.e modems and
Personal Computers)
RS232-C is identical to CCITT V.24/V.28. CCITT has
split the interface into its electrical description (V.28)
and a mechanical part (V.24).
Specifies mechanical, electrical ,functional
and
procedural aspects of the interface

RS232-C/V.24 : Mechanical
Specifications

Use standard 25-pin D-shell connector (DB25)

A male D-shell connector is used on DTE and a
female on DCE
This connector is the terminating plug or socket
on a cable running from a DTE or DCE.
Some use a 9-pin D-shell connector (DB9)
instead of the 25-pin connector.
This connector provides the means to transmit
and receive the necessary signals for modem
applications

RS-232 DB-25 & DB-9 Connectors

DB-25 Female

DB-9 Female

DB-25 Male

DB-9 Male

RS232 Standards : Connectors

RS232-C/V.24 : Electrical Specifications

Mode of
operation :

single-ended (unbalanced)

Cable length :

50 feet max.

Data rate :

20 kbps max.

Signal State:
Mark :
(logical 1)

Transmitter Voltage Range: -15V to -5V

Receiver Voltage Range:-25V to -3V

Signal State:
Space :
(logical 0)

Transmitter Voltage Range: +5V to

+15V
Receiver Voltage Range:+3V to +25V

signals are represented by

a voltage with reference
to a common signal
ground.

RS232-C/V.24 :Functional
Specifications
Specifies

the role of the individual circuits

Data circuits in both directions allow full-duplex
communication
The circuit can be group into the categories of
data, control, timing and ground.
Timing signals allow for synchronous
transmission

11

RS232-C/V.24 :Functional Specifications

cont
Pin Name

Function

Transmitted This signal is generated by the DTE and received

Data (TD)
by the DCE.

Received
Data (RD)

This signals is generated by the DCE and

received by the DTE.

Request to
Send (RTS)

When the host system (DTE) is ready to transmit

data to the peripheral system (DCE), RTS is turned
ON. After RTS is asserted, the DCE must assert CTS
before communication can commence.

RS232-C/V.24 :Functional Specifications

cont
5
5

Clear to
Send (CTS)

CTS is used along with RTS to provide

handshaking between the DTE and the DCE.
After the DCE sees an asserted RTS, it turns CTS
ON when it is ready to begin communication.

Data Set
Ready
(DSR)

This signal is turned on by the DCE to indicate

that it is connected to the telecommunications
line

Data
Carrier
Detect
(DCD)

This signal is turned ON when the DCE is

receiving a signal from a remote DCE which
meets its suitable signal criteria. This signal
remains ON as long as the a suitable carrier
signal can be detected.

RS232-C/V.24 :Functional Specifications

cont

20

Data
Terminal
Ready
(DTR)

DTR indicates the readiness of the DTE. This

signal is turned ON by the DTE when it is ready
to transmit or receive data from the DCE. DTR
must be ON before the DCE can assert DSR.

22

Ring
Indicator
(RI):

RI, when asserted, indicates that a ringing

signal is being received on the communications
channel.

Connection Establishment

Dial Up Operation (1)

Dial Up Operation (2)

Dial Up Operation (3)

RS-422/V.11

RS-422 also called EIA-422 is a technical standard that

specifies electrical characteristics of a digital signaling circuit

The RS-422 standard defines a balanced (or differential) data

communications interface using two separate wires for each
signal (Transmit + and Transmit -, Receive + and Receive -)

Data transmission at higher speeds and longer distances than

EIA-232.

Used in point-to-point communications.

Maximum distance and rate : a) 1200 meter/ 4000 feet @

max. 100 kbps
b) 10 Mbps @ 12 meter/ 50 ft

V.11 is the international equivalent ITU-T for RS-422.

RS-422/V.11

cont.

Electrical - Voltage Level:

a)

Transmitting
low logic 0 : + 2 V to + 6 V
high logic 1 : - 2 V to - 6 V

b)

Receiving
low logic 0 : + 0.2 V to + 6 V
high logic 1 : - 0.2 V to - 6 V

c)

Noise margin : ( 2 0.2 ) V = 1.8 V

RS-422/V.11

cont.

