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2006-12-15/MIKE_321_FM_SCIENTIFIC_DOC_LSM.DOC/Release 2007/OSP/ORS/MSD0612.lsm
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CONTENTS
MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 FLOW MODEL FM
Hydrodynamic and Transport Module
Scientific Documentation
1
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.10.3
2.10.4
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
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VALIDATION .................................................................................................39
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
REFERENCES .................................................................................................45
ii
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Introduction
INTRODUCTION
This document presents the scientific background for the new MIKE
21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM 1 modelling system developed by DHI
Water & Environment. The objective is to provide the user with a
detailed description of the flow and transport model equations,
numerical discretization and solution methods. Also model validation
is discussed in this document.
MIKE 21 & MIKE 3 Flow Model FM is based on a flexible mesh
approach and it has been developed for applications within
oceanographic, coastal and estuarine environments. The modelling
system may also be applied for studies of overland flooding.
The system is based on the numerical solution of the two/threedimensional incompressible Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes
equations invoking the assumptions of Boussinesq and of hydrostatic
pressure. Thus, the model consists of continuity, momentum,
temperature, salinity and density equations and it is closed by a
turbulent closure scheme. For the 3D model the free surface is taken
into account using a sigma-coordinate transformation approach.
The spatial discretization of the primitive equations is performed using
a cell-centred finite volume method. The spatial domain is discretized
by subdivision of the continuum into non-overlapping elements/cells.
In the horizontal plane an unstructured grid is used while in the
vertical domain in the 3D model a structured mesh is used. In the 2D
model the elements can be triangles or quadrilateral elements. In the
3D model the elements can be prisms or bricks whose horizontal faces
are triangles and quadrilateral elements, respectively.
Including the MIKE 21 Flow Model FM (two-dimensional flow) and MIKE 3 Flow Model FM (three-dimensional
flow)
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2
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Governing Equations
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
2.1
2.1.1
(2.1)
and the two horizontal momentum equations for the x- and ycomponent, respectively
u u 2 vu wu
1 pa
+
+
+
= fv g
t x
y
z
x 0 x
g
1 s xx sxy
dz
+
x
0h x
y
u
+ Fu + z t z + us S
v v 2 uv wv
1 pa
+
+
+
= fu g
t y
x
z
y 0 y
g
0 z
1 s yx s yy
v
dz
+
+ Fv + t + vs S
0h x
y
y
z z
(2.2)
(2.3)
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DHI Water & Environment
discharged into the ambient water. The horizontal stress terms are
described using a gradient-stress relation, which is simplified to
Fu =
u u v
2 A + A +
x
x y y x
(2.4)
Fv =
u v
v
A + + 2 A
x y x y
y
(2.5)
1
u v
+u
+v
w = 0, , =
sx , sy
t
x
y
z z 0 t
(2.6)
At z = d :
d
d
1
u v
u
+v
+ w = 0, , =
bx , by
x
y
z z 0 t
(2.7)
(2.8)
where P and E are precipitation and evaporation rates, respectively,
and u and v are the depth-averaged velocities
hu = udz ,
d
hv = vdz
d
(2.9)
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Governing Equations
= (T , s)
(2.10)
(2.11)
s us vs ws
s
+
+
+
= Fs + Dv + s s S
t x
y
z
z
z
(2.12)
where Dv is the vertical turbulent (eddy) diffusion coefficient. H is a
source term due to heat exchange with the atmosphere. Ts and s s are
the temperature and the salinity of the source. F are the horizontal
diffusion terms defined by
Dh + Dh (T , s )
x y
y
x
(FT , F s ) =
(2.13)
and Dv =
t
T
(2.14)
Qn
T
=
+ T p P Te E
z 0 c p
At z = d :
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(2.15)
(2.16)
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T
=0
z
where Qn is the surface net heat flux and c p = 4217 J /(kg K ) is the
specific heat of the water. A detailed description for determination of
H and Qn is given in Section 2.7.
The surface and bottom boundary conditions for the salinity are
At z = :
(2.17)
s
=0
z
At z = d :
(2.18)
s
=0
z
(2.19)
where qv is the latent heat flux and l v = 2.5 10 6 is the latent heat of
vaporisation of water.
