The Early Development of Islamic Philosophy

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ararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid13727074 Oh Humankind!
\par We have created you male and female,
\par We have made you people and tribes that you may strive to know one another
\par (QR. al-Hujurat:13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid11369781 )
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql
ararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid11369781
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid13727074 A. INTRODUCTION
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql
\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\r
in0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj
\fi720\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustrig
ht\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457
The development of Islamic philosophy through the age of Islam can not be separated
with the early development of history of Islamic civilization.
Islamic thought and science had appeared in the time of Prophet Muhammad, since
Islam was revealed, the Arabs were famous for their stupidity (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457
jahiliyah}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 ), the Quraisy, and Arabic community
just had 17 great smartest people in writing and reading.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj
\fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\i
tap0\pararsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 Musyrifah Sunanto, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid13505563 Sejarah Islam Klasik, Perkembangan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Islam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 (Bogor:
Kencana, 2003) hal. 13}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 Tribe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 of }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 Aus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 and }{\rtlch\fcs1
Khozroj, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 Yastsrib
Community (Madinah) only had 11 people in reading. It was caused the Arabs, only a
few recognized and knew science, knowledge and other skills
. They tended to follow their desire, lust, conflict each other, drinking }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 khamr, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 prostitution always done every day,
women were not respected, and have no value for them. }{\rtlch\fcs1
\par The cases of Arabic social problem, Prophet Muhammad , the messenger of God,
Allah SWT, with a special aim to complete and repair the attitude and behavior of
Arabs both vertical onto God and Horizontal to social ethic. Prophet Muhammad
begins
to pay attention to develop and introduce them science and knowledge, gives a good
example how to live in good conduct and follow the law of Islam.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\qj
tap0\pararsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid15162925 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\insrsid7209584 Hal. 14.}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par The development of Islamic Sciences include Islamic Philosophy signed with, }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid11342012 first}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ,
the coming down of first revelation received by Prophet Muhammad with the short
word, \'93read\'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid15162925 iqro\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1
\cs20\i\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain
\ltrpar\s18\qj
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\insrsid7209584 The word iqro\rquote
is a small talk of God but has big meaning function for human life, when Prophet
Muhammad received the first revelation in Gua Hirah.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ).
Pay attention and research every action or phenomena happened in the world, take a
conclusion about the essence which is behind the factual and empirical action.
Allah SWT. has spoken in his Verse.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj
\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\ita
p0\pararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid12262350 \'93
Read! In the Name of your Lord who has created (all the exists), he has created man
from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood), Read! And your Lord is the Most
Generous, who has taught (the writing) by the pen, He has taught man that he knew
not\'94}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs24\super\insrsid7209584\charrsid12262350 \chftn {\footnote
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql
tap0\pararsid7209584
\insrsid7209584 QS. Al-Alaq ayat 1-5}}}{
. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584
ararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584
\li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin
0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2434767 \tab The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 second Factor of development Islamic
science is supported by the strong spirit of the Arabs in memorizing literature,
poetry and every field in science
, Prophet Muhammad makes a new tradition those are writing and reading, all Sahabat
are ordained to be writer for writing every revelation (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 wahyu}
{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) received by prophet
Muhammad from God.
ararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid750477 B. BACKGROUND
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2434767

ht\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
The main aim to study Philosophy both Islamic philosophy and western philosophy is
to obtain ideas, opinions, conclusions in
every investigation based on rationality and logic. Logic is one of the ways of
thinking logically, properly, systematically, and r
ationally. Islam is not only a doctrine religion which merely given, but also Islam
is rational religion which explained logically and systematically. Islam can not
decide the problems of lives even by tradition (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid10552144 hadits}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) nor Qur\rquote an unless
by explanation based on logic or rationality because Islam is rational religion.
\par The great Islamic Scholars or Islamic Philosophers aim to defense and to
explain that the Islam religion can prove the existence of god, existence man, and
existence of universe, and also explain term of prophecy (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid10552144 annubuwwah}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ), revelation,
the Day of Judgment and Divine.
\par The chief aim of Islamic philosophy is to give account not of Muslim culture
as a whole, nor of Muslim
thought in general, but only of one aspect of Muslim thought, Muslim philosophy.
