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ProductBlending

Chapters12

JohnJechura jjechura@mines.edu
Updated:July21,2014

Gases
Polymerization

Sulfur
Plant

Gas

Butanes
Alkyl
Feed
Gas
Separation &
Stabilizer

Fuel Gas
LPG

Alkylation

Polymerization
Naphtha

Isomerization

Light Naphtha

Alkylate

Isomerate

Aviation
Gasoline
Automotive
Gasoline

Reformate
Naphtha
Hydrotreating

Heavy
Naphtha

Sulfur

LPG

Sat Gas
Plant

Solvents

Naphtha
Reforming

Atmospheric
Distillation

Crude
Oil

Jet Fuels

Kerosene

Desalter

Distillate

Hydrocracking

AGO

LVGO
Vacuum
Distillation

Kerosene

Gas Oil
Hydrotreating

Fluidized
Catalytic
Cracking

Cat
Naphtha

Solvents
Distillate
Hydrotreating

Cat
Distillates

Treating &
Blending

Heating Oils
Diesel

Fuel Oil

HVGO

Cycle Oils

Residual
Fuel Oils

DAO
Solvent
Deasphalting

Visbreaking

Vacuum
Residuum

Coker
Naphtha

Heavy
Coker
Gas
Oil

SDA
Bottoms

Asphalts

Naphtha

Distillates
Fuel Oil
Bottoms
Lube Oil

Lubricant
Greases

Solvent
Dewaxing

Waxes
Waxes
Coking

Light Coker
Gas Oil

Coke

Topics
Blendingspecifications/targets
Typicalgasolineblendstockproperties

Adjustingupstreamoperationstomeetdownstreamtargets

TypicalBlendGasolineStockProperties
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

Component
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
iC6
LSRgasoline(C5180F)
LSRgasolineisomerizedoncethrough
HSRgasoline
Lighthydrocrackate
Hydrocrackate,C5C6
Hydrocrackate,C6190F
Hydrocrackate,190250F
Heavyhydrocrackate
Cokergasoline
Lightthermalgasoline
C6+lightthermalgasoline
FCCgasoline,200300F
Hydrog.lightFCCgasoline,C5+
Hydrog.C5200FFCCgasoline
Hydrog.lightFCCgasoline,C6+
Hydrog.C5+FCCgasoline
Hydrog.300400FFCCgasoline
Reformate,94RON
Reformate,98RON
Reformate,100RON
Aromaticconcentrate
Alkylate,C3=
Alkylate,C4=
Alkylate,C3=,C4=
Alkylate,C5=
Polymer

RVP,psi
71.0
52.0
19.4
14.7
6.4
11.1
13.5
1.0
12.9
15.5
3.9
1.7
1.1
3.6
9.9
1.1
1.4
13.9
14.1
5.0
13.1
0.5
2.8
2.2
3.2
1.1
5.7
4.6
5.0
1.0
8.7

(R+M)/2
92.5
92.5
92.0
72.0
78.8
64.0
82.1
60.5
82.6
87.4
74.6
77.3
67.5
63.7
76.8
72.5
84.6
82.1
86.5
80.2
85.9
85.8
89.2
92.3
94.1
100.5
89.1
96.6
93.8
89.3
90.5

MON
92.0
92.0
90.8
72.4
78.4
61.6
81.1
58.7
82.4
85.5
73.7
75.6
67.3
60.2
73.2
68.1
77.1
80.9
81.7
74.0
80.7
81.3
84.4
86.5
88.2
94.0
87.3
95.9
93.0
88.8
84.0

RON
93.0
93.0
93.2
71.5
79.2
66.4
83.0
62.3
82.8
89.2
75.5
79.0
67.6
67.2
80.3
76.8
92.1
83.2
91.2
86.3
91.0
90.2
94.0
98.0
100.0
107.0
90.8
97.3
94.5
89.7
96.9

APl

78.6
80.4
48.2
79.0
86.4
85.0
55.5
49.0
57.2
74.0
55.1
49.5
51.5
58.1
49.3
54.8
48.5
45.8
43.1
41.2

70.3

59.5

Table12.1BlendingComponentValuesforGasolineBlendingStreams
PetroleumRefiningTechnology&Economics 5th Ed.
byJamesGary,GlennHandwerk,&MarkKaiser,CRCPress,2007
4

GasolineBlendingConsiderations
Availableblendstocks

Specificationoffinalproduct(s)

Amounts

Amount(s)

Properties

Properties

Appropriatetodetermineproduct
properties

Associatedcosts/values

Volatility/RVP(maximum)
Octanenumber(minimum)
DrivabilityIndex
Distillation
o

T10(minimum)

T50(range)

T90(maximum)

Composition
o

Sulfur(maximum)

Benzene&totalaromatics(maximums)

Olefins(maximum)

Value

GeneralGasolineBlendingConsiderations
ReduceRVPgiveaway
iC4hashighervaporpressurethannC4.Alsomorevaluableasalkylationfeedstock.