RS422 Voltage Transition Level

RS-422/V.11

cont.

Comparison between RS232 and RS422

Comparison
Item

RS232/ V.24

RS422/V.11

Signal Lines

On lines which share a

common zero

Each signal line consists

of two wires, preferably
twisted to reduce noise

Connection
to Receiver

Only designed to serve

one receiver

Line driver can serve up

to ten receivers in
parallel.

Cable
Length

Direct connection of
Interface between
intelligent devices,
computers, printers and
without the need of
terminals with modems
modems

RJ45
RJ45

is a type of connector commonly used for

network cable.
The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered jack" since it is
a standardized networking interface. The "45"
simply refers to the number of the interface
standard.
Each RJ45 connector has eight pins, which means
an RJ45 cable contains eight separate wires.

Straight-through and cross-over wiring using

RJ-45 cables

RJ-45 conductor data cable contains 4 pairs of wires ,

each consists of a solid colored wire and a stripe of the
same color.
There are two wiring standards for RJ-45 wiring: T-568A
and T-568B.
10BaseT/100BaseT Ethernet uses only 2 pairs: Orange
and Green.
The other two colors (blue and brown) may be used for
a second Ethernet line or for phone connections.
The unused pins are generally connected straightthrough in both straight-through and cross-over cables.

T-568A and T-568B Standard.

10BaseT/100BaseT Ethernet
The

10Base-T standard (also called Twisted Pair

Ethernet) uses a twisted pair cable with
maximum lengths of 100 meters.

The

10Base-T system operates at 10Mbps and

uses baseband transmission methods.

100BaseT

Ethernet is a Fast Ethernet standard

that carry traffic at the nominal rate of
100 Mbit/s.

Straight-through wiring using RJ45 cable

Used to connect DTE to DCE, such as computers to

modems or hubs.
Use either T-568A or T-568B on both ends of the
cable.
Uses only 2-pairs of wires:

Orange (pins 1 & 2)

Green (pins 3 & 6)

Connects pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, pin 3 to pin 3,
and pin 6 to pin 6.
The unused pins are generally connected straightthrough in both straight-through and cross-over
cables.

T-568B

T-568A

Straight
through

Cross-over wiring using RJ45 cable

Used

to connect DTE to DTE, or DCE to DCE

equipment; such as computer to computer,
computer to router; or gateway to hub.

To

create a cross-over cable, you'll wire T-568A on

one end and T-568B on the other end of the cable.

Connects

pin 1 to pin 3, pin 2 to pin 6, pin 3 to pin 1

and pin 6 to pin 2.

The

unused pins are generally connected straightthrough in both straight-through and cross-over
cables.

T-568B

T-568A

Cross-over

USB
USB

or Universal Serial Bus is a popular option for

external device communication.
USB was designed to standardize the connection of
computer peripherals (i.e
keyboards, digital
cameras, printer)
USB 2.0 (High speed) is very fast, 480 Mb/s, USB 1
(Full Speed) is 12 Mb/s.
Its a 4-wire system, point-to-point system.
One advantage of USB is that it can provide power
for external hardware.

Standard type A plug and receptacle

33

USB to Other Devices

Connection
Cables
USB to
Scanner

USB to Serial
Adapter

USB to Internet

USB to Serial Adapter

USB to Camera

34

Types
of USB
Cable

35

USB Specification

USB 1.0: Specifies data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (LowBandwidth, is mostly used for Human Input Devices
(HID) such as keyboards, mouses, joysticks and
often the buttons on higher speed devices such as
printers or scanners) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Bandwidth)

USB 2.0: In addition to USB 1.0 adds signaling rate of

480 Mbit/s (Hi-Speed).compatible with USB 1.0, but
some hardware designed for USB 2.0 may not work
with USB 1.0 host controllers.

