Present Perfect (Presente perfecto)

El presente perfecto equivale ms o menos al pretrito perfecto del espaol. Veremos las
diferencias en la seccin sobre usos. En general, es una mezcla entre el presente y el
pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el pasado que tienen importancia en el presente.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar "to have" en el presente y el
participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el participio pasado es la forma simple
del pasado. Ver la leccin sobre el pasado simple para ms informacin sobre como formar
el pasado.
Subject

Auxiliary Short Form

I've, you've, we've,
I, You, We, Theyhave
they've
He, She, It

has

Present Perfect
Affirmative

he's, she's, it's

Interrogative

Past Participle
talked, learned,
traveled...
talked, learned,
traveled...
Negative

I have eaten.

Have I eaten?

I have not eaten.

You have eaten.

Have you eaten?

You have not eaten.

He/She/It has eaten.

Has he/she/it eaten?

He/She/It has not eaten.

We have eaten.

Have we eaten?

We have not eaten.

You have eaten.

Have you eaten?

You have not eaten.

They have eaten.

Have they eaten?

They have not eaten.

Positive

Negative

Question

I have traveled.

I have not traveled.

Have I traveled?

You have

You have not

Have you

We have traveled.

We have not

Have we

They have not

Have they

He has not traveled.

Has he traveled?

traveled.

They have

traveled.

He has traveled.

traveled.
traveled.
traveled.

traveled?
traveled?
traveled?

 She has traveled.

She has not traveled.

Has she traveled?

It has traveled.

It has not traveled.

Has it traveled?

Infinitive

Simple Past

Past Participle

Spanish

answer

answered

answered

responder

arrive

arrived

arrived

llegar

ask

asked

asked

preguntar

be i

was / were

been

ser

borrow

borrowed

borrowed

tomar prestado

break i

broke

broken

romper

buy i

bought

bought

comprar

catch i

caught

caught

atrapar

clean

cleaned

cleaned

limpiar

climb

climbed

climbed

escalar

collect

collected

collected

colleccionar

come i

came

come

venir

compose

composed

composed

componer

cook

cooked

cooked

cocinar

cut i

cut

cut

cortar

dance

danced

danced

bailar

describe

described

described

describir

discover

discovered

discovered

descubrir

do i

did

done

hacer

drink i

drank

drunk

beber

drive i

drove

driven

conducir

eat i

ate

eaten

comer

enjoy

enjoyed

enjoyed

disfrutar

fall i

fell

fallen

caer

feel i

felt

felt

sentir

find i

found

found

encontrar

fly i

flew

flown

volar

forget i

forgot

forgotten

olvidar

give i

gave

given

dar

go i

went

gone

ir

happen

happened

happened

suceder

have i

had

had

tener

help

helped

helped

ayudar

hurt i

hurt

hurt

herir, doler

invent

invented

invented

inventar

invite

invited

invited

invitar

kill

killed

killed

matar

know i

knew

known

saber

lend i

lent

lent

prestar

leave i

left

left

dejar

lie i

lay

lain

yacer

like

liked

liked

gustar

live

lived

lived

vivir

look

looked

looked

mirar

love

loved

loved

amar

make i

made

made

hacer

meet i

met

met

conocer, encontrar

miss

missed

missed

perder, extraar

open

opened

opened

abrir

pack

packed

packed

empacar

pay i

paid

paid

pagar

phone

phoned

phoned

llamar por telfono

play

played

played

jugar

prefer

preferred

preferred

preferir

prepare

prepared

prepared

preparar

push

pushed

pushed

empujar

put i

put

put

poner

rain

rained

rained

llover

read i

read

read

leer

remember

remembered

remembered

recordar

rent

rented

rented

alquilar

rescue

rescued

rescued

rescatar

return

returned

returned

volver, devolver

ring i

rang

rung

llamar por telfono

save

saved

saved

ahorrar

say i

said

said

decir

search

searched

searched

buscar

see i

saw

seen

ver

sell i

sold

sold

vender

sit i

sat

sat

sentarse

skate

skated

skated

patinar

ski

skied

skied

esquiar

sleep i

slept

slept

dormir

smell

smelled

smelled

oler

speak i

spoke

spoken

hablar

spend i

spent

spent

gastar

start

started

started

comenzar

stay

stayed

stayed

quedarse

stop

stopped

stopped

detener

study

studied

studied

estudiar

survive

survived

survived

sobrevivir

swim i

swam

swum

nadar

take i

took

taken

tomar

talk

talked

talked

hablar

teach i

taught

taught

ensear

tell i

told

told

decir

think i

thought

thought

pensar

throw i

threw

thrown

lanzar

touch

touched

touched

tocar

try

tried

tried

intentar

understand i

understood

understood

entender

use

used

used

usar

visit

visited

visited

visitar

wait

waited

waited

esperar

walk

walked

walked

caminar

want

wanted

wanted

querer

wash

washed

washed

lavar

watch

watched

watched

mirar

wear i

wore

worn

llevar puesto

work

worked

worked

trabajar

write i

wrote

written

escribir

Future Perfect Tense Example Sentences

An action that will happen before another action in the future:
Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets home.
She will have gotten ready by the time they leave the house.
Laura will have cleaned out the apartment before she gives back the key.
By the time I get home, Zoe will have cooked dinner for both of us.
The robbers will have taken all the money by the time anyone arrives.