2.1.3
(2.20)
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Governing Equations
FC = Dh + Dh C
y
x y
x
(2.21)
Turbulence model
+ c2
t = U h c1
h
h
(2.22)
t = t* (1 + aRi) b
(2.23)
(2.24)
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t = c
k2
(2.25)
where k is the turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass (TKE), is the
dissipation of TKE and c is an empirical constant.
The turbulent kinetic energy, k, and the dissipation of TKE, , are
obtained from the following transport equations
k uk vk wk
k
+ P + B
+
+
+
= Fk + t
t
x
y
z
z k z
(2.26)
u v w
=
+
+
+
z
t
x
y
+ (c1 P + c3 B c2 )
F + t
z z k
(2.27)
P=
u 2 v 2
xz u yz v
+
t +
z z
0 z 0 z
B=
t 2
N
t
(2.28)
(2.29)
N2 =
g
0 z
(2.30)
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(2.31)
Governing Equations
Table 2.1
c1
c 2
c3
0.09
1.44
1.92
0.9
1.0
1.3
At the surface the boundary conditions for the turbulent kinetic energy
and its rate of dissipation depend on the wind shear, Us
At z = :
k=
1
U2s
c
(2.32)
U3s
for U s > 0
zb
(k
=
k
=0
z
ah
3/ 2
(2.33)
for Us = 0
1
c
U 2b
(2.34)
U3b
zb
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A = cs2l 2 2S ij Sij
(2.35)
(i, j = 1,2)
(2.36)
z zb
, x = x,
h
y = y
(2.37)
where varies between 0 at the bottom and 1 at the surface. The coordinate transformation implies relations such as
1
=
z h
(2.38)
1 d
h
h 1 d
, =
+
,
+
y
x y h y
x y x h x
(2.39)
(2.40)
hu hu 2 hvu hu
h pa
+
+
+
= fvh gh
t
x
y
x 0 x
hg
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1 s
dz xx + xy + hFu +
x
y
0 x
v u
+ hus S
h
(2.41)
Governing Equations
hv huv hv 2 hv
h pa
+
+
+
= fuh gh
t
x
y
y 0 y
hg
s
1 s
v v
dz yx + yy + hFv +
+ hvs S
y
0 x
y
h
hT huT hvT hT
+
+
+
=
t
x
y
Dv T
hFT +
+ hH + hTs S
h
hs hus hvs hs
+
+
+
= hFs +
t
x
y
(2.43)
Dv s
+ hs s S
h
hk huk hvk hk
+
+
+
=
t
x
y
1
hFk +
h
(2.44)
(2.45)
t k
+ h( P + B )
k
h hu hv h
+
+
+
=
t
x
y
hF +
(2.42)
(2.46)
1 t
+ h ( c1 P + c3 B c2 )
h
k
Dv C
hC huC hvC hC
+
+
+
= hFC +
hk p C + hC s S
t
x
y
(2.47)
h
d
1
d
h
h
w + u + v + u + v
h
x
y
x
y
t
(2.48)
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hFu
u u v
2hA + hA +
x
x y y x
(2.49)
hFv
v
u v
hA + + 2hA
y
x y x y
(2.50)
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h( FT , Fs , Fk , F , Fc )
hDh + hDh (T , s, k , , C )
x y
y
x
(2.51)
The boundary condition at the free surface and at the bottom are given
as follows
At =1:
h
u v
= 0,
,
sx , sy
=
0 t
(2.52)
(2.53)
At =0:
h
u v
,
bx , by
=
0 t
= 0,
2.2
d
dt
v=R
d
dt
(2.54)
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(2.55)
Governing Equations
1 hu 2 hvu cos hu
u
hu
+
+
= f + tan vh
+
R cos
R
t
1 1 pa g
+
+
gh
R cos 0 0
hFu +
s
1 s
dz + xx + cos xy +
0
(2.56)
v u
+ hus S
h
hv
1 huv hv 2 cos hv
u
+
+
= f + tan uh
+
R cos
R
t
1 1 pa g
+
+
gh
R 0 0
hFv +
1 1 s yx s yy
dz +
+
0 cos
(2.57)
v v
+ hvs S
h
hT
1 huT hvT cos hT
+
+
+ =
R cos
t
Dv T
hFT +
+ hH + hTs S
h
Dv s
hFs +
+ hss S
h
+
+
=
1 t k
+ h( P + B )
hFk +
h k
hk
1
+
t
R cos
h
1 hu hv cos h
+
+
+ =
R cos
t
1
hF +
h
+ h ( c1 P + c3 B c2 )
k
R cos
Dv C
hFC +
hk pC + hCs S
h
(2.58)
(2.59)
(2.60)
(2.61)
(2.62)
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h
1
u d v d
u
h v h