But since this philosophy had its beginning in a religion based on philosophical
fundamentals and it developed in close association with other spheres of thought,
such as sc
iences, humanities, and arts. Besides writing on philosophy, the great Muslim
philosophers like al-Kindi writes astrology, chemistry, optics, and music; al-
Farabi writes music, psychology, politics, economics, and mathematics;
Ibnu Sina on medicine, chemistry, geometry, astronomy, theology, poetry, and music;
Zakriya al-razi on medicine and alchemy; al-Gazali on th
eology, law, physics and music, from Muslim Spain, Ibnu Bajjah wrote on philosophy,
medicine, music, and astronomy; Ibnu Tufail on philosophy and
medicine; Ibnu Rusdy on philosophy, theology, medicine, and astronomy. And what is
true of these thinkers is true of host of others.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar
\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql
\ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\insrsid7209584 M.M. Sharif, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid5186991 A History of Muslim Philosophy}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584
, ( New Delhi : 1995) Vol. I page 12}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par Before discussing theology in Islam, we
also discuss and know pre-Islamic philosophical thought in India, in Chinese, in
Iran, and Greek thought. The thinking of the early Greeks, like of all ancient
people, Egyptians, Babylonians, Hittites, Phoenicians, and Indians, was more
mythological and s
peculative, more poetical and theological than physical or metaphysical. It
exhibited more the play of imagination than the working of reason. It is true that
the basic efforts of the Greeks, as of those other people, was to
understand the origin of nature of things, but, like children , what they
understood was a world of their own make-believe rather than the real world around
them.
\par Islam with its special aim makes effort to disseminate Islamic teaching not
only inside Islam but also outside of Islam
. So, Islam needs discipline and method of studying to explain Islam to Non-Islam,
for example, Islam should make grammar in Arabic language (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1275124 Nahyu
wa sharfu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) and also must
understand another knowledge to compare between eastern
and western science. The western, Greek science has contribution to develop Islamic
or eastern science and influence each other.
\par Theology in Islam is famous for its doctrine, but with the growing up of
schools of theology especially Mu\rquote tazila school with its rational
methodology, Islam begin to think properly and
systematically in disseminating Islamic teaching to western or non-Islam. Whereas,
the Western begins to receive and study Islamic sciences that the Islamic
philosophy or theology in Islam can be understood well by using systematical
method.
\par In this paper, hopefully, the writer can explain well the topics based on some
questions, how was Islamic social sphere in the time of translation movement?, What
are the contributions of Greek/Western scienc
e to Islamic Philosophy?, How did the school of theology influence the development
of Islamic Philosophy in the early rise of caliphate (}{\rtlch\fcs1
khalifah}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) age ? Why is theology in
Islam always be discussed through the age without ending?. What are the main
factors or causes of disintegration in Islam?.
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid11369781 C. }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 DISCUSSES
\par
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid13727074 a. The Rise of Islamic Theology
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \tab The
Qur\rquote an is a book essentially religious, not philosophical, but it deals with
all those problems which religion and philosophy have in comm
on. Both have to say something about problems related to the significance of such
expressions as God, the world, the individual souls, and the inter-relation of
these; good and evil, free will, and life after death. While dealing with these
problems it al
so throw light on such conceptions as appearance and reality existence and
attributes, human origin, and destiny, truth and error, space and time, permanence
and change, eternity and immortality. The Qur\rquote
an claims to give exposition to those problems and try to explain regarding
something untouchables and
invisibly in reality like heaven, hell, the Day of Judgment, existence of God,
Names of God. Those become debatable in Islamic scholars especially discussing of
theology. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql
\insrsid7209584 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 Ibid
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 , page 136 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1
\par \tab The rise of Islamic theology was begun in the end of Ali Bin Abi Tholib
Era and in the beginning of Muawwiyah, they fight over authority of caliphate
(khalifah), finally Muawiyah become Khalifah.
the conflict has impact for Islam in the time. Islam is divided in 3 big factions,
the follower of Muawiyah, the follower of Ali and khawarij. And later grow
si\rquote ah and sunni and theology in Islam. The schools of theology in Islam are:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid922020 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503
1.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\
widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\para
rsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\ab\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid922020 Mu\rquote tazilism
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 The general
mu\rquote tazilah position always focuses on th
inking and rationality in every giving view of something like interpretation of Al-
quran. This school has influenced Islam and has important roles in deciding
problems of religion. In the age of Bani Abbas, Mu\rquote
tazila becomes formal school in government.