An action that will happen before a specific time in the future:

By the time he graduates, he will have completed five years of study.
The snow will have stopped by April.

We will have returned home by five o'clock.

By tomorrow, their life will have changed completely.
We are on vacation. So by the time we get back, we will have rested and relaxed.
Her heel will have fully healed by the summer.
By next month, you will have received your promotion.
By the time he wakes up, we will have prepared lunch for everyone.

A state that will continue up to some time in the future

(Note: this is a broader use of this tense. It is usually used with states, not
actions):
Next Monday we will have been married for ten years.
Tomorrow Justin will have been single for a whole week.
In September I will have lived here for eight years.
Luke will have been sick for two weeks tomorrow.
Next week you will have had this car for twenty five years!

he abierto

I have opened

se ha acostado

he has gone to bed

me he afeitado

I have shaved

has almorzado?

Have you eaten lunch?


ha aadido algo

he has added something

he apagado las luces

I have turned off the lights

hemos aprendido mucho

we have learned a lot

han ayudado

they have helped

ha bailado

she has danced

han bajado el autobs

they have gotten off the bus

han bajado de peso

they have lost weight

no se ha baado

she has not bathed

hemos bebido la leche

we have drunk the milk


se han besado

they have kissed each other

ha calentado la leche

he has heated up the milk

han caminado mucho

they have walked a lot

has cenado?

Have you eaten dinner?

no te has cepillado los dientes

you have not brushed your teeth

he cerrado la puerta

I have closed the door

han cocinado

they have cooked

hemos comenzado

we have started

hemos comido

we have eaten


ha comprado

she has bought

no has comprendido

you have not understood

no he contestado

I have not answered

hemos cortado

we have cut

han dado

they have given

he dado una vuelta

I have taken a ride

he dicho la verdad

I have told the truth

Has desayunado?

Have you eaten breakfast?

He desenchufado el televisor

I have unplugged el televisor


se ha despertado

he has woken up

han devuelto los libros

they have returned the books

ha encendido las luces

she has turned on the lights

ha enchufado la computadora

she has plugged in the computer

he escrito un libro

I have written a book

ha escuchado

he has listened

Han entendido?

Have you all understood?

han esperado dos horas

they have waited for two hours

hemos estacionado el coche

we have parked the car


he estado a dieta

I have been on a diet

he estudiado mucho

I have studied a lot

no ha explicado nada

he has not explained anything

han ganado

they have won

hemos hablado

we have spoken

han hecho un pastel

they have made un pastel

ha hecho una pregunta

he has asked a question

ha ido a Espaa

she has gone to Spain

se han ido

they have left


han jugado

they have played

se ha lastimado

he has hurt himself

hemos ledo diez pginas

we have read ten pages

ha levantado la mano

he has raised his hand

se ha levantado

he has gotten up

Has limpiado la casa?

Have you cleaned the house?

han llamado

they have called

ha llegado

she has arrived

ha llevado los tacos

she has taken away the tacos

Some words that begin with common digraphs or blends:

bl

br

ch

cl

cr

blab brac chain clad crab

black e chair claim crack
black brac chalk clairvo crack
berry elet chall yant
er
black brac enge clam crack
bird ket cham clamba le
black brad ber
ke crack
mail brag cham clamber pot
blacks brai pion clammy cradl
mith d chan clamor e
bladd brai ce clamp crafts
er
n chan clamsh crag
blade brak ge
ell cram
blah e chan clan cram
blame bra nel clandes p
blanc mbl chant tine cranb
he
e chap clap erry
bland bran chap clapper crane
blandi bran el clarify crane
sh
d chapt clarinet fly
blank bran er clarity crani
blank ch char clash um
et bras char clasp crank

dr

fl

drab
draft
drag
drago
n
drago
nfly
drago
on
drain
drake
dram
drama
drama
tic
drank
drape
draper
y
drastic
draw
drawb
ridge

flab
flabber
gasted
flag
flagshi
p
flail
flair
flake
flambo
yant
flame
flamin
go
flan
flank
flannel
flap
flapjac
ks
flare
flash
flashca