+
+
+
w +
h
R cos R y
t R cos R
(2.63)
= hS
+
+
t R cos
(2.64)
2.3
2.3.1
(2.65)
hu hu 2 hvu
h pa
+
+
= fvh gh
t
x
y
x 0 x
gh 2 sx bx 1 s xx s xy
+
+
+
2 0 x 0 0 0 x
y
(2.66)
+
+
= fuh gh
t
x
y
y 0 y
gh 2 sy by 1 s yx s yy
+
+
y
2 0 y 0 0 0 x
(2.67)
hu = udz ,
d
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DHI Water & Environment
hv = vdz
d
(2.68)
Governing Equations
The lateral stresses Tij include viscous friction, turbulent friction and
differential advection. They are estimated using an eddy viscosity
formulation based on of the depth average velocity gradients
Txx = 2 A
2.3.2
u v
u
v
+ , T yy = 2 A
, Txy = A
x
y
y x
(2.69)
Integrating the transport equations for salt and temperature over depth
the following two-dimensional transport equations are obtained
hT hu T hv T
+
+
= hFT + hH + hTs S
t
x
y
(2.70)
hs hu s hv s
+
+
= hFs + hs s S
t
x
y
(2.71)
Integrating the transport equations for a scalar quantity over depth the
following two-dimensional transport equations are obtained
hC hu C hv C
+
+
= hFC hk p C + hC s S
t
x
y
(2.72)
2.4
d
dt
v=R
d
dt
(2.73)
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h
1 hu hv cos
= 0
+
+
t R cos
(2.74)
1 hu 2 hvu cos
u
hu
+
+
= f + tan vh
R cos
R
t
s
1 h pa gh 2 1 sxx
+
+
+ cos xy +
gh
R cos 0 2 0 0
(2.75)
sx bx
+
+
= f + tan uh
R cos
R
t
1 h pa gh 2 1 1 s yx s yy
+
+
+
gh
+
R 0 2 0 0 cos
(2.76)
sy by
1 hu T hv T cos
hT
= hFT + hH + hTs S
+
+
R cos
t
(2.77)
1 hu s hv s cos
hs
= hFs + hs s S
+
+
t
R cos
(2.78)
1 hu C hv C cos
hC
= hFC hk p C + hC s S
+
+
R cos
t
2.5
(2.79)
Bottom Stress
G
The bottom stress, b = ( bx , by ) , is determined by a quadratic friction
law
G
b
G G
= c f ub ub
0
(2.80)
G
where c f is the drag coefficient and u b = (u b , vb ) is the flow velocity
above the bottom. The friction velocity associated with the bottom
stress is given by
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Governing Equations
U b = c f ub
(2.81)
G
For two-dimensional calculations u b is the depth-average velocity and
the drag coefficient can be determined from the Chezy number, C , or
the Manning number, M
cf =
cf =
g
C2
(2.82)
(Mh )
(2.83)
1/ 6 2
G
For three-dimensional calculations u b is the velocity at a distance z b
above the sea bed and the drag coefficient is determined by assuming a
logarithmic profile between the seabed and a point z b above the
seabed
cf =
1
1 z b
ln
z
0
(2.84)
where =0.4 is the von Krmn constant and z 0 is the bed roughness
length scale. When the boundary surface is rough, z 0 , depends on the
roughness height, k s
z 0 = mk s
(2.85)
2.6
25.4
k s1 / 6
(2.86)
Wind Stress
G
In areas not covered by ice the surface stress, s = ( sx , sy ) , is
determined by the winds above the surface. The stress is given by the
following empirical relation
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s = a cd u w u w
(2.87)
Us =
ac f uw
0
(2.88)
c ca
cb
w10 wb
(2.89)
where ca, cb, wa and wb are empirical factors and w10 is the wind
velocity 10 m above the sea surface. The default values for the
empirical factors are ca = 1.25510-3, cb = 2.42510-3, wa = 7 m/s and wb
= 25 m/s. These give generally good results for open sea applications.