USB 3.0: Added transmission rates up to 5 Gbit/s

(SuperSpeed)

36

USB Version

MODEM

Modems
Modems

are devices which allow digital data

signals to be transmitted across an analogue link.

Modem

stands for MOdulator/DEModulator.

modem changes the digital signal to an

analogue frequency : converts the signal to analog
by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase and
sends this tone across the analogue link. At the
other end, another modem receives the signal and
converts it back to digital.

modem may be an internal modem or it may be

external.

The importance of MODEM or , why is a

modem needed

we need a converter so data can be transferred

to the analogue system of the telephone.
for giving higher quality and faster transfer of data.
gives fast communication which is needed by
many people.
giving good quality of graphics for bigger
applications.
for creating the local area network for homes or
offices.
for facilitating the fast growth of the economy of a
country.
to reach/communicate remote places by
computer

40

MODEM
Structure

of Modem

UART
Mod/ Demod Circuit
Transmitter Filter/ Receiver Filter
Buffer
Carrier Tracer

41

UART

COMPUTER

MOD / DEMOD
CIRCUIT

CARRIER
TRACER
RECEIVER
FILTER

TRANSMITTER
FILTER

Basic modem diagram

B
U
F
F
E
R

TO PSTN

42

MODEM

cont

Block Diagram for Each Part

Transmitter:
Computer, UART, MOD circuit,
transmitter filter, buffer, PSTN.
Receiver: PSTN, buffer, receiver filter and carrier
tracer, DEMOD circuit, UART, computer.

MODEM

43

cont

Function for Each Block

UART
Transmitting: Parallel data from computer
change to serial data.
Receiving: Serial data from receiver change to
parallel data.
MOD/ DEMOD Circuit
Mod: change data from digital data to
telephone signal (analog signal).
Demod: change data from telephone signal
(analog signal) to digital data.

44

MODEM

cont

Function for Each Block cont..

Transmitter/ Receiver Filter
Filtering the signal before transmit / receive.
Buffer
Create a standard transmission signal level and
impedance appropriate to telephone
Carrier Tracer
Trace the data input and inform to the computer.

45

MODEM
Types

cont

of Modem

External

PC Card

Internal

Wireless

46

MODEM

cont

Types of Modem External

Digital Modem
1. Channel Service Unit (CSU)/ Digis Service Unit
(DSU) modem:
Communication with digital modem technique
as a Digital Transmission Service (DTS).
2. Digital
Modems
Converts the RS-232 digital signals to digital
signals more suitable for transmission.

47

MODEM

cont

Types of Modem External

cont

3. Optical Modems:
Uses optical fiber cable instead of wire. The
modem converts the digital signal to pulses of
light to be transmitted over optical lines.

48

49

MODEM

cont

Types of Modem External

cont

4. Short Haul Modem:

Modems used to transmit over 20 miles or less.
Modems we use at home or to connect
computers together between different offices in
the same building.

50

MODEM

cont

Types of Analog Modem

1. Acoustic Coupler Modem:
A modem that coupled to the telephone
handset with what looked like suction cups that
contained a speaker and microphone. Used for
connecting to hotel phones for travelling sales
people.

MODEM

51

cont

Types of Analog Modem cont

2. Smart Modem
Modem with a CPU (microprocessor) on board
that uses the Hayes AT command set. This allows
auto-answer & dial capability rather than
manually dialing &
answering.

Modulation

modulation is the process of varying one or more

properties of a high-frequency waveform called the
carrier signal, with a modulating signal which
contains information to be transmitted

Types of modulation :
Analogue modulation
Pulse Modulation
Digital modulation

Analog Modulation

Amplitude

Modulation (AM)
Frequency
Modulation (FM)
Phase
Modulation (PM)

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude

modulation is the process of varying the

amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier wave by the
amplitude of the modulating signal.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

FM

conveys information over a carrier wave

by varying its instantaneous frequency. This
contrasts with AM, in which the amplitude of
the carrier is varied while its frequency remains
constant.

