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VASCULAR ACCIDENT)
INTRODUCTION
Cerebrovascular disorders is any functional
abnormality of the central nervous system
(CNS) that occurs when the normal blood
supply to the brain is disrupted. Stroke is the
primary Cerebrovascular disorder in the
United States and in the world. stroke is still
the third leading cause of death.
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DEFINITION
A stroke, or Cerebrovascular accident (CVA),
occurs when blood supply to part of the brain
is disrupted, causing brain cells to die.
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INCIDENCE
AGE : The percentage is higher for people age
65 and older. Of those who survive, 50% to
70% will be functioning independent and 15%
to 30% will live with permanent disability.
SEX : Stroke is more common in men than in
women.
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RACE
African american have a higher incidence of strokes than whites.
This high incidence may be related to increase rate of hypertension,
diabetes mellitus and sickle cell anemia in african americans.
African americans also have a higher incidence of smoking and
obesity than white, which are two other risk factors for stroke.
African american are twice as likely to die from a strokes as white.
COUNTRY :
An estimated 700,000 person in the united states and 50,000 in
canada suffer a stroke annually.
Stroke is the third most commen cause of the death in the united
states and canada, behind cancer and heart disease.
In canada about 16,000 die from stroke each year, while in united
states there are over 160,000 deaths from strokes.
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ETIOLOGY
Nonmodifiable risk factors :
Age : more than 65 yr
Gender : More in men than women
Race : African American
Family history : Heredity
Modifiable risk factors :
Hypertension
Heart disease
Smoking
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Causes
Vessel wall embolus
Carotid artery most often the source
Related to thrombus formation distal to stenosis
Cardiac source
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vascular sources
Intracranial artery thrombus (esp. AfricanAmericans)
Aortic arch atherosclerotic Plaque
Transient hypotension with Carotid Stenosis
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TYPES OF STROKE
Strokes are classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic
based on the underlying pathophysiologic
findings.
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Ischemic stroke
An ischemic stroke result from inadequate
blood flow to the brain from partial or
complete occlusion of an artery. These
account for approximately 80% of all strokes.
Ischemic stroke are further divided into
thrombotic and embolic.
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Thrombotic stroke
A thrombotic stroke occurs from injury to a blood
vessels wall and formation of a blood clot. The
lumen of the blood vessel becomes narrowed
and if it becomes occluded, infarction occur.
Thrombosis
develops
readily
where
atherosclerotic plaques have already narrowed
blood vessels. Thrombotic stroke, which is the
result of thrombosis or narrowed blood vessel, is
the most common cause of stroke. Two third of
thrombotic strokes are associated with
hypertension or diabetes mellitus
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Embolic stroke
Another type of stroke may occur when a
blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque
(cholesterol and calcium deposits on the wall
of the inside of the heart or artery) breaks
loose, travels through the bloodstream and
lodges in an artery in the brain. When blood
flow stops, brain cells do not receive the
oxygen and glucose they require to function
and a stroke occurs. This type of stroke is
referred to as an embolic stroke.