\par
\par
\par Some views of Mu\rquote tazilah:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503
\
widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin1080\itap0\par
arsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 God\rquote s Almighty\rquote s justice
necessitates that man should be the author of his own acts; then alone can he be
said to be free and responsible for his deeds.
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 2.\tab}The justice
of God makes it incumbent upon him not to do anything contrary to justice and
equity.
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 3.\tab}Denial of
punishment and reward meted out to the dead in the grave and questioning by the
angels Munkar dan Nankir

\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 4.\tab}Denial of
indication of the Day of Judgment.
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 5.\tab}The Mu\rquote
tazilah also deny the existence of the recording Angels (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 kiraman katibin)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj
\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\
rin0\lin1080\itap0\pararsid7209584\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 The Mu\rquote
tazilah and the Sunnites differ mostly from one another in five important
matters; the problem of attributes, the problem of the beatific vision, the
problem of promise and threat, the problem of creation of the actions of man, and
the problem of the will of God.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain
\ltrpar\s18\ql
\f31506\fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs20\i\super\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 Ibid}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 page 203 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par
2.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\
rsid7209584\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid13839412 Ash\rquote Arism
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Ash\rquote arism
is the name of a philosophic- religious school of thought in Islam that developed
during the fourth and fifth/tenth and eleventh centuries
. This movement was an attempt not only to purge Islam of all non-Islamic elements
which had quietly crept into it but also to harmonize the
religious consciousness with the religious thought of Islam. It laid the
foundation of an orthodox Islamic theology or orthodox }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 kalam}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 , as opposed to the rationalist }
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 kalam }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 of the Mu\rquote
tazila; and in opposition to the extreme orthodox class, it made use of the
dialectical method for the defense of the authority of divine revelation as applied
to theological subjects.
\par The position at the end of the third/ninth century was such that the
development of such movement as orthodox }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 kalam}{\rtlch\fcs1
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 was inevitable. Mu\rquote tazila with its concept of
rationalization began to study the Arabic translation of the work of Greek
physicist and philosophers, made available to them by early \'93
Abbasid Caliphs, particularly by al-Mansur and al-Ma\rquote mun, they began to
apply the Greek philosophical methods and ideas to the interpretation of the basic
principles of Islam as well.
\par Actually, in this paper can be explained detail about schools of theology in
Islam not only two schools mu\rquote tazila and ash\rquote ari, but so many schools
in Islam, like maturidi, murji\rquote ah. Isma\rquote
ili, wahabi, and so on. In this paper, the writer focuses on the development of
Islamic theology, Islamic thought, Islamic philosophy, searching manuscripts,
translation movement for scientific and philosophical work.
\par The rise of Islamic scholasticism (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 kalam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) is much more important for
our purposes than the religio-political factions discussed above are
the more strictly theological divisions which began to split the ranks of Islam
from the earliest times but apparently gained momentum with the introduction of
Greek philosophy in the eighth and ninth centuries. The early jurists (}
{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 fuqoha}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ) and
Traditionists (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 muhaddithin}{\rtlch\fcs1
), despite their avowed literalism, did not fail altogether to perceive the obvious
logical in congruencies of the sacred texts and the problem of interpretation and
harmonization which they inevitably raised.
\par Most ancient authorities agree that the first abstract issue on which the
earliest theological controversies hinged was the question of free will and
predestination (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1905141 qodar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ). Some of the first theologians to discuss
were Ma\rquote bad al Juhani (d. 699), Ghailan al-Dimasqi (d.before 743), Wasil b.
Ata
\rquote (d.748) Yunus al-Aswari and Amr B. Ubaid (d.762). other theologians, like
the famous Hasan al-Basri 9d.728), who is at the center of many theological
developments, tended to confirm t
he traditional repudiation of free will in the interest of a quasi-absolute
predestination eschatology. Some ancient authorities, however, attribute to him
belief in free will.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s18\ql
\insrsid7209584 Majid Fakhri, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid5927984 A history of Islamic Philosophy}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7209584 , (New York and London, Colombia University
Press: 1970) page 56-57. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7156970 b. Translation movement and searching
manuscripts
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2369947 1. The development of Science and
knowledge in the age of Bani Umayyah
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \tab
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9642867 One }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
of the aspects of civilization is to develop science and knowledge. In the age of
Khulafau ar-Rasyidin and Prophet Muhammad focused on understanding Al-Qur\rquote an
from Hadits to deepen religion belief (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9642867 al-aqidah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 ), attitude, worship, but after that time
focused on sciences and knowledge which inherited by the states before Islamic
rising.
\par \tab The regional authority of Bani Umayyah were Andalusia, North Africa,
Syam, Irak, Iran, Khurosan, and Tiongkok. Bani Umayyah authorized and conquered the
centers civilization,
Greek Iskandariah, Antiokia, Harran, Yunde sahpur, which was developed by
scientists of Yahudi and Nasrani from Zoroaster. The scientists had embraced Islam
but they still used and kept the heritages of Greek sciences.
\par \tab Some of them got important occupation in the Palace of Caliph (}
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1137442 khalifah}{\rtlch\fcs1
) , their attendance in Islam can tinged and gave the new concept of thinking to
understand sciences and knowledge. For example, Khalid Ibn Yazid was interested in
Chemistry and medicine. He provided and paid some Greek
Scholars to translate chemical books from medicine to Arabic language; it was
first translation in the history of Islam.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\f31503\fs26\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain
\ltrpar
\s18\ql
\ltrch\fcs0
\cs20\super\insrsid7209584 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\insrsid7209584 Ahmad Amin, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\insrsid7209584\charrsid11021356 Dhuha al-Islam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0
\insrsid7209584
, (Kairo: Maktabah al-Nahdah, 1972) Vol.I Page 262.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1
\par \tab The Caliph Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz instructed Islamic scholars
to compile Hadits, he had strong connection with Ibnu Abjar, a doctor was from
Iskandariyah and later became his private doctor. Those views influenced mindset of
khalifah in studying medical science and Greek science.
\par \tab In the age of Bani Umayyah, the classification of science was divided
into:
\
\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Religious sciences, all sciences originated
to Al-Qur\rquote an and Hadits
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 2.\tab}Historical
sciences, the sciences discussed history of life and biography.
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 3.\tab}Science of
language, include Arabic grammar (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6057735 Nahyu, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 and }{\rtlch\fcs1
sharfu,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 )
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 4.\tab}Philosophical
sciences, logical sciences, Medicine, Chemistry, Astronomy, Mathematic.
0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2369947 . Bani }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Abasiyah }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 (132 H/750 M.)}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 The
extraordinary achievements of Islam in the ag
e of Bani Umayyah could conquer the regions of Romawi and Persia Empire, and then
followed by Bani Abbasiyah, the development of Islamic civilization in science and
knowledge was mor awful. The great movement of development of science and knowledge
was ha
ppened and initiated by Khalifah Ja\rquote far al-Mansur after he had built Bagdad
Town (144 H/762 M) and it later became capital of state.
\par \tab Khalifah al-Ma\rquote mun had a strong desire to do translation of
Science and knowledge from Greek to Arabic language and built Translation School
(Sekolah Tinggi Terjemah) in Bagdad. It was equipped with library that was }
{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid1258810 Baitul
Hikmah}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
, the place which was Hunain Ibn Ishak known (809-877 M), translation of Greek
Medicine Book, included the book of medicine which we know \'93MATERIA MEDICA\'94.
Hunain had translated book of Galen in healing field and philosophy 100 books into
Syiria, 39 books into Arabic language.
\par
a.\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\
\ab\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid12916334 Development of Naqli
Science
in0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Naqli science is
a science which refers to Alqur\rquote an and hadits,:
\
arsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Interpretation science (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 tafsir}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 )
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 2.\tab}Tradition
science (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378
al-hadits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 )
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 3.\tab}Theology }
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 (kalam}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 )
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 4.\tab}Mysticism (t}
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 asawuf}{
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 5.\tab}Language (}
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 al-luhgoh}{
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 6.\tab}Jurisprudence
and law (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 al-
hukmu wal fiqhu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
)
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid14370204 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503
b.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\
rsid7209584\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid14370204 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid12916334 Development of }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 logical}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid12916334
Science }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 (}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid9337378 Aqli}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 )
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 1.\tab}}\pard
\ltrpar\s15\qj \fi-360\li1080\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\
arsid7209584\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Medicine
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 2.\tab}Philosophy
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 3.\tab}Optics
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 4.\tab}Astronomy
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 5.\tab}Mathematic
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 6.\tab}Chemistry
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31503\dbch\af0\loch\f31503 7.\tab}History and
Geography
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par
\par
\par
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid13716216 D. CLOSING }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584 Many
problems that we discuss and search regarding history of Islamic civilization and
development of Islam from age to the age, theology and Islamic
philosophy have an important role to answer clearly many questions of existence of
God, reality of universe and being of human based on logic and rationality but
without negation of exoteric and esoteric.
\par \tab We can not deny that the contribution of Greek sciences and scholars has
great implication to develop Islamic science through the age.
\par \tab Islamic civilization had achieved golden age in the age of Bani Umayyah.
After that age, Islam experienced decline especially in the period of Invasion. The
decline of
Islam in three Dinasty (Usmaniyah, Shafawiyah, and Mughal), the golden age of Islam
was ended. Islam would be tinged and influenced by the West. And the next
discussion will be period of reawakening of Islamic civilization.
\par
\b\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2234857 References:
\
rsid7209584 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2234857 Sunanto}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2234857 Musyrifah, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2234857 Sejarah Islam Klasik, Perkembangan Ilmu
Pengetahuan Islam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid2234857 (Bogor: Kencana, 2003) }{\rtlch\fcs1
\fs26\insrsid7209584
2.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 Sharif, M.M., }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 A
History of Muslim Philosophy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 , ( New Delhi : 1995) Vol. I }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 Fakhr, Majid i, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 A
history of Islamic Philosophy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 , (New York and London, Colombia University
Press: 1970) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584
\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 Amin }{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 Ahmad, }{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 Dhuha al-
Islam}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699 , (Kairo: Maktabah
al-Nahdah, 1972) Vol.I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 5.\tab}De Boer,
Dr.T.J., translated by Edward R. Jones, B.D, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 The History of Philosophy in Islam}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 , (New York Press:
1967)
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 6.\tab}Rahman,
Fazlul. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 Islam}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 (Bandung, Pustaka:
1997)
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 7.\tab}Madjid,
Nurkholish, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226
Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584 , (Jakarta, paramadina: 2000)
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 8.\tab}Hodgson,
Marshall G.S. translated by Mulyadi Kartanegara, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226 The Venture of Islam (Iman dan Sejarah dalam
Peradaban Dunia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 ),
(Jakarta, Paramadina: 2002)
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 9.\tab}Yatim, Badri,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226
Sejarah Peradaban Islam}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs26\insrsid7209584 , (Jakarta, PT Raja Grafindo Persada: 2000)
\f31506\fs26\insrsid7209584 \hich\af31506\dbch\af0\loch\f31506 10.\tab}Watt,
Montgomery W., }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid6168226
The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584 , (Endinburg University Press: 1972) }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs26\insrsid7209584\charrsid7960699
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qc
p0\pararsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\ab\af31503\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs28\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919 THE
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs28\insrsid7209584
\par
\par
\b\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919 (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ab\ai\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919
Discusses the rise of Islamic Theology, the search for Manuscripts, Translation
Movement of Scientific and Philosophical Work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919 )
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584

\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par Compiled by
\par
\par R A S I D
\f31503\fs26\insrsid7209584
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc
0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs32\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919
\par ISLAMIC COLLEGE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
\par (ICAS) LONDON IN JAKARTA
\par 2009
\par
ht\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7209584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\f31503\fs32\insrsid7209584\charrsid10300919
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af31503\afs24
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\qj
in0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7209584\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1
\af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid9839457
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql
p0\pararsid7209584\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31503\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31503\fs24\insrsid7209584\charrsid597619
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql
\li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustrig
ht\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0
\af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14705942
\par }{\*\themedata
504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797
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The Early Development of Islamic Philosophy

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