ReduceOctanegiveaway commonmistakes
Settingconstantreformerseveritytarget hydrogen&octanebalancehighlydynamic
constraints
Blendinglowoctanecomponentstoreduceoctanegiveaway maybetheresjusttoo
muchhighoctaneblendstock?

http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Redefining_Gasoline_RVP_Giveaway
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Top_3_Refinery_Octane_Blending_Mistakes/

GeneralGasolineBlendingConsiderations
Manyblendingproblemsfixesrequireupstreamoperationchanges
RVP
Poordepropanizer operationallowingpropaneintothebutanepool?
PropersplittinginDeisobutanizer &isostrippers?

Octane
Correctcutpointsbetweenheavynaphtha&kerosene?
Reducereformerseverity?
o

Maynotbepossibleifhydrogenneeded.

Batchoperatingreformerseverity?
o

Wouldprovidebalancebetweenoctaneenhancement&volumetoblending

Reducingreformerfeedrates
Sellinghighoctanecomponents
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Redefining_Gasoline_RVP_Giveaway
http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Top_3_Refinery_Octane_Blending_Mistakes/

GasolineBlendExample 2BlendStocks,1Spec
Example,blendingLSRonlywithReformate
onecase100RON,other94RON

TomakeRegularorPremiumspec,
essentiallydilutingtheReformate
94RONReformatealonecannotbringLSR
uptofinalspec

GasolineBlendExample 3BlendStocks,2Specs
Use3blendstockstomakepremiumgasoline(92roadoctane)forbothsummer
(9psiRVP)&winter(15psiRVP)

R+M

92.5 vnC4 64.0 vLSR 94.1 vRef


2

RVP

1.25

71.0

1.25

vnC4 11.1

1.25

vLSR 3.2

1.25

vRef

1 vnC4 vLSR vRef

GasolineBlending ModifyUpstreamOperations
HowmuchgasolinecanbeproducedbyblendingReformate+LSR withrespectto
theReformersseverity?

10

DieselBlendingConsiderations
Availableblendstocks

Specificationoffinalproduct(s)

Amounts

Amount(s)

Properties

Properties

Appropriatetodetermineproduct
properties

Associatedcosts/values

Cetane index(minimum)
FlashPoint(minimum)
Distillation
o

T90(minimum&maximum)

Coldproperties
o

Cloudpoint(minimum)

Pourpoint(minimum)

Composition
o

Sulfur(maximum)

Aromaticity (maximum)

Carbonresidue(maximum)

Color

Value
11

Kerosenevs.Jetvs.Dieselvs.HeatingOil
ASTMSpecificationsforMiddleDistillates
Property
CetaneNumber
Aromatics
[vol%]
Sulfur
[wt%]
FlashPoint
[C]
Distillation(D86)
T10 [C]
T20 [C]
T50 [C]
T90 [C]
[C]
EP [C]
DistillationResidue [vol%]
DistillationLoss
[vol%]
FreezingPoint
[C]
PourPoint
[C]
CarbonResidue
[wt%]
KinematicViscosity
@40C mm/s
mm/s

No.2Kerosene
min
max
max

max
max
max
min
max
max
max
max
max
max

min
max

0.3
38
205

JetA

JetB

25
0.3

25
0.3

No.2DS15 No.2DS500 No.2HOS500


40
40
35
35
0.0015
0.05
0.05
52
52
38

205
145
190
245

300

282
338

282
338

282
338

0.35

0.35

6
0.35

1.9
4.1

1.9
4.1

1.9
4.1

300

40

50

12

Cutpoint Economics
Adjustupstreamcutpoints tomeetneedsinthedownstreamblending
HeavyLSRvalueasblendingcomponent
versusReformerfeed
HeavyNaphthavalueasReformerfeed
versuskeroseneblendstock
HeavyKerosenevalueaskeroseneblend
stockversusdieselblendstock
HeavyDieselvalueasdieselblendstock
versusFCCfeed
HeavyGasOilvalueasFCCfeedversus
resid/asphaltproductionorcoker feed