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Visual Field Deficits :
Homonymous hemianopsia (loss of half of the visual field)
- Unaware of persons or objects on side of visual loss
- Neglect of one side of the body
- Difficulty judging distances
Loss of peripheral vision
-Difficulty seeing at night
- Unaware of objects or the borders of objects
Diplopia
-Double vision
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Motor Deficits
Hemiparesis
Weakness of the face, arm, and leg non the same side (due to a
lesion in the opposite hemisphere)
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of the face, arm, and leg on the same side (due to a lesion
in the opposite hemisphere)
Ataxia
Defective muscular co-ordination, unsteady gait Unable to keep
feet together; needs a broad base to stand
Dysarthria
Difficulty in forming words
Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
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Sensory Deficits
Paresthesia (occurs on the side opposite the
lesion)
Numbness and tingling of Extremity
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Verbal Deficits
Expressive aphasia
Unable to form words that are understandable;
may be able to speak in single-word responses
Receptive aphasia
Unable to comprehend the spoken word; can
speak but may not make sense
Global (mixed) aphasia
Combination of both receptive and expressive
aphasia
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Cognitive Deficits
Short- and long-term memory loss
Decreased attention span
Impaired ability to concentrate
Poor abstract reasoning
Altered judgment
Emotional Deficits
Loss of self-control
Emotional lability
Decreased tolerance to stressful situations
Depression
Withdrawal
Fear, hostility, and anger
Feelings of isolation
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PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
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MOTOR FUNCTION :
-Voluntary movement
-Reflexive movement : Biceps, Triceps, Patellar,
Achilles, Planter:
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DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
Diagnosis of stroke, including extent of
involvement
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CT SCAN
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Cerebral angiography
Digital subtraction angiography
Doppler ultrasonography
Transcranial Doppler
Carotid duplex
Carotid angiography
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Cardiac assessment
Electrocardiography
Chest x-ray
Cardiac enzymes
Holter monitor
Additional studies
Complete blood count
Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time
Electrolytes
Blood glucose level
Renal and hepatic studies
Lipid profile
Arterial blood gases analysis
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MANAGEMENT :
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT :
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Surgical management
Carotid endarterectomy : Removal of an
atherosclerotic plaque or thrombus from the carotid
artery to prevent stroke in patients with occlusive
disease of the extracranial cerebral arteries. This
surgery is indicated for patients with symptoms of
TIA or mild stroke found to be due to severe (70% to
99%) carotid artery stenosis or moderate (50% to
69%) stenosis with other significant risk factors.
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NURSING MANAGEMENT
ASSESSMENT
Assess the level of consciousness or responsiveness as
evidenced by movement, resistance to changes of
position, and response to stimulation; orientation to time,
place, and person
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NURSING DIAGNOSES
Impaired physical mobility related to hemiparesis, loss
of balance and coordination, spasticity, and brain
injury
Acute pain related to hemiplegia and disuse of
extrimity
Self-care deficits (hygiene, toileting, grooming, and
feeding) related to stroke
Disturbed sensory perception related to altered
sensory reception, transmission, and/or integration
Impaired swallowing
Incontinence related to flaccid bladder, detrusor
instability, confusion, or difficulty in communicating
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Hemorrhagic strokes
Hemorrhagic strokes account for 15% of
cerebrovascular disorders and are primarily
caused by an intracranial or subarachnoid
hemorrhage
Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by bleeding into
the brain tissue, the ventricles, or the
subarachnoid space. Primary intracerebral
hemorrhage from a spontaneous rupture of small
vessels accounts for approximately 80% of
hemorrhagic strokes and is primarily caused by
uncontrolled hypertension
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Pathophysiology
Etiological factors
increase in ICP resulting from the sudden entry of blood into the subarachnoid
space,
injures brain tissue; or by secondary ischemia of the brain resulting from the
reduced perfusion pressure
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TYPE OF HEMORRHAGE
INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
An intracerebral haemorrhage, or bleeding into the brain
substance, is most common in patients with hypertension and
cerebral atherosclerosis because degenerative changes from
these diseases cause rupture of the vessel.
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SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE :
A subarachnoid hemorrhage (hemorrhage into
the subarachnoid space) may occur as a result
trauma, or hypertension.
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Severe headache
Loss of consciousness
Rigidity of the back and neck (nuchal rigidity)
Pain in spine due to meningeal irritation
Visual disturbance (visual loss, diplopia,
ptosis)
Dizziness
Hemiparesis
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SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Craniotomy : Many patients with a primary
intracerebral hemorrhage are not treated
surgically. However, surgical evacuation is
strongly recommended for the patient with a
cerebellar hemorrhage if the diameter
exceeds 3 cm. Surgical evacuation is most
frequently accomplished via a craniotomy.
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NURSING DIAGNOSIS :
Ineffective cerebral tissue perfusion related to
bleeding
Disturbed sensory perception related to
medically imposed restrictions (aneurysm
precautions)
Anxiety related to illness and/or medically
imposed restrictions (aneurysm precaution)
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HOME CARE
Discuss measures to prevent subsequent strokes.
Identify signs and symptoms of specific
complications.
Identify potential complications and discuss
measures to prevent them (blood clots, aspiration,
pneumonia, urinary tract infection, fecal impaction,
skin breakdown, contracture).
Identify psychosocial consequences of stroke and
appropriate interventions.
Identify safety measures to prevent falls.
State names, doses, indications, and side effects of
medications.
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THANK YOU
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