fr

gl

gr

pl

pr

fractio glacier grab place prairie

n
glad grace placid prance
fragile glade gracef plagia pray
fragm gladiat ul
rize precip
ent
or gracio plagu itation
fragra gladiol us
e precio
nt
us
grad plaid us
frail glamor grade plain precis
frame ous gradua plan
e
frank glamor
l
plane precoc
frantic glance gradua planet ious
fraud gland
te plank predic
fray glare graffiti plankt t
free glass graft on prepos
freeze glasses graha plant ition
freeze glaze
m planta presen
r
gleam grain in
t
freight glean gram planta presid
Frenc glee gram tion
ent
h horn glen mar plante press
frenzy glib grand
r pretzel
freque glid grandc plaqu prey
nt
glide hild
e
price

sc
scab
scab
bard
scads
scaff
old
scald
scale
scale
ne
scall
op
scalp
scalp
el
scaly
scam
scam
per
scan
scan
dal
scan

blarin s
ge
class
g brat chari classic
blarne brav ot classica
y
e chari
l
blast bra ty classifi
blatan wny char cation
t bray m classify
blaze brea chart classma
bleac ch chas
te
h brea e classro
bleac d chat om
hers brea chea clause
bleak k
p claustro
bleary brea chec phobia
bleat th
k clavich
bled brea chec ord
bleed the kers claw
bleep bred chee clay
blemi bree k
clean
sh
d cheer cleanse
blend bree chee clear
blend ze se clearan
er bre cheet ce
bless w ah
cleat
blew bria chef cleaver
blight r cherr clef
blimp brib y
cleft
blind e chess clench
blindf bric chest clergy
old
k chew clerical
blini brid chick clerk
blink e chick clever
blinke brid en
click
rs
ge chief client
blintz brie child cliff
blip f chili climate
bliss brig chim climb
blister brig e
cling
blithe ht chim clinic
blitz brill p
clink
blizza iant chin clip
rd bri china clipboa
bloat m chip
rd
blob brin chise clique
block e
l
cloak
block brin choc clobber

y drawe rd
fresh glider grandf plasm
crann r
flask fret glimm ather
a
y drawl flat frictio er
grand plaste
crash drawn flatter
n glimps mothe r
crass dread flaunt friend
e
r
plasti
crate dreadf flavor frighte glint grandp c
crate ul
flaw
n glisten arent plate
r dreadn flax
frill glitch granite platea
crave ought flay fringe glitter grant
u
craw dreadl flea frisk glitz granul platfo
fish ocks fleck frock gloat
ar
rm
crawl dream fled frog glob grapef platit
crayf dreary fledge frolic global ruit ude
ish dredge fleece from globali grapes platte
crayo dregs fleet frond zation graph
r
n dreide flesh front globe grasp platyp
craze
l
flex frontie globetr grass us
crazy drench flicker
r
otter grassh play
creak dress flier frost globul opper playg
crea dresse flight froth
ar grassla round
m
r
flimfla frothy glom
nd plaza
creas drew
m frown gloom grate plea
e dribbl flimsy frozen
y
gratef plead
creat
e
flinch frugal glorify ul pleasa
e
drier fling fruit glory grater nt
creat drift flint frump glossar gratitu please
ure driftw flip
y
y
de pleas
crede ood flipboo frustra glossy grave ure
nce drill
k
te
glove gravel pleat
credi drink flipper fry glow gravey pled
t
drip
flit
glower ard pledg
creed drive float
glucos gravit
e
creek drivel flock
e
y plenty
creep driven floe
glue gravy pliant
creep driver flog
glum gray pliers
y drive flood
glut graze plight
crepe way floodli
glutes grease plod
cresc drizzle ght
glutton great plop
ent drole floor
glutton grebe plot
cress drool flop
y greedy plove
crest drome Florida
Greek
r
crew dary florist
green plow
crew drone floss
greet pluck
cut drool flotilla
greetin plug
crib droop flound
g
plum
crick drop
er
grew plum

pride
prim
primar
y
prime
prince
prince
ss
princi
pal
princi
ple
print
prize
probe
proble
m
projec
t
prono
un
prior
privat
e
prism
prison
privac
y
privile
ge
prize
pro
proba
bly
procee
d
prod
prom
prong
prono
un
prop
propel
ler
proper
proton

ner
scant
scape
goat
scar
scara
b
scare
scare
crow
scarf
scarl
et
scary
scath
ing
scatt
er
scave
nger
scena
rio
scene
scene
ry
sceni
c
scent
scept
er
scept
ic
scien
ce
scien
tific
scien
tist
scimi
tar
scinti
lla
scinti
llate
sciss
ors