TherefineryLPcandeterminetheoptimum
cutpointforeachofthesegivenanysetofconstraints

Cutpoints ToMeetOperatingEconomies
TBP Cut Points (F) for Various Crude Oil Fractions
Cut

IBP

EP

LSR

90
90
80
180
190
220
330
330
380
420
480
520
610
800
1050+

180
190
220
380
330
330
520
480
520
650
610
610
800
1050

Naphtha

Kerosene

Diesel

GasOil
VGO
Resid

Processing Use

MinLSRcut
NormalLSRcut
MaxLSRcut
Maxreformingcut
Maxjetfuel
Minreformingcut
Maxkerosenecut
MaxJetAcut
Maxgasoline
Maxdieselcut
Maxjetfuelcut
Min diesel cut

Catcrackerfeed
Catcrackerfeed
Cokerfeed,asphalt

OptimizeFCCGasolineDistillation
Frametheanalysis
Whatisthevalueofthemoleculesinthestream
above?
Whatisthevalueofthemoleculesinthestream
below?
Whatupstreamunitoperationsaffectthestream
value?
Whatdownstreamunitoperationsaffectthe
streamvalue?
Whatunitspecificoperationsaffectthestream
value?
Whatproductblendingconstraintsaffectthe
streamvalue?

Ref:http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Truly_Optimize_FCC_Gasoline_Distillation

15

OptimizeFCCGasolineDistillation

Valuetothestreamabove?

Valuetothestreambelow?

Upstreamunitaffects?
Downstreamunitaffects?

Unitspecificaffects?

Productblendingconstraints?

LCN
Mayhavesuboptimalamountofolefins:
Alkylationunitdownstreamhavecapacityforthe
olefins?
Typeofalkyunit?SulfuricAlkycantakemore
C5=olefins;HFAlkylimitedbystrengthconcerns
Timeofyear?Alkyeconomicsbetterduring
summer
Whendistillatemorevaluable thangasolineminimize
theLCN/HCNcutpointtomaximizedistillate
productionfromHCNcontributions

Degreeofhydrotreatingpossibletogivelowsulfur
contentinfinalproduct
DestinationofLCN?
GasolineHydrotreater&thentoblendpool
SelectiveHydrogenationUnit&thento
Reformer
Higholefincontentwillincreasehydrogen
requirementsindownstreamhydrotreaters
Subtleconstraintssuchasolefincontentandoctane
valuewillbeinfluencedbyacombinationofriserand
distillationtargets.
Cattooilratioaffectsproductmix,thusdistillation
strategies.
Usuallyroutedtogasoline needtoolefins,sulfur,
andaromatics

HCN
Whendistillatemorevaluable thangasolineminimize
theLCN/HCNcutpointtomaximizedistillate
productionfromHCN

Dieselpriceshigherthangasoline,minimizeHCNend
point&stillmakedieselflashlimit
IfLCOisroutedtoaHydrocrackerHCNendpointcan
beadjustedtomakejetflashlimit.
HCNendpointcanalsobeusedtooptimizeheavyfuel
oilblendingwhenLCOisusedasacutter
Degreeofhydrotreatingpossibletogivelowsulfur
contentinfinalproduct
IfroutedtoGasolineHydrotreatermayreduceend
pointtobettermakegasolinesulfurspecs
IfroutedtoJetHydrotreaterthenmakeuphydrogen
constraintsmaylimitendpoint

Fractionatordrawconstraintsmaybehandledby
adjustingFCCreactorconditions&yields

Whenroutingtogasoline,useHCNendpointtoadjust
gasolinesulfur,endpoint,andaromatics.
Whenroutingtojet,useHCNIBPtomeetjetflash&
endpointtomanagejetfreeze&smokepoint.
Whenroutingtodiesel,useIBPtomanagediesel
flash

Ref:http://www.refinerlink.com/blog/Truly_Optimize_FCC_Gasoline_Distillation

16

Topics
Blendingspecifications/targets
Typicalgasolineblendstockproperties

Adjustingupstreamoperationstomeetdownstreamtargets

17

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