Field measurements of the drag coefficient collected over lakes
indicate that the drag coefficient is larger than open ocean data. For a
detailed description of the drag coefficient see Geernaert and Plant
(1990).
2.7
Ice Coverage
It is possible to take into account the effects of ice coverage on the
flow field.
In areas where the sea is covered by ice the wind stress is excluded.
Instead, the surface stress is caused by the ice roughness. The surface
G
stress, s = ( sx , sy ) , is determined by a quadratic friction law
s
G G
= c f us us
0
(2.90)
G
where c f is the drag coefficient and u s = (u s , vs ) is the flow velocity
below the surface. The friction velocity associated with the surface
stress is given by
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Governing Equations
U s = c f u s
(2.91)
G
For two-dimensional calculations u s is the depth-average velocity and
the drag coefficient can be determined from the Manning number, M
cf =
(Mh )
(2.92)
1/ 6 2
25.4
k s1 / 6
(2.93)
G
For three-dimensional calculations u s is the velocity at a distance z s
below the surface and the drag coefficient is determined by assuming a
logarithmic profile between the surface and a point z b below the
surface
cf =
1 z s
ln
z
0
(2.94)
where =0.4 is the von Krmn constant and z 0 is the bed roughness
length scale. When the boundary surface is rough, z 0 , depends on the
roughness height, k s
z 0 = mk s
(2.95)
2.8
Tidal Potential
The tidal potential is a force, generated by the variations in gravity due
to the relative motion of the earth, the moon and the sun that act
throughout the computational domain. The forcing is expanded in
frequency space and the potential considered as the sum of a number
of terms each representing different tidal constituents. The forcing is
implemented as a so-called equilibrium tide, which can be seen as the
elevation that theoretically would occur, provided the earth was
covered with water. The forcing enters the momentum equations (e.g.
(2.66) or (2.75)) as an additional term representing the gradient of the
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= ACTUAL + T
(2.96)
T = ei H i fi Li cos(2
i
t
+ bi + i0 x)
Ti
(2.97)
(2.98)
277.02+481267.89T+0.0011T2
280.19+36000.77T+0.0003T2
334.39+4069.04T+0.0103T2
259.16+1934.14T+0.0021T2
Longitude of perihelion
ps
281.22+1.72T+0.0005T2
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L = 3sin 2 ( y ) 1
L = sin(2 y )
L = cos 2 ( y )
Governing Equations
2.9
fi
ui
Mm
Mf
-23.7 sin(N)
Q1, O1
10.8 sin(N)
K1
-8.9 sin(N)
2N2, 2, 2, N2, M2
-2.1 sin(N)
K2
-17.7 sin(N)
Wave Radiation
The second order stresses due to breaking of short period waves can be
included in the simulation. The radiation stresses act as driving forces
for the mean flow and can be used to calculate wave induced flow. For
3D simulations a simple approach is used. Here a uniform variation is
used for the vertical variation in radiation stress.
2.10
Heat Exchange
The heat exchange with the atmosphere is calculated on basis of the
four physical processes
Latent and sensible heat fluxes and long-wave radiation are assumed
to occur at the surface. The absorption profile for the short-wave flux
is approximated using Beers law. The attenuation of the light intensity
is described through the modified Beer's law as
I (d ) = (1 )I 0 e d
(2.99)
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DHI Water & Environment
and are 0.2-0.6 and 0.5-1.4 m-1, respectively. and are userspecified constants. The default values are = 0.3 and = 1.0 m 1 .
The fraction of the light energy that is absorbed near the surface is
I 0 . The net short-wave radiation, q sr ,net , is attenuated as described
by the modified Beer's law. Hence the surface net heat flux is given by
Q n = q v + q c + q sr ,net + qlr ,net
(2.100)
For three-dimensional calculations the source term H is given by
q sr ,net (1 )e ( z ) q sr ,net (1 )
=
H=
z
0c p
0c p
e ( z )
(2.101)
For two-dimensional calculations the source term H is given by
q v + qc + q sr ,net + qlr ,net
H=
0c p
(2.102)
The calculation of the latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, net short
wave radiation, and net long wave radiation as described in the
following sections.
In areas covered by ice the heat exchange is excluded.
2.10.1 Vaporisation
Daltons law yields the following relationship for the vaporative heat
loss (or latent flux)
q v = LC e (a1 + b1W2 m )(Qwater Qair )
(2.103)
Measurements of Qwater and Qair are not directly available but the
vapour density can be related to the vapour pressure as
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Governing Equations
Qi =
0.2167
ei
Ti + Tk
(2.104)
in which subscript i refers to both water and air. The vapour pressure
close to the sea, e water , can be expressed in terms of the water
temperature assuming that the air close to the surface is saturated and
has the same temperature as the water
1
1
e water = 6.11e K
Tk Twater + Tk
(2.105)
(2.106)
Replacing Qwater and Qair with these expressions the latent heat can
be written as
q v = Pv (a1 + b1W2 m )
1
exp K 1
k Twater + Tk
Twater + Tk
1
exp K
T
k Tair + Tk
Tair + Tk
(2.107)
Scientific Documentation
(2.108)
23
DHI Water & Environment
where air is the air density (kg/m3); c air = 1007 J /(kg K ) is the
specific heat of air; cheating = 0.0011 and ccooling = 0.008 , respectively,
is the sensible transfer coefficient for heating and cooling; W10 is the
wind speed 10 m above the sea surface; Twater is the temperature at the
sea surface; Tair is the temperature of the air.
The convective heat flux typically varies between 0 and 100 W/m2.
2.10.3 Short wave radiation
r
E 0 = 0 = 1.000110 + 0.034221 cos() + 0.001280 sin()
r
+ 0.000719 cos(2) + 0.000077 sin( 2)
(2.109)
where r0 is the mean distance to the sun, r is the actual distance and
the day angle (rad ) is defined by
=
2 (d n 1)
365
(2.110)
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Governing Equations
(2.111)
24
(2.112)
and the sunrise angle, sr (rad ) , and the sunset angle ss (rad ) are
(2.113)
24
(2.114)
(2.115)
(2.116)
where
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DHI Water & Environment
(2.117)
(2.118)
i =
E
4
(2.119)
(2.120)
(2.121)
+
= 2
2 sin (i + r ) tan 2 (i + r )
(2.122)
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DHI Water & Environment
Governing Equations
altitude
0.48
altitude < 5
5
30 altitude
(0.48 0.05) 5 altitude 30
=
25
altitude > 30
0.05
(2.123)
altitude = 90
arccos(sin( ) sin( ) + cos( ) cos( ) cos( i ))
(2.124)
10 6
3600
(2.125)
n
4
(2.126)
Scientific Documentation
(2.127)
27
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(2.128)
((7.38 10
28
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(2.129)
Numerical Solution
NUMERICAL SOLUTION
3.1
Spatial Discretization
The discretization in solution domain is performed using a finite
volume method. The spatial domain is discretized by subdivision of the
continuum into non-overlapping cells/elements.
In the two-dimensional case the elements can be arbitrarily shaped
polygons, however, here only triangles and quadrilateral elements are
considered.
In the three-dimensional case a layered mesh is used: in the horizontal
domain an unstructured mesh is used while in the vertical domain a
structured discretization is used (see Figure 3.1). The elements can be
prisms or bricks (hexahedrals) whose horizontal faces are triangles and
quadrilateral elements, respectively. The elements are perfectly
vertical and all layers have identical topology.