ade g olate clock

block brin choic clockwi
buster k
e
se
block bris choo clod
head k
se
clog
bloke brist chop clone
blond le chor clop
e britt e
close
blood le chos closet
bloo broa e
clot
m
d chur clothes
bloop broc ch clothes
er coli
pin
bloss broi
cloud
om
l
clout
blot bro
clover
blotch ken
clown
blous bro
cloy
e nco
club
blow bro
cluck
blowt nze
clue
orch bro
clump
blubb od
clumsy
er bro
clunky
bludg och
cluster
eon bro
clutch
blue ok
clutter
blueb bro
erry om
blueja brot
y
h
bluff brot
blund her
er bro
blunt ught
blur bro
blurry w
blurt bro
blush wn
bluste bro
r wse
bluste brui
ry
se
bru
nett
e

et
cries
crim
e
crimi
nal
crim
p
cring
e
crink
le
cripp
ling
crisis
crisp
criss
cross
criter
ia
critic
al
critic
ize
critte
r
croak
croch
et
croco
dile
crocu
s
crone
croo
k
croo
ked
crop
croq
uet
cross
cross
walk
cross
word

droug
ht
drove
droves
drown
drows
y
drudg
ery
drug
druggi
st
drum
drunk
dry
dry

flour
flouris
h
flow
flower
flown
flu
flub
fluctua
te
flue
fluent
fluffy
fluid
fluke
flung
flunk
flush
flute
flutter
flux
fly
flyswat
ter

grey
b
greyho plum
und
ber
grid plume
griddl plum
e
met
gridiro plum
n
p
gridlo plund
ck
er
grief plung
grievi er
ng plural
grill plus
grim plush
grimac Pluto
e
ply
grime plywo
grin
od
grind
grip
gripe
gristle
grit
grits
grizzly
groan
grocer
y
grogg
y
groin
groom
groove
groov
y
grope
gross
grotes
que
grotto
grouch
grouch
y
groun
d

protra
ctor
proud
prove
prover
b
prow
prune
pry

scoff
scoff
law
scold
scon
ce
scoo
p
scoot
scop
e
scorc
h
score
scorn
scorp
ion
scot
scotc
h
scour
scout
scow
l
scub
a
scuff
scuff
le
sculp
tor
sculp
ture
scum
scurr
ilous
scurr
y
scurv
y
scute
scyth
e

brus
h
brut
al

sh

sk

crouc
h
crow
crow
d
crow
n
cruel
cruis
e
crum
b
crum
pet
crunc
h
crust
crutc
h
crux
cry
crypt
crypt
ic
cryst
al
sl

sm

shac skate slab smack

k skateb slack small
shad oard slain smallp
e skatep slam
ox
shad ark slant smarm
ow skedad slap
y
shak dle slash smart
e skeet slat smash
shall skein slave smatte
sha skeleta slaw ring
m
l
slay smear
sha skelet sled smell
mpo on sleek smelt
o skepti sleep smidg
sha
c
sleepi en
mroc sketch ng bag smile
k sketch sleet smilod
shap book sleeve on

groun
dhog
group
grouse
grout
grove
grovel
grow
growl
grown
grown
up
growt
h
grub
grudge
grueso
me
gruff
grumb
le
grump
y
grunt

sn

sp

st

sw

th

tr

tw

wh

wr

snack
snag
snail
snake
snap
snapd
ragon
snapp
er
snaps
hot
snare
snarl
snatch
snazz
y
sneak
sneak

spa
space
space
craft
spaci
ous
spack
le
spade
spagh
etti
Spain
spam
span
spand
ex
spank
spar

stab
stabl
e
stack
stadi
um
staff
stag
stage
stagg
er
stair
stake
stala
ctite
stala
gmit
e

swab
swaddl
e
swagg
er
swallo
w
swallo
wtail
swam
swami
swamp
swan
swank
y
swans
ong
swap

than
thank
thanks
giving
thaw
that
the
their
them
then
there
theref
ore
therm
omete
r
these
they

trace
trach
ea
track
tract
tracti
on
tracto
r
trade
tradit
ion
traffi
c
trage
dy
tragic
trail

twa
ng
t'wa
s
twe
ak
twe
ed
twe
en
twe
et
twe
eze
twe
ezer
s
twel

whale
wharf
what
wheat
wheel
wheelba
rrow
wheelch
air
wheeze
whelp
when
where
whereb
y
wherefo
re
wherew

wrack
wraith
wrang
le
wrap
wrapa
round
wrapp
er
wrath
wreat
h
wreck
wreck
age
wreck
er
wren

e
shar
e
shar
k
she
shee
p
shelf
shell
shep
herd
shin
e
shin
y
ship
shirt
shoc
k
shod
dy
shoo
t
shop
shor
e
short
shot
shou
ld
shou
lder
shou
t
shov
el
sho
w
sho
wer
shuc
k
shud
der
shun

skew sleigh
skewe slende
r
r
ski
slice
skid slick
skiff slid
skill slide
skillet slim
skim slime
skimo slip
bile slