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Document
Change
History
Revision
Date
22
August
2014
25
June
2014
29 May 2014
20 May 2014
Summary
of
Changes
Page
17.
Corrected
the
chapter
numbers
(3-5)
on
reading
material
for
V.
Jeremy
Du
Plessis:
The
Definitive
Guide
to
Point
and
Figure
Page
87.
Added
Appendix
D:
Point
and
Figure
Techniques
(IFTA
Required
CFTe
I
Reading
Material)
Page
17.
Updated
#3:
Required
additional
IFTA
reading
material
(see
Appendices)
Page
18.
Added
to
XI.
Charles
D.
Kirkpatrick,
Julie
R.
Dahlquist:
Technical
Analysis:
The
Complete
Resource
for
Financial
Markets
Technicians:
Chapter
9.
Temporal
Patterns
and
Cycles
and
Chapter
19.
Cycles.
Page
10.
Updated
Outline
of
Topics
Item
21.
Page
17.
Added
VI.
Yukitoshi
Higashino,
MFTA:
Primer
on
ICHIMOKU
(Appendix
E)
(IFTA
Required
CFTe
II
Reading
Material)
Page
17./
Page
18.
Moved
XII.
David
Linton:
Cloud
Charts:
Trading
Success
with
the
Ichimoku
Technique
[Hardcover]
from
IFTA
Required
CFTe
II
Readiing
Material
(Page
17)
to
IFTA
Recommended
(Additional)
CFTe
II
Reading
Material
(Page
18)
Page
95.
Added
Appendix
E:
VI.
Yukitoshi
Higashino,
MFTA:
Primer
on
ICHIMOKU
)
(IFTA
Required
CFTe
II
Reading
Material)
11 March 2014
Page
46:
Added:
Appendix
B:
Breadth
Analysis
(IFTA
Required
CFTe
I
Reading
Material)
Page
20.
Added:
Appendix
A:
The
Elliott
Wave
Principle
(EWP)
(IFTA
Required
CFTe
I
Reading
Material)
Page 1 of 124
DOW THEORY................................................................................................................................................3
10
ICHIMOKU CHARTS.......................................................................................................................................6
11
12
MARKET PROFILE..........................................................................................................................................6
13
14
15
16
MOVING AVERAGES......................................................................................................................................8
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
ETHICS .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Page 2 of 124
Major Publications
Chart Construction
Construction of Charts
Time Frame
Dow Theory
Basic Ideas
Concept of Confirmation
Importance of Volume
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 3 of 124
Concepts of Trend
Definition of Trend
Directions of Trend
Major Trendlines
Fan Principles
Strength of a trend
Percentage Retracements
Breakouts
Speed Lines
Unconventional Trendlines
Internal Trendlines
Regression
Basics
Diamond Tops
Page 4 of 124
Broadening Formation
Wedge Formation
Rectangle Formation
Gaps
Gaps
Island reversal
Thrust Days
Basics
Box Count
Trendlines
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 5 of 124
Basics
Chart Construction
Bearish Reversal Patterns (i.e. Hanging Man, Engulfing Pattern, Dark Cloud pattern ...)
Bullish Continuation Patters (i.e. separating Lines, upside Tasuki gap, ...)
Bearish Continuation Patterns (i.e. separating line, three line strike ...)
10
Ichimoku Charts
Basics
Turning Line
Standard Line
Span 1
Span 2
Lagging Line
Interpretation of clouds
11
12
Other
Charting
Methods
(Kagai
Charts,
Renko
Charts
and
Three
Line
Break
Charts
are
included
in
the
CFTe
Level
II
reading
material
section.
The
rest
of
the
reading
material
in
this
section
will
be
added
later.)
Equivolume
Swing charts
Kagi Charts
Renko Charts
Drummond Geometry
Market Profile
Page 6 of 124
Range
Development
and
Profile
Patterns:
Normal
day,
Trend
day,
neutral
day,
non
trend
day,
double
distribution
day
TPO
Point of Control
Value Area
13
Corrective Waves
Rule of Alternation
Channelling
Wave 4
14
15
Compounding
Page 7 of 124
Performance Measurement
Test procedures
16
Moving Averages
Different Types of Moving Averages (Simple, Weighted, Exponential, Geometric, Triangular ...)
Bollinger Bands
17
Principles of Oscillation
Measuring Momentum
Rate of Change
Stochastics
Williams %R
Parabolics
18
Relative Strength
Basics
Page 8 of 124
Relative Performance
19
Time Cycles
Basics
Cycle Concept
Detrending
Dominant Cycles
Seasonalities
Fourier Analysis
20
Volume Signals
On Balance Volume
Volume Accumulator
McClellan Oscillator
Page 9 of 124
Arms Index
Equivolume Charting
21
Trend indicators
Volatility Indicators
Cyclical Indicators
Hurst Exponent*
22
Technical Systems
Construction
Typical elements
Proper testing
Evaluation
Optimisation
Typical systems
23
Academic findings on TA
Testing procedures
Testing objectives
24
Page 10 of 124
Put/Call Ratios
Polls
Insiders
25
Prospect Theory
26
Page 11 of 124
Page 12 of 124
Page 13 of 124
IV.
Le
Beau
Charles,
Lucas
David:
Technical
Traders
Guide
to
Computer
Analysis
of
the
Futures
Market
Chapters:
1.
System
Building
2.
Technical
Studies
4.
Day
Trading
V.
Nison
Steve:
Candlestick
Charting
Techniques,
Second
Edition
Chapters:
1.
Introduction
2.
A
historical
background
3.
Constructing
the
candlestick
lines
4.
Reversal
patterns
5.
Stars
6.
More
Reversal
Patterns
7.
Continuation
Patterns
8.
The
Magic
Doji
9.
Putting
it
all
Together
VI.
Du
Plessis
Jeremy:
The
Definitive
Guide
to
Point
and
Figure
Chapters:
1.
Introduction
to
Point
and
Figure
Charts
2.
Characteristics
and
Construction
3.
Understanding
Point
and
Figure
Charts
4.
Projecting
Price
Targets
5.
Analysing
Point
and
Figure
Charts
Page 14 of 124
Page 15 of 124
Page 16 of 124
Page 17 of 124
12.
Trend
Turning
Points
(III)
13.
Cycles
and
Sum
of
Cycles
14.
Bringing
it
all
Together
X.
A.J.
Frost,
Robert
R.
Prechter:
Elliott
Wave
Principle:
Key
To
Market
Behavior
Chapters:
1.
The
Broad
Concept
2.
Guidelines
of
the
Wave
Formation
3.
Historical
and
Mathematical
Background
of
the
Wave
Principle
4.
Ratio
Analysis
and
Fibonacci
Time
Sequence.
XI.
Charles
D.
Kirkpatrick,
Julie
R.
Dahlquist:
Technical
Analysis:
The
Complete
Resource
for
Financial
Markets
Technicians
Chapters:
3.
History
of
Technical
Analysis
4.
The
Technical
Analysis
Controversy
5.
An
overview
of
Markets
7.
Sentiment
8.
Measuring
Market
Strength
9.
Temporal
Patterns
and
Cycles
10.
Flow
of
Funds
13.
Breakouts,
Stops,
and
Retracements
18.
Confirmation
19.
Cycles
21.
Selection
of
Markets
and
Issues:
Trading
and
Investing
22.
System
Testing
and
Management
Page 18 of 124
Page 19 of 124
Page 20 of 124
Figure
1:
the
basic
five
wave
EW
Pattern
sequence
Page 21 of 124
Page 22 of 124
Table
1:
The
initial
nine-
degree
waves
of
the
EWP
Table
1
depicts
the
nomenclature
of
the
initial
nine
EW
degrees,
with
each
wave
degree
following
a
unique
labeling
process.
The
maximum
and
minimum
durations
as
well
as
the
corresponding
proposed
time-frame
chart
for
each
wave
degree
are
also
offered
as
guidelines
to
aid
in
charting
the
waves.
The
rationale
behind
the
overriding
(5-3)
structure
Page 23 of 124
Commonly,
during
the
bottom
(start)
of
waves
1,
the
accompanied
news
is
generally
bad,
the
period
often
exhibits
the
occurrences
of
recession
(during
intermediate
wave
degrees),
or
even
depression
and
war
(during
large
wave
degrees).
At
this
point
and
given
that
the
input
information
on
the
current
economic
situation
does
not
look
good,
fundamental
analysts
continue
to
lower
their
earnings
estimates.
Quite
commonly,
waves
1
are
formed
as
a
part
of
the
bottoming
phase
or
more
generally,
during
periods
of
disbelief
and
thus,
tend
to
demonstrate
deeper
corrective
movement
in
wave
2.
Wave
1,
the
rebound
from
a
preceding
bear
trend,
is
constructive
and
offers
a
more
structured
rebound
from
undervalued
price
levels.
This
move
often
displays
a
subtle
increase
in
volume
and
is
relatively
supported
by
market
breadth.
The
short
interest
level
peaks
as
the
majority
of
market
participants
believe
that
the
overall
trend
is
to
the
downside.
Investors
view
the
rally
as
a
last
chance
to
sell
and
get
out.
When
waves
1
rise
from
either
large
bases
formed
by
the
previous
correction,
or
from
extreme
compression.
They
appear
as
dynamic
and
dramatic,
and
the
result
is
that
only
moderate
retraced
is
seen
in
wave
2.
Page 24 of 124
Waves
2
act
so
as
to
interrupt
the
progress
and
the
directional
move
of
prices.
They
tend
to
heavily
retrace
(but
not
extend
beyond)
wave
1,
especially,
since
they
themselves
occur
mostly
during
the
periods
of
disbelief,
prior
to
the
market-up
phase.
More
often
than
not,
news
and
fundamentals
tend
to
be
worse
during
the
end
(bottom)
of
wave
2
when
compared
to
the
beginning
(bottom)
of
wave
1.
Systematically,
during
wave
2,
investors
are
convinced
that
the
bear
market
is
proceeding
once
more
following
the
termination
of
wave
1,
or
what
they
had
perceived
to
be
another
counter
trend
rally.
Waves
2
are
often
associated
with
downside
non-confirmations.
This
usually
takes
the
shape
of
a
weakening
downside
momentum
and
breadth.
Adding
to
this,
waves
2
are
often
accompanied
by
low
volume
and
volatility,
indicating
a
drying
up
of
selling
pressure.
It
is
not
uncommon
for
waves
2
to
take
more
time
in
formation
compared
to
their
preceding
waves
1.
Characteristics of Wave(s) 3:
Waves
3
are
strong
and
broad;
the
trend
at
this
point
is
unmistakable.
Waves
3
occur
and
are
confirmed
during
the
start
of
what
the
classic
approach
highlight
as
the
mark-up
phase.
Turnaround
fundamentals
stories
begin
to
flow
in
the
financial
arena,
causing
an
investor
confidence
re-build.
Waves
3
usually
generate
the
greatest
volume
and
price
movement,
as
they
most
often
extended
beyond
their
normal
limits,
with
respect
to
both
time
and
distance.
During
waves
3,
successful
classical
pattern-breakouts
are
commonly
observed;
multi-continuation
gaps,
volume
expansions,
exceptional
breadth
(since
almost
all
share
prices
and
market
sectors
participate),
as
well
as
major
Dow
Theory
trend
confirmations
and
runaway
price
movement,
which
create
large
gains
in
the
market,
depending
on
the
wave
degree.
Corrections
in
waves
3
are
usually
weak
and
short-lived
as
those
who
bet
on
buying
pull-backs
suffer
the
likelihood
of
missing
the
move.
Characteristics of Wave(s) 4:
In
principle,
the
occurrence
of
wave
4
implies
that
the
best
part
of
the
growth
phase
which
was
evident
in
wave
3
has
ended.
Page 25 of 124
More
often
than
not,
waves
4
appear
as
a
form
of
a
sideways
interruption.
They
develop
as
part
of
the
building
of
a
base
for
the
final
fifth
wave
move.
In
part,
wave
4
is
seen
as
the
public
participation
phase
as
termed
by
the
classical
approach
(Dow
Theory).
Lagging
stocks
build
their
tops
and
begin
declining
during
this
wave,
since
only
the
strength
of
wave
3
is
thought
to
have
pulled
them
along
for
the
upside
participation.
This
initial
deterioration
in
the
market
sets
the
stage
for
breadth
divergences,
non-confirmations
and
subtle
signs
of
weakness
during
the
fifth
wave.
Characteristics of Wave(s) 5:
Specifically,
in
stocks,
waves
5
are
always
less
dynamic
than
waves
3
in
terms
of
breadth.
With
the
exception
of
fifth
wave
extensions
(which
will
be
discussed
in
part
three),
they
usually
display
a
weaker
momentum
as
well.
As
a
general
feature,
volumes
in
waves
5
tend
to
be
less
when
compared
to
wave
3
volumes.
During
advancing
waves
5,
optimism
runs
extremely
high
as
further
public
participation
emerges,
despite
a
narrowing
of
breadth.
Nevertheless,
market
action
does
improve
relative
to
prior
corrective
wave
rallies.
Commonly,
during
the
top
(end)
of
wave
5,
the
accompanied
news
is
positive,
implying
that
prosperity
and
peace
are
guaranteed
forever
as
arrogant
complacency
becomes
evident
in
the
financial
community
and
financial
news.
Characteristics of Wave(s) A:
During
"A"
waves
of
bear
markets;
the
investment
world
is
generally
convinced
that
this
reaction
is
just
a
pullback
pursuant
to
the
next
leg
of
advance.
The
public
surges
to
the
buy
side
despite
the
first
valid
technically
damaging
cracks
in
trend
patterns
of
individual
stocks.
The
"A"
waves
set
the
tone
for
the
waves
that
follow.
A
five-wave
A
indicates
a
start
of
a
directional
or
trending
mode,
while
a
three-wave
A
indicates
that
a
flat
or
sideways
mode
will
likely
follow.
Characteristics of Wave(s) B:
"B"
waves
are
phonies.
They
are
sucker
plays,
bull
traps,
speculators'
paradise,
orgies
of
oddlotter
mentality
or
expressions
of
dumb
institutional
complacency
(or
both).
They
are
often
accompanied
by
an
emotional
advance
of
narrow
list
of
stocks,
which
would
be
evident
through
non-confirming
signs
of
TA-breadth
and
momentum
indications.
Page 26 of 124
B
waves
are
often
unconfirmed
by
all/broader
market
indices
and
are
almost
always
expected
to
be
completely
retraced
by
the
following
wave
C.
Characteristics of Wave(s) C:
"C"
waves
inherit
most
of
the
characteristics
and
properties
of
third
waves
in
the
sense
that
they
are
persistent
and
broad.
In
the
case
of
bearish
"C"
waves:
o They
are
usually
devastating
in
their
destruction.
o There
is
virtually
no
place
to
hide
except
cash.
o The
false
impression
that
the
bull
trend
is
back
on
track
which
was
held
throughout
its
preceding
waves
A
and
B
tend
to
fade
away,
as
fear
and
occasionally
multiple
panic
phases
take
over.
o Fundamentals
ultimately
collapse
in
response
of
the
market
action.
In
the
case
of
bullish
"C"
waves:
o They
are
constructive
and
often
render
sizable
gains
or
returns
in
waves
of
larger
degrees.
o They
usually
give
a
fake
indication
that
the
bull
trend
is
back
to
stay.
Page 27 of 124
Page 28 of 124
Page 29 of 124
In
addition
to
the
wave
function,
R.N.
Elliott
identified
and
differentiated
between
two
fundamental
types
of
waves
with
respect
to
their
shape
or
structure,
which
he
referred
to
as
the
mode.
With
respect
to
wave
structure
or
mode,
R.N.
Elliott
categorized
the
waves
into
motive
waves
and
corrective
waves.
It
is
the
fundamental
distinction
between
those
two
that
shapes
the
back
bone
of
the
EWP.
Motive
waves
Definition:
Motive
waves
are
responsible
for
the
progress
and
development
of
the
overriding
trend.
They
must
always
exist
as
a
five-wave
structure
and
adhere
to
the
following
rules:
1. Wave
2
does
not
extend
beyond
the
start
of
wave
1.
2. Wave
4
does
not
extend
beyond
the
start
of
wave
3.
3. Wave
3
always
travels
beyond
wave
1.
4. Wave
3
is
never
the
shortest
of
the
motive
waves
1,
3
and
5.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 30 of 124
Page 31 of 124
Figure
5:
Types
of
extensions
in
impulse
waves
of
bull
and
bear
markets
Truncation:
Truncation
is
another
characteristic
of
impulses
in
which
wave
5
fails
to
exceed
the
end
of
wave
3.
In
that
sense,
truncations
only
occur
in
impulse
waves
5,
and
are
generally
perceived
as
a
sign
of
weakness
in
the
market.
Truncations
imply
that
although
the
market
was
able
to
develop
into
a
5-wave
structure,
this
development
was
not
associated
with
enough
momentum
to
drive
the
market
beyond
the
end
of
its
preceding
wave
3.
Moreover,
a
truncation
generally
implies
a
sharp
wave
to
follow
in
the
opposite
direction.
Page 32 of 124
Diagonals
Diagonals
are
types
of
motive
waves
that
always
form
as
a
five-wave
structure.
Diagonals
must
adhere
to
the
primal
(overriding)
rules
of
the
motive
waves.
However,
these
motive
waves
can
never
exist
as
middle
motive
waves
i.e.
motive
wave
3.
Moreover,
unlike
impulses,
an
overlap
between
waves
1
and
4
is
accepted
and
is
considered
as
a
characteristic
of
such
types
of
motive
waves.
Diagonals
are
identified
as
two
rising
(or
falling)
semi
converging
lines,
or
in
less
common
cases
diverging
lines.
Thus,
it
is
important
not
to
assume
that
this
EW
pattern
will
always
resemble
a
classical
wedge
formation.
Despite
sharing
almost
similar
psychology,
their
structures
are
not
always
identical.
There
are
two
types
of
diagonals,
namely;
Leading
and
Ending
Diagonals.
Leading
Diagonals
As
the
name
implies,
Leading
Diagonals
appear
as
motive
waves
that
initiate
the
build
and
development
of
a
new
trend
(a
larger
degree
wave).
They
can
appear
only
as
wave
1
of
a
five-wave
motive
structure,
or
appear
as
wave
A
of
an
ABC
Zigzag
corrective
development.
Leading
Diagonals
are
five-wave
structures
whereby
waves
1,
3
and
5
are
subdivided
into
five
motive
waves,
while
waves
2
and
4
are
corrective
in
structure.
Page 33 of 124
Ending
Diagonals
As
the
name
implies,
Ending
Diagonals
appear
as
motive
waves
that
terminate
the
build
and
development
of
an
existing
trend
(a
larger
degree
wave).
An
Ending
Diagonal
can
appear
only
as
motive
wave
5
or
appear
as
wave
C
of
an
ABC
corrective
development.
Being
a
member
of
the
motive
structures
(or
modes),
the
five
waves
of
the
Ending
Diagonals
strictly
adhere
to
the
primal
(overriding)
rules
of
the
motive
waves.
However,
the
subdivisions
of
some
of
these
five
waves
are
somewhat
different
from
the
subdivisions
of
all
other
types
of
motive
structures.
Each
wave
of
the
five
Ending
Diagonal
waves
is
subdivided
into
three
waves
(i.e.
including
waves
1,
3
and
5).
In
other
words,
all
its
subdivisions
are
corrective
in
structure.
It
is
worth
noting
that
waves
1,
3
and
5
in
Ending
Diagonals
are
corrective
in
structure
and
actionary
in
function
(or
role).
Meanwhile,
waves
2
and
4
are
both
corrective
in
structure
and
reactionary
in
function
(or
role).
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 34 of 124
Page 35 of 124
Page 36 of 124
Sideways
corrective
structures:
In
general,
sideways
corrective
structures
generally
occur
due
to
a
stronger
trend
of
one
larger
degree
as
well
as
a
lack
of
countertrend
pressure,
relative
to
Zigzags.
There
are
two
types
of
sideways
corrective
structures,
namely;
Flats
and
Triangles.
Flats
Flats
represent
another
form
of
the
EW
corrective
pattern,
where
as
the
name
implies
they
represent
a
sideways
transition
to
the
overriding
direction
(unlike
Zigzags).
Similar
to
Zigzags,
they
also
exist
as
a
three-
wave
structure,
where
each
wave
is
labeled
by
the
letters
A,
B
and
C
respectively.
However,
Flats
offers
a
variation
from
Zigzags
in
that
wave
A
does
not
hold
enough
momentum
to
develop
as
a
five
wave
structure
as
does
wave
A
of
a
Zigzag.
Instead,
wave
A
of
a
flat
structure
develops
into
three
waves.
As
a
result,
wave
B
of
a
Flat
structure
does
not
suffer
the
same
pressure
which
causes
it
to
partially
retrace
wave
A
as
does
wave
B
of
a
Zigzag.
Its
worth
noting
that
wave
A
of
a
Flat
structure
is
both
actionary
and
corrective,
wave
B
is
both
reactionary
and
corrective,
and
wave
C
is
actionary
and
motive.
As
such,
Flats
are
commonly
known
as
3-3-5s.
Page 37 of 124
Page 38 of 124
Page 39 of 124
Expanding
Triangles
In
Expanding
Triangles:
1.
2.
3.
Page 40 of 124
Page 41 of 124
Figure
11:
Bull
and
bear
market
EW
Running
Triangle
types
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 42 of 124
Page 43 of 124
Figure
12:
Relationships
and
Similarities
Between
the
EWP
Dow/Classic
Approach
Figure
12
depicts
a
complete
EW
cycle
superimposed
over
the
idealized
six
phases
of
complete
bull/bear
succession
of
the
Dow/classic
approach.
As
observed,
the
wave
sequence
1
through
5
share
similar
characteristics,
psychology
and
seem
to
fit
quite
well
within
the
accumulation,
mark-up
and
public
participation
phases,
as
does
wave
sequence
A
through
C
when
compared
to
the
following
three
phases.
Page 44 of 124
Page 45 of 124
Types
of
TA
Indicators
Page 46 of 124
Advance-decline
line
McClellan
oscillator
A/D
line
McClellan
oscillator
McClellan
summation
index
Page 47 of 124
Indicators that are calculated based on both A/D issues and volume.
Page 48 of 124
Page 49 of 124
The
drawback
of
this
calculation
is
that
with
time,
the
numbers
of
shares
and
companies
increase
in
the
stock
market,
especially
with
the
new
IPOs
that
appear
from
time
to
time.
This
will
obviously
change
the
A-D
line
values
with
time
and
can
distort
the
results.
Another
way
to
calculate
the
A-D
line
to
overcome
this
problem
is
to
take
a
ratio
by
dividing
advancing
issues
by
declining
issues:
AI/DI.
Obviously,
the
results
will
also
be
accumulated
as
in
the
first
calculation.
Another
way
to
calculate
the
A-D
ratio
is
to
take
the
difference
between
advancing
and
declining
stocks
and
divide
by
the
total
of
advances
plus
declines.
A-D
ratio
=
(A-D)
/
(A+D)
*100
Using
A/D
line
Zero
crossovers
Crossing
above/below
zero
levels
can
be
useful,
but
dont
expect
this
to
happen
regularly,
A/D
is
a
cumulative/medium
to
long-term
indicator,
and
the
way
it
is
calculated
will
not
allow
oscillating
around
the
zero
line
often.
Divergences
Page 50 of 124
The
red
line
(upper
part
of
chart)
represents
the
A/D
line
for
the
Egyptian
market.
The
black
line
(lower
part
of
chart)
is
the
EGX
(30)
Index.
In
the
above
chart,
A/D
is
confirming
EGX
(30)
uptrend.
Both
EGX
(30)
and
A/D
line
are
forming
higher
lows
higher
highs
formation.
Page 51 of 124
A/D
line
(red
line
/
upper
part
of
chart)
confirming
EGX
(30)
(black
line
lower
part
of
chart
uptrend
in
the
period
from
20042007.
EGX
(30)
upper
panel
and
A/D
line
lower
panel.
Failure
to
confirm
the
EGX
(30)
higher
lows/higher
highs
during
Aug
Nov
2009
was
the
first
sign
of
weakness
(-ve
divergence);
during
late
October,
the
A/D
line
broke
below
previous
support
levels.
This
was
another
sign
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 52 of 124
A/D
line
failed
to
confirm
EGX
(30)
breakout,
followed
by
breaking
below
previous
support
levels,
was
enough
of
a
signal
to
forecast
the
very
sharp
decline
that
followed.
Later,
after
few
months
and
only
few
weeks
before
Jan
25
2011,
again
the
A/D
closed
below
previous
support
levels,
indicating
that
market
conditions
are
far
from
healthy.
A/D
line
failure
to
confirm
EGX
(30)
breakout
during
Jan
2012,
followed
by
breaking
below
previous
support,
was
another
good
example
of
how
the
A/D
is
a
leading
indicator
that
marks
medium
to
long-term
potential
Page 53 of 124
NSYE
A/D
line
upper
panel
and
NY
Composite
lower
panel.
Again,
a
good
example
of
-ve
divergences
on
the
A/D
line
that
lead
to
significant
declines
later
during
Nov
2007
to
Feb
2008.
Page 54 of 124
S&P
A-D line
The
above
chart
shows
the
S&P
500
along
with
an
A-D
line
for
the
NYSE
data.
As
we
can
see,
during
March
2003,
the
A-D
line
was
rising
along
with
the
S&P
500.
During
May
of
the
same
year,
the
A-D
line
broke
its
resistance
before
the
S&P.
The
A-D
line
was
a
leading
indicator
for
the
S&P
500
in
some
cases,
and
in
other
cases
was
moving
along
with
the
S&P
(coincident).
At
the
right
edge
of
the
chart,
during
end
of
April
2004,
the
A-D
line
was
showing
some
weakness,
forming
lower
highs
formation,
and
broke
a
support,
which
was
not
confirmed
yet
by
the
S&P
500.
NASDAQ
A-D line
Page 55 of 124
1.
Calculate the daily difference between advancing stocks and declining stocks.
2. Calculate
a
19-day
exponential
moving
average
of
the
difference
between
advancing
stocks
and
declining
stocks.
3. Calculate
a
39-day
exponential
moving
average
of
the
difference
between
advancing
stocks
and
declining
stocks.
4. Take
the
difference
between
19-day
EMA
and
39
days
EMA.
The
McClellan
oscillator
thus
consists
of
one
line
that
moves
above
and
below
a
zero
level.
Obviously,
crossovers
between
the
two
moving
averages
coincide
with
zero-level
violations.
The
idea
of
the
McClellan
oscillator
sounds
a
lot
like
the
MACD.
Zero
crossovers
When
the
McClellan
crosses
zero
to
the
upside
it
means
that
the
19-day
EMA
broke
the
39-day
EMA
to
the
upside.
A
violation
of
zero
to
the
downside
coincides
with
the
19-day
EMA
breaking
the
39-day
EMA
downwards.
(Of
course,
we
are
using
moving
averages
of
A-D.)
The
zero
crossover
technique
is
not
recommended,
as
it
leads
to
many
whipsaws.
However,
usually
positive
values
in
the
oscillator
are
seen
as
bullish,
while
negative
values
are
seen
as
bearish.
Divergences
The
McClellan
oscillator
can
track
divergences
with
price
action.
Usually,
when
the
price
of
the
market
gauge
is
still
rising
and
the
McClellan
declines,
it
is
considered
a
negative
divergence.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 56 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
oscillator
(lower
panel)
during
20082010.
+ve
and
ve
divergences
occurred
during
the
2-year
period,
and
most
of
them
were
successful.
The
McClellan
oscillator
is
a
very
short-term
indicator
that
must
be
confirmed
along
with
price
action
and
is
better
used
in
the
direction
of
the
upper
degree
trend.
Page 57 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
oscillator
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Most
signals
were
successful,
and
divergences
and
zero-crossovers
are
shown
on
the
chart
above.
All
signals
were
applied
in
the
same
direction
as
the
upper
degree
trend.
S&P
500
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
oscillator
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Most
divergences
were
successful.
Another
way
to
confirm
divergences
is
to
wait
for
a
cross
above/below
the
zero
line
(marked
by
a
circle)
and
will
still
be
leading
and
early.
Page 58 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
oscillator
(lower
panel)
during
20112012.
Overbought
signals
are
another
advantage
when
using
the
McClellan
oscillator.
Visual
inspection
is
the
best
technique
for
marking
such
levels,
and
one
should
understand
that
such
levels
will
change
over
time
and
will
need
some
adjustments.
EGX (30) (upper panel) and McClellan oscillator (lower panel) during 20102012.
Page 59 of 124
1.
2. Add
each
previous
value
of
the
McClellan
oscillator
to
the
cumulative
total.
McClellan
Summation
Index
shows
the
real
trend
of
the
McClellan
oscillator.
It
is
more
of
a
medium
to
long-
term
indicator
that
will
show
the
true
strength/weakness
of
the
market
on
a
longer
timeframe.
Caution
is
needed
when
using
the
Summation
Index
because
signals
are
usually
leading,
but
sometimes
the
lead
time
is
a
bit
longer
than
expected.
Summation
Index
signals
have
very
high
credibility,
but
the
issue
of
the
lead
time
sometimes
becomes
very
confusing;
this
is
where
the
discipline
is
needed
and
highly
appreciated.
Zero-crossovers
Usually,
when
the
Summation
index
is
moving
above
zero
and
rising,
it
tells
us
that
money
is
entering
the
market.
When
it
is
declining
and
going
below
zero,
it
indicates
that
money
is
leaving
the
market.
It
is
a
breadth
measure
that
shows
us
the
bigger
picture.
Sometimes
the
zero
line
will
act
as
support/resistance.
Divergences
Unlike
the
McClellan,
the
Summation
Index
is
a
smoothed
indicator,
and
it
gives
us
early
signals
of
potential
strength
or
weakness.
Divergences
are
very
significant
when
they
appear.
Divergences
on
the
Summation
index
are
rarely
false.
General
trend
analysis
Breaking
below/above
previous
support/resistance
levels
is
also
a
good
technique
when
using
the
McClellan
Summation
Index.
Moreover,
the
general
trend
of
the
Summation
Index
is
of
great
importance.
Swings
are
not
common
within
this
indicator
and
hence,
once
you
point
out
a
change
in
the
indicator
direction,
it
is
quite
possible
that
the
change
will
continue
in
the
new
direction.
Page 60 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
Summation
Index
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Zero-line
crossovers
are
marked
with
a
blue
circle;
most
of
the
signals
were
successful.
Sometimes
the
zero
line
acts
as
resistance,
as
marked
on
the
extreme
left
of
the
chart.
S&P
500
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
Summation
Index
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Zero
line
acting
as
support,
marked
with
a
blue
circle;
most
of
the
divergences
were
successful
and
are
followed
by
significant
tradable
moves.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 61 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
Summation
Index
(lower
panel)
during
20112012.
Positive
divergences
are
marked
with
blue
line
arrow;
breaking
of
the
previous
resistance
is
also
marked
with
a
blue
line
and
a
circle
around
the
breakout
day.
Both
signals
are
of
high
credibility
and
are
rarely
false.
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
McClellan
Summation
Index
(lower
panel)
during
20082010.
The
chart
above
shows
multiple
combinations
of
signals,
a
zero-line
resistance
marked
with
a
blue
circle
at
the
extreme
left
side.
That
was
followed
by
a
significant
decline.
At
the
beginning
of
2009,
a
triple
+ve
divergence
showed
that
there
is
strength
in
the
market,
and
a
significant
rise
followed.
Later
in
Sep
2009,
a
new
ve
divergence
signal
occurred,
marking
the
end
of
the
current
uptrend.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 62 of 124
Page 63 of 124
Divergences
Like
the
A/D
line
or
the
McClellan
Summation
Index,
the
MT
index
will
signal
+ve/-ve
divergences
that,
once
correctly
recognized
and
applied,
will
provide
the
technician
with
great
value.
EGX (30) (upper panel) and market thrust index (MT) (lower panel) during 20062009.
Page 64 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
market
thrust
index
(MT)
(lower
panel)
during
20082010.
The
chart
shows
how
the
MT
is
a
trend-following
indicator
and
hence,
general
trend
analysis
like
trend
analysis/breakouts
can
be
easily
applied.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 65 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
market
thrust
index
(MT)
(lower
panel)
during
20112012.
A
clear
resistance
breakout
that,
if
added
to
the
prior
example
of
positive
divergence
(both
happened
at
nearly
the
same
time),
will
provide
enough
evidence
that
EGX
(30)
may
reverse
direction
to
the
upside.
EGX
(30)
rallied
from
4,000
to
5,500
over
the
next
few
weeks.
First,
it
is
bounded
both
to
the
downside
and
the
upside.
As
we
know,
the
TRIN
is
bounded
for
up
days
and
unbounded
for
down
days.
Second,
the
TO
identifies
clearly
strong
upward
markets
and
strong
downward
markets
as
it
uses
advancing
issues
and
advancing
volume
in
one
part
of
the
equation,
and
uses
declining
issues
and
volume
in
the
other
part.
So
it
is
more
consistent
by
providing
normalized
volume
flows.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 66 of 124
Divergences
The
thrust
oscillator
can
track
divergences
with
price
action.
We
recommend
waiting
for
a
price
confirmation
after
such
divergences,
as
they
may
not
always
lead
to
profitable
moves.
False
divergences
can
occur
sometimes,
so
waiting
for
confirmation
is
required.
Obviously,
divergences
that
occur
in
the
same
direction
of
the
major
trend
are
more
significant.
EGX (30) (upper panel) and thrust oscillator (TO) (lower panel) during 20082010.
Page 67 of 124
Page 68 of 124
Zero
crossovers
Divergences
Overbought
and
oversold
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
NH-NL
oscillator
(lower
panel)
during
20082013.
OB/OS
extremes
are
marked
above
with
a
small
blue
circle.
Most
of
those
levels
are
marked
either
medium-
term
highs
or
lows.
Page 69 of 124
NYSE
NH-NL
index
during
20082012.
Two
extreme
values
marked
the
2009
and
2012
major
lows.
Upside-Downside
Volume
The
Up
Volume/Down
Volume
Line
is
a
very
simple
indicator
that
is
constructed
by
plotting
the
daily
difference
between
the
upside
volume
and
the
downside
volume
of
the
total
issues
for
a
specific
market
index.
Upside
Volume
is
the
advancing
volume
(AV)
that
accompanies
advancing
issues
in
a
certain
day.
Downside
Volume
is
the
declining
volume
(DV)
that
accompanies
declining
issues
in
a
certain
day.
Using
the
analogy
that
volume
precedes
price,
the
Up
Volume/Down
Volume
Line,
should
be
used
in
the
same
manner
as
the
Advance
Decline
line,
divergences
and
trend
lines
are
most
valuable
when
using
such
indicator.
Further
derivatives
or
smoothing
will
help
reduce
noise,
provided
that
the
raw
plot
is
not
clear
enough.
Some
technicians
like
to
smooth
the
data
by
using
a
10-day
or
20-day
moving
average;
others
use
two
different
moving
averages
and
trade
on
crossovers
between
these
two
averages.
Page 70 of 124
2.
3.
Calculate advancingdeclining and then smooth the outcome with 10/20-day moving average.
Zero
Crossovers
Divergences
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
Up/Dn
Volume
(lower
panel)
during
Aug
2012Aug
2013.
Several
signals
marked
above,
divergences,
zero
crossovers,
zero
line
acting
as
support,
S/R
breakouts.
Using
a
certain
moving
average
as
a
breadth
indicator
Combining
moving
averages
with
breadth
indicators
is
not
a
new
idea.
Several
pioneers
in
the
field
used
moving
averages
in
many
different
ways
to
enhance
most
breadth
indicators.
Some
used
them
to
smooth
choppy
breadth
indicators;
others
used
them
to
construct
a
signal
line
for
the
main
breadth
indicator,
for
the
purpose
of
timing
adjustment.
A
new
technique
can
be
applied
using
a
long-term
moving
average;
for
example,
a
50-day
moving
average,
where
we
calculate
the
number
of
stocks
above/below
the
moving
average
and
plot
a
cumulative
line
that
represents
the
difference.
Such
a
line
will
oscillate
around
the
50%
line,
with
a
maximum
boundary
of
100%
and
minimum
boundary
of
0%.
Naturally,
when
the
line
value
is
close
to
zero,
the
market
is
oversold
and
we
should
be
looking
for
rebounds
and
vice
versa
for
the
100%
line.
The
psychology
behind
such
a
method
is
quite
simple;
the
numbers
provided
reflect
the
underlying
psychology
of
the
market
participants:
high
percentages
of
stocks
above
a
certain
moving
average
at
first
sight
reflect
bullishness
and
strong
buyers
controlling
that
specific
market.
But
from
the
contrary
point
of
view,
those
high
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 71 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
Up
/
Dn
Volume
(lower
panel)
during
20092010.
50%
crossover
The
50%
line
is
the
balance
zone;
crossing
above/below
it
provides
additional
useful
information.
Prior
to
the
cross,
it
is
already
clear
that
The
Indicator
is
rising,
showing
that
there
is
a
flow
of
liquidity
into
the
market
under
study,
as
more
stocks
are
joining
the
underlying
rise.
Such
information,
as
valuable
as
it
is,
does
not
indicate
that
the
liquidity
going
into
the
market
is
greater
than
the
liquidity
going
out
of
the
market.
Once
By
the
time
The
Indicator
crosses
above
the
50%
line,
it
is
clear
beyond
a
doubt,
that
the
number
of
stocks
above
the
moving
average
is
greater
than
the
number
of
stocks
below
it.
Accordingly,
it
is
quite
safe
to
assume
that
the
liquidity
going
in
is
greater
than
that
going
out
of
the
market.
After
all,
a
bull
market
will
take
many,
if
not
most,
stocks
with
it.
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 72 of 124
Dow
Jones
Industrial
Average
(DJI)
-
Daily
Chart
(Oct
2007
to
Oct
2008)
From
the
chart
above,
applying
the
previous
tactic
without
properly
identifying
the
underlying
price
trend
will
be
quite
confusing
and
will
generate
a
lot
of
whipsaws.
The
Indicator
crossed
above/below
the
50%
line
several
times.
All
the
highlighted
crosses
caused
whipsaws
and
much
confusion.
A
better
tactic
is
to
identify
the
underlying
medium-term
trend
first,
then
use
the
50%
zone
in
that
context.
From
October
2007
through
October
2008,
The
DJI
medium-term
trend
was
bearish;
if
we
applied
the
same
crosses,
but
in
the
direction
of
the
underlying
medium-term
trend,
all
the
crosses
below
will
represent
a
good
setup
for
selling,
while
the
crosses
above
will
be
completely
ignored.
Accordingly,
it
is
quite
essential
to
use
The
Indicator
in
the
same
direction
as
the
underlying
medium-term
trend.
During
uptrend
Once
the
underlying
medium-term
trend
is
properly
identified,
The
Indicator
will
be
used
to
provide
a
setup
for
buying
only,
while
other
contradicting
setups
will
be
completely
ignored.
Page 73 of 124
EURO
STOXX
Index
(STOXX50E)
Daily
Chart
(Mar
2005
to
Feb
2006)
From
the
chart
example
above,
The
Indicator
crossed
below
the
50%
line
twice
(labels
1
and
3),
and
both
sell
setups
were
ignored
because
the
medium-term
uptrend
was
intact.
The
Indicator
crossed
above
the
50%
line
twice
(labels
2
and
4),
and
both
buy
setups
constitute
a
valid
uptrend
setup
and
were
taken
into
account
for
the
sake
of
the
medium-term
uptrend.
During
downtrend
Again,
the
underlying
medium-term
trend
must
be
properly
identified.
The
Indicator
will
be
used
to
provide
a
setup
for
selling
only,
while
other
contradicting
setups
will
be
completely
ignored.
EURO
STOXX
Index
(STOXX50E)
Daily
Chart
(Oct
2007
to
Oct
2008)
Page 74 of 124
Dow
Jones
Industrial
Average
(DJI)
Daily
Chart
(Jan
1979
to
Dec
1979)
From
the
chart
above,
during
sideway
trends,
The
Indicator
behavior
will
not
permit
for
a
proper
buy/sell
setup
to
put
into
action.
Divergences
Divergence
is
valuable
tool
in
the
technical
analysis
arsenal.
Identifying
divergence
between
price
action
and
indicators
reveals
hidden
strength
or
weakness
within
the
underlying
trend.
Positive
divergence
indicates
hidden
strength
when
in
a
bearish
situation,
while
negative
divergence
reveals
weakness
during
bullish
circumstances.
Applying
divergence
analysis
on
breadth
indicators
can
be
quite
valuable
once
the
underlying
medium-term
trend
is
properly
identified.
A
positive
divergence
between
The
Indicator
and
price
action
is
set
once
the
index
under
study
is
forming
a
lower
low
formation,
during
which
The
Indicator
is
simply
rising
or
forming
higher
lows.
Such
Page 75 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
%
above
50-day
moving
average
(lower
panel)
during
20092010.
The
chart
above
marks
two
divergences
(-ve
and
+);
both
signals
triggered
significant
rallies
within
the
next
few
weeks.
Extreme
overbought/oversold
The
Indicator
is
very
useful
when
it
reaches
overbought
levels
and
then
begins
to
turn
down,
or
reaches
oversold
levels
and
turns
up
afterward.
As
we
know,
it
is
a
bounded
oscillator
between
0
and
100,
so
overbought
and
oversold
zones
can
be
easily
marked.
Usually,
the
zone
from
80
to
100
zone
is
considered
overbought
and
from
0
to
20
is
considered
oversold.
After
all,
if
20%
or
less
of
the
stocks
are
above
the
selected
moving
average,
this
is
considered
an
extreme
oversold
situation,
and
the
market
must
be
declining
for
quite
some
time.
On
the
other
hand,
if
80%
or
more
of
the
stocks
are
above
the
selected
moving
average,
this
is
considered
an
extreme
overbought
situation,
and
the
market
must
be
rising
for
some
time.
The
most
important
thing
to
understand
and
expect
is
that
The
Indicator
may
and
will
stay
within
this
oversold/overbought
zones
for
some
time
without
triggering
any
reversals,
and
any
action
must
be
accompanied
and
confirmed
by
price
action.
Page 76 of 124
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
%
above
50-day
moving
average
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Overbought
zone
is
marked
in
red;
the
indicator
can
stay
for
a
while
within
the
overbought
zone,
but
once
it
breaks
below
the
zone
and
the
price
action
confirms
such
a
move,
prices
will
most
probably
decline
for
a
while.
EGX
(30)
(upper
panel)
and
%
above
50-day
moving
average
(lower
panel)
during
20122013.
Oversold
zone
marked
in
green.
Every
time
the
indicator
reaches
the
0
to
20
zone
and
breaks
above
the
20
level
to
upside
once
more,
a
significant
market
rally
follows.
Page 77 of 124
Using
types
of
data
other
than
price
and
volume
provides
a
deeper
overview
for
market
strength,
so
different
from
the
standard
price
chart.
Breadth analysis is concerned only with major indices, sectors, or industry groups.
Breadth treats each stock the same, regardless of price, number of shares or even volume.
It
is
usually
a
leading
type
of
analysis,
which
provides
valuable
information
for
the
purpose
of
forecasting
trend
reversals.
Breadth
analysis
is
flexible
enough
to
allow
for
several
techniques
and
strategies,
which
is
very
essential
due
to
market
alternations.
Being
leading
has
its
own
limitations
for
providing
signals
too
early,
but
this
can
be
adjusted
by
enforcing
conventional
technical
analysis
methodology
such
as
support/resistance,
momentum
concept
and
market
psychology.
Most
of
market
breadth
indicators
are
better
used
in
the
smoothed
form
rather
than
the
raw
form,
which
some
may
consider
a
minor
limitation.
Breadth
data
seems
to
be
inconsistent
among
the
data
providers.
In
emerging
markets
it
is
even
hard
to
acquire
breadth
data.
Page 78 of 124
Calculation
of
TRIN
The
logic
of
the
calculation
is
to
see
whether
or
not
advancing
stocks
are
gaining
more
volume
than
declining
stocks.
In
a
strong
upward
market,
advancing
stocks
should
gain
more
than
their
share
of
the
volume.
During
a
declining
market,
declining
stocks
gain
more
than
their
share
of
the
volume.
What
does
this
mean?
The
calculation
is
as
follows:
(A/D)/(AV/DV)
where
A=
advancing
issues
D=
declining
issues
AV
=
total
volume
of
advancing
issues
DV=
total
volume
of
declining
issues
We
divide
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
stocks
by
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
volume.
So
if
A/D
is
bigger
than
AV/DV,
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
stocks
is
bigger
than
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
volume,
which
means
that
volume
is
biased
to
declining
stocks.
On
the
other
hand,
if
A/D
is
smaller
than
AV/DV
it
means
that
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
stocks
(numerator)
is
smaller
than
the
ratio
of
advancing
to
declining
volume
(denominator).
Volume
in
this
case
is
biased
to
the
upsidemore
volume
with
advancing
stocks.
For
example,
if
50
stocks
rose
and
35
declined,
the
volume
of
advancing
stocks
(the
50
stocks)
is
1.5
million,
while
volume
of
declining
stocks
is
500,000.
Then
TRIN
is:
(50/35)/(1,500,000/500,000)
=
1.428
/
3
=
0.476
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 79 of 124
Page 80 of 124
The
chart
above
shows
the
S&P
along
with
the
TRIN.
We
have
defined
1.75
and
0.5
as
oversold
and
overbought.
As
we
can
see,
values
that
spiked
sharply
above
1.75
served
as
good
buying
opportunities.
The
major
trend
was
up;
this
is
why
low
numbers
did
not
serve
as
strong
overbought
areas.
Many
times,
the
TRIN
declined
temporarily
below
0.5
and
rose,
but
the
market
continued
its
rise
without
witnessing
a
significant
decline.
2- Using
a
moving
average
of
the
TRIN
A
10-day
moving
average
is
usually
used
to
define
overbought
and
oversold
levels.
Using
a
moving
average
of
the
TRIN
has
the
advantage
of
reducing
the
noise
of
the
raw
data.
Overbought
and
oversold
levels
will
be
altered
to
0.7
and
1.2,
respectively.
Obviously,
these
levels
can
also
be
altered.
Page 81 of 124
NASDAQ
10 days MA TRIN
The
chart
above
shows
the
NASDAQ
along
with
a
10-day
moving
average
of
the
TRIN.
The
scale
on
the
left
belongs
to
NASDAQ,
while
the
one
on
the
right
belongs
to
the
TRIN.
As
we
can
see,
signals
are
easier
to
detect
than
those
triggered
by
using
the
raw
indicator.
Overbought
and
oversold
levels
are
placed
at
around
0.7
and
1.2,
respectively.
Note
that
when
the
TRIN
violated
0.7
to
the
downside,
it
coincided
with
a
short-term
top.
A
break
above
1.21.3
also
signalled
a
bottom.
The
indicator,
however,
sometimes
stays
in
the
oversold
area
for
longer
periods
of
time.
In
his
book
Technical
Analysis
of
the
Financial
Markets,
Murphy
mentioned
that
we
can
use
a
double
crossover
method.
He
advised
using
21-day
and
55-day
moving
averages
of
the
TRIN.
Using
two
moving
average
crossovers
with
an
oscillator
has
the
pitfall
of
generating
whipsaws.
Page 82 of 124
21 and 55 MA
crossover
Page 83 of 124
The
chart
above
shows
the
S&P
500
along
with
a
10-day
moving
average
of
the
TRIN.
As
we
can
see,
the
overbought
area
lies
between
0.75
and
0.95,
while
the
oversold
area
lies
above
1.5.
Both
times
when
the
indicator
surpassed
1.5,
a
significant
bottom
appeared
in
the
S&P.
If
we
look
at
the
right
edge
of
the
chart,
we
will
see
the
indicator
making
a
higher
low
(bearish)
while
the
S&P
was
trying
to
find
resistance.
Page 84 of 124
From
the
top,
NYSE
Index,
NYSE
Arms
Index,
NYSE
4-day
moving
average,
NYSE
10-day
moving
average,
during
20022004.
Overbought/Oversold
levels
are
clearly
marked
on
the
three
indicators,
with
the
4-day
moving
average
providing
the
best
signals.
Pitfalls of TRIN
1.
TRIN
is
bounded
for
up
days
and
unbounded
for
down
days.
The
index
could
only
go
from
1
to
zero
in
the
bullish
direction,
while
it
can
go
to
infinity
in
the
bearish
direction.
2.
The
equation
is
not
consistent.
Advancing
issue
with
declining
volume
on
one
side,
while
declining
issues
with
advancing
volume
in
the
other
side.
As
a
result,
TRIN
will
not
identify
strong
up
days
or
strong
down
days
properly.
Page 85 of 124
Page 86 of 124
Page 87 of 124
A
B
2)
Price
filtration
We
already
use
price
filtration
in
the
regular
time
series
charting.
The
weekly
chart
for
example
is
a
kind
of
filtration.
It
filters
all
the
volatility
and
noise
of
the
five
working
days
and
merges
them
into
only
one
bar
or
candle.
In
Point
and
Figure
P&F
we
use
many
types
of
filtration,
but
the
most
important
are:
Box
size
which
filters
the
price
by
ignoring
any
movement
below
certain
amplitude
chosen
in
advance.
Box
Reversal
filters
moves
against
the
direction
of
the
current
column
or
prevailing
trend.
3)
System
System
is:
A
set
of
interacting
or
interdependent
components
forming
an
integrated
whole.
This
definition
is
fully
in
line
with
P&F
charting.
In
P&F
there
are
three
main
components
that
should
be
interacting
harmoniously
in
order
to
get
the
right
output
or
the
right
chart.
These
components
are:
1)
Input
Variables
2)
Box
Size
3)
Box
Reversal
Figure
1:
Point
and
Figure
Components
Any
change
in
one
of
the
components
may
force
us
to
make
a
change
in
one
of
the
other
components
or
both
of
them
in
order
to
get
a
suitable/perfect
output
or
chart.
It
means
that
it
is
always
required
to
search
for
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
Page 88 of 124
Page 89 of 124
Figure
2:
Early
Point
and
Figure
Chart
Page 90 of 124
Figure
3:
Modern
Point
and
Figure
Chart
Page 91 of 124
Page 92 of 124
Page 93 of 124
The
figure
above
illustrates
the
full
process
to
get
the
P&F
chart.
First
of
all
analyst
should
select
between
tick-
by-tick
prices
which
is
preferred
or
any
end-of-interval
time
frame
1
minute,
5
minutes,
half
an
hour,
daily
or
even
weekly
price
input
then
analyst
should
select
between
Hi/Lo
Method
or
Close
Only
method
depending
on
the
degree
of
filtration
needed.
I
usually
prefer
Hi/Lo
Method
when
determining
supports
and
resistances
is
important
at
certain
stage.
But
Close
Only
Method
is
more
important
when
breaking
confirmation
is
needed
at
other
stages.
Depending
on
Time
Horizon
needed
and
instrument
Volatility
we
select
the
suitable
box
size
and
box
reversal.
If
you
are
facing
a
volatility
issue
it
will
be
better
to
decide
Box
Size
first
but
if
the
time
horizon
is
your
aim
so
lets
start
with
Box
Reversal.
These
factors
are
totally
tied
with
input
variables.
As
we
mentioned
before
its
a
system
and
all
factors
are
subject
to
be
homogenously
tuned
in
order
to
get
the
suitable
and
perfect
chart.
Page 94 of 124
Page 95 of 124
Page 96 of 124
Page 97 of 124
Page 98 of 124
Page 99 of 124
A
downtrend
terminates
when
the
previous
high
is
broken.
It
is
confirmed
that
the
market
has
hit
a
bottom
when
a
higher
low
is
formed.
(Fig.
9)
The
wave
from
A
to
B
is
an
"I
wave".
The
wave
from
B
to
C
is
also
an
I
wave.
The
wave
from
A
to
C
is
a
V
wave.
The
wave
from
B
to
E
is
an
N
wave.
The
wave
from
E
to
J
is
an
N
wave
structured
upward.
The
uptrend
would
terminate
if
the
price
fell
below
the
low
I.
N
projection:
The
targets
can
be
calculated
by
adding
the
distance
of
the
previous
upleg
(from
A
to
B),
or
its
whole
number
multiples,
to
the
low
at
C.
N1
=
C
+
(B
A)
=
2,472
+
(2,690
2,330)
=
2,832
N2
=
C
+
(B
A)
x
2
=
2,472
+
(2,690
2,330)
x
2
=
3,192
N3
=
C
+
(B
A)
x
3
=
2,472
+
(2,690
2,330)
x
3
=
3,552
E
projection:
The
targets
can
be
calculated
by
adding
the
distance
of
the
previous
upleg
(from
A
to
B),
or
its
whole-number
multiples,
to
the
high
at
B.
E1
=
B
+
(B
A)
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,330)
=
3,050
E2
=
B
+
(B
A)
x
2
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,330)
x
2
=
3,410
E3
=
B
+
(B
A)
x
3
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,330)
x
3
=
3,770
V
projection:
The
targets
can
be
calculated
by
adding
the
distance
of
the
previous
downleg
(from
B
to
C),
or
its
whole-number
multiples,
to
the
high
at
B.
V1
=
B
+
(B
C)
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,472)
=
2,908
V2
=
B
+
(B
C)
x
2
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,472)
x
2
=
3,126
V3
=
B
+
(B
C)
x
3
=
2,690
+
(2,690
2,472)
x
3
=
3,344
NT
projection:
The
targets
can
be
calculated
by
adding
the
distance
of
the
previous
downleg
(from
A
to
C),
or
its
whole-number
multiples,
to
the
low
at
C.
V1
=
C
+
(C
A)
=
2,472
+
(2,472
2,330)
=
2,614
V2
=
C
+
(C
A)
x
2
=
2,472
+
(2,472
2,330)
x
2
=
2,756
V3
=
C
+
(C
A)
x
3
=
2,472
+
(2,472
2,330)
x
3
=
2,898
The
NT
projection
is
not
displayed
on
the
chart,
as
it
was
not
adequate
to
use
this
projection
method
in
this
particular
case.
I
will
not
show
all
the
target
values
projected
by
all
the
projection
methods
discussed
above,
only
the
ones
that
looked
relevant
in
this
particular
case.
The
target
prices
projected
by
the
E
projection
method
using
the
first
low
(A)
and
the
first
intermediate
high
(B)
are:
E1
=
B
+
(B
A)
=
131
+
(131
114)
=
148
E2
=
B
+
(B
A)
x
2
=
131
+
(131
114)
x
2
=
165
E3
=
B
+
(B
A)
x
3
=
131
+
(131
114)
x
3
=
182
The
target
prices
projected
by
the
V
projection
method
using
the
first
intermediate
high
(B)
and
the
secondary
low
(C)
are:
V1
=
B
+
(B
C)
=
131
+
(131
116)
=
146
V2
=
B
+
(B
C)
x
2
=
131
+
(131
116)
x
2
=
161
V3
=
B
+
(B
-
C)
x
3
=
131
+
(131
-
116)
x
3
=
176
Last
updated:
22.08.14
11:22
AM
There
were
95
trading
days
between
the
top
A
(February
21)
and
the
top
C
(July
8).
Adding
this
number
of
days
(95)
to
the
date
of
the
top
C,
a
Reversal
date
was
projected
at
November
25.
There
were
79
trading
days
between
the
low
B
and
the
top
C.
Adding
this
number
of
days
(79)
to
the
date
of
the
top
C,
a
Reversal
date
was
projected
at
November
1.
On
October
28
(Fri),
just
two
trading
days
off
from
the
projected
Reversal
date
of
November
1
(Tue),
the
market
hit
a
considerable
intermediate
top
(E).
On November 25, the exact projected Reversal date, the Nikkei hit a major low (F).