Figure 3.1
3.1.1
Principle of meshing
(3.1)
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DHI Water & Environment
(3.2)
hu
1
u
Fx I = hu 2 + g ( h 2 d 2 ) , FxV = hA 2
huv
u v
hA
+
y x
hv
u
v
V
Fy I = hvu
, Fy = hA y + x
2 1
2
2
(
)
hv
g
h
d
+
hA 2
x
(3.3)
2
d
s
h pa gh 1 sxx
g
+ fvh
+ xy
0 x 2 0 x 0 x
y
x
S=
+ sx bx + hus
0 0
2
g d fuh h pa gh 1 s yx + s yy
y
0 y 2 0 y 0 x
y
sy by
+ hvs
0 0
In Cartesian co-ordinates the system of 3D shallow water equations
can be written
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Numerical Solution
I
V
U FxI Fy FI FxV Fy FV
+
+
+
+
+
+
=S
t
x
y
x
y
(3.4)
hu
1
u
Fx I = hu 2 + g ( h 2 d 2 ) , FxV = hA 2
2
x
huv
u v
hA +
y x
hv
V
Fy I = hvu
, Fy
hv 2 + 1 g ( h 2 d 2 )
2
F = h u , F V
h v
I
= t
h
t
h
0
d
h
+ fvh
S = g
0
x
g d fuh h
0
y
u v
= hA +
y x
v
hA 2
(3.5)
u
v
s
1 s
pa hg
dz xx + xy
0 x
x 0 z x
y
s
1 s
pa hg
dz yx + yy
0 x
y 0 z y
y
Integrating Eq. (3.1) over the ith cell and using Gausss theorem to
rewrite the flux integral gives
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U
d + ( F n) ds = S (U )d
Ai t
i
Ai
(3.6)
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NS
F n
= Si
(3.7)
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Numerical Solution
3.1.2
Transport equations
The transport equations arise in the salt and temperature model, the
turbulence model and the generic transport model. They all share the
form of Equation Eq. (2.20) in Cartesian coordinates. For the 2D case
the integral form of the transport equation can be given by Eq. (3.1)
where
U = hC
F I = huC , hvC
C
C
, hDh
F V = hDh
x
y
(3.8)
S = hk pC + hCs S .
For the 3D case the integral form of the transport equation can be
given by Eq. (3.1) where
U = hC
F I = [huC , hvC , hC ]
C
C
D C
, hDh
, h h
F V = hDh
x
y
h
(3.9)
S = hk pC + hCs S .
The discrete finite volume form of the transport equation is given by
Eq. (3.7). As for the shallow water equations both a first order and a
second order scheme can be applied for the spatial discretization.
In 2D the low order approximation uses simple first order upwinding,
i.e., element average values in the upwinding direction are used as
values at the boundaries. The higher order version approximates
gradients to obtain second order accurate values at the boundaries.
Values in the upwinding direction are used. To provide stability and
minimize oscillatory effects, a TVD-MUSCL limiter is applied (see
Hirch, 1990, and Darwish, 2003).
In 3D the low order version uses simple first order upwinding. The
higher order version approximates horizontal gradients to obtain
second order accurate values at the horizontal boundaries. Values in
the upwinding direction are used. To provide stability and minimize
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3.2
Time Integration
Consider the general form of the equations
U
= G (U )
t
(3.10)
For 2D simulations, there are two methods of time integration for both
the shallow water equations and the transport equations: A low order
method and a higher order method. The low order method is a first
order explicit Euler method
U n +1 = U n + t G (U n )
(3.11)
where t is the time step interval. The higher order method uses a
second order Runge Kutta method on the form:
U n + 1 = U n + 12 t G (U n )
2
(3.12)
U n +1 = U n + t G (U n + 1 )
2
(3.13)
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(3.14)
Numerical Solution
The horizontal terms are integrated using a first order explicit Euler
method and the vertical terms using a second order implicit trapezoidal
rule. The higher order method can be written
U n +1 2 14 t ( Gv (U n +1 2 ) + Gv (U n ) ) = U n + 12 t Gh (U n )
U n +1 12 t ( Gv (U n +1 ) + Gv (U n ) ) = U n + t Gh (U n +1 2 )
(3.15)
The horizontal terms are integrated using a second order Runge Kutta
method and the vertical terms using a second order implicit trapezoidal
rule.
The low order method used for the 3D transport equation can written
as
(3.16)
The horizontal terms and the vertical convective terms are integrated
using a first order explicit Euler method and the vertical viscous terms
are integrated using a second order implicit trapezoidal rule. The
higher order method can be written
U n +1 2 14 t ( GvV (U n +1 2 ) + GvV (U n ) ) =
U n + 12 t Gh (U n ) + 12 t G vI (U n )
U n +1 12 t ( GvV (U n +1 ) + GvV (U n ) ) =
(3.17)
U n + t Gh (U n +1 2 ) + t GvI (U n +1/ 2 )
The horizontal terms and the vertical convective terms are integrated
using a second order Runge Kutta method and the vertical terms are
integrated using a second order implicit trapezoidal rule for the
vertical terms.
3.3
Boundary Conditions
3.3.1
Closed boundaries
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3.3.2
Open boundaries
An element is wet if the water depth is greater than hwet . Both the
mass fluxes and the momentum fluxes are calculated.
The wetting depth, hwet , must be larger than the drying depth, hdry ,
and flooding depth, h flood , must satisfy
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Numerical Solution
(3.18)
The default values are hdry = 0.005 m , h flood = 0.05 m and hwet = 0.1m .
Note, that for very small values of the tolerance depth, hwet ,
unrealistically high flow velocities can occur in the simulation and
give cause to stability problems.
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Validation
VALIDATION
The new finite-volume model has been successfully tested in a number
of basic, idealised situations for which computed results can be
compared with analytical solutions or information from the literature.
The model has also been applied and tested in more natural
geophysical conditions; ocean scale, inner shelves, estuaries, lakes and
overland, which are more realistic and complicated than academic and
laboratory tests. A detailed validation report is under preparation.
This chapter presents a comparison between numerical model results
and laboratory measurements for a dam-break flow in an L-shaped
channel.
Additional information on model validation and applications can be
found here
http://www.dhisoftware.com/mike21/Download/Papers_Docs/index.htm
4.1
Physical experiments
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Figure 4.1
Table 4.1
Location
x (m)
y (m)
T1
1.19
1.20
T2
2.74
0.69
T3
4.24
0.69
T4
5.74
0.69
T5
6.56
1.51
T6
6.56
3.01
Validation
4.1.2
Numerical experiments
Results
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Figure 4.2
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Time evolution of the water level at the six gauge locations. (blue) 3D
calculation, (black) 2D calculation and (red) Measurements by Frazo
and Zech (1999a,b)
Validation
Figure 4.3
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Figure 4.4
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Vector plot and contour plots of the current speed at a vertical profile
along the centre line at T = 6.4 s
References
REFERENCES
Darwish M.S. and Moukalled F. (2003), TVD schemes for
unstructured grids, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfor, 46, 599-611)
Geernaert G.L. and Plant W.L (1990), Surface Waves and fluxes,
Volume 1 Current theory, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The
Netherlands.
Hirsch, C. (1990). Numerical Computation of Internal and External
Flows, Volume 2: Computational Methods for Inviscid and Viscous
Flows, Wiley.
Jawahar P. and H. Kamath. (2000). A high-resolution procedure for
Euler and Navier-Stokes computations on unstructured grids, Journal
Comp. Physics, 164, 165-203.
Munk, W., Anderson, E. (1948), Notes on the theory of the
thermocline, Journal of Marine Research, 7, 276-295.
Pugh, D.T. (1987), Tides, surges and mean sea-level: a handbook for
engineers and scientists. Wiley, Chichester, 472pp
Rodi, W. (1984), Turbulence models and their applications in
hydraulics, IAHR, Delft, the Netherlands.
Rodi, W. (1980), Turbulence Models and Their Application in
Hydraulics - A State of the Art Review, Special IAHR Publication.
Roe, P. L. (1981), Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors,
and difference-schemes, Journal of Computational Physics, 43, 357372.
Shu C.W. (1997), Essentially Non-Oscillatory and Weighted
Essenetially Non-Oscillatory Schemes for Hyperbolic Conservation
Laws, NASA/CR-97-206253, ICASE Report No. 97-65, NASA
Langley Research Center, pp. 83.
Smagorinsky (1963), J. General Circulation Experiment with the
Primitive Equations, Monthly Weather Review, 91, No. 3, pp 99-164.
Sleigh, P.A., Gaskell, P.H., Bersins, M. and Wright, N.G. (1998), An
unstructured finite-volume algorithm for predicting flow in rivers and
estuaries, Computers & Fluids, Vol. 27, No. 4, 479-508.
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