Phase modulation (PM)

Phase

Modulation changes the phase of the

carrier. The phase of the carrier is switch each time
that a one (1) bit is required, but does not change
for the duration of the zero (0) bit.

Phase

modulation (PM) is a modulation that

represents information as variations in the
instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. OR A type
of electronic modulation in which the phase of a
carrier wave is varied in order to transmit the
information contained in the signal.

Phase modulation (PM)

The

cont

signal might has changed phase by +180 or 180.

Digital Modulation
The parameters of the carrier that can be
modified are the amplitude, the frequency,
and the phase.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

Amplitude-shift

keying (ASK) is a form of modulation

that represents digital data as variations in the
amplitude of a carrier wave.
In its simplest form, a burst of radio frequency is
transmitted only when a binary 1 appears and is
stopped when a 0 appears. In another variation,
the 0 and 1 are represented in the modulated
signal by a shift between two preselected
amplitudes.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

In

the simplest form of FSK signaling, digital data is

transmitted using one of two frequencies, where by
one frequency is used to transmit a 1 and the other
frequency to transmit a 0.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

In

PSK, we change the phase of a sinusoidal

carrier to indicate information. To transmit 0, we
shift the phase of the sinusoid by 180. Phase
shift represents the change in the state of the
information.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

(Quadrature

Amplitude Modulation) A modulation

technique that employs both phase modulation
(PM) and amplitude modulation (AM).

In

digital QAM, the input stream is divided into

groups of bits based on the number of modulation
states used. For example, in 8QAM, each three bits
of input, which provides eight values (0-7) alters
the phase and amplitude of the carrier to derive
eight unique modulation states (see example
below

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Sample of QAM waveform

Concept of Asynchronous Modem

Random transmission
No synchronization clock
The number of character bits are acknowledged
Every data transmission needs start bit, stop bit
and parity bit
Asynchronous modems usually operate in FSK
modulation
Operate in slow and moderate rates , up to 1800
bps
Less efficient due to the high number of control
bits
Advantages : easy control of data errors

Concept of Asynchronous Modem

cont
Use

of synchronization clock
More efficient due to the low number of control
bits
The
usual modulation methods are PSK
modulation or QAM
In synchronous modems, equalizers are used, in
order to offset the misfit of the telephone lines.
Operates at higher rates , between 2400 bps and
56000 bps over standard voice-grade telephone

Synchronous Modem
- block diagram Clock

Data

Timing

Scramble/
Descramble
PSTN

Phase Modulation
/ Demodulation

DAC/
ADC

Equalizer

Synchronous Modem Transmission/ Receiving

Block Diagram

67

Function of each block for Transmitter/ Receiver

1.

Clock (timing source): generate all the timing

references require for all transmit or receive
operation.

2.

Scrambler/ Descrambler : change the data from

random signal to the original signal / change the
data from original signal to the random signal.

3.

Phase Modulation/ Phase Demodulation : the

data will be phase modulating / phase
demodulating.

68

Function of each block for Transmitter/ Receiver

cont..
4.

ADC/ DAC Analog to Digital Converter:

change analog signal to digital signal/ Digital
Analog Converter: change digital signal to
analog signal

5.

Equalizer: Increase and stabilize the signal to

high frequency.

69

Application of Synchronous Modem

and Asynchronous Modem
Connecting

a host computer to remote

terminals that are polled using asynchronous
polling protocols

Connecting
Connecting

SCADA host computers to RTU's

host computers to terminals

using synchronous financial industry
protocols (HDLC, SDLC, etc)

70

Application of Synchronous Modem

and Asynchronous Modem
cont
Collecting

data from multiple data

sources into a single remote port

REFERENCES:
Main:
Forouzan, B.A. (2012). Data Communications
and Networking (5th edision). Mc Graw Hill.
(ISBN: 978-0-07-131586-9)

Additional:
William Stallings. (2011). Data And Computer
Communication (9th edition). Prentice Hall.
(ISBN-10: 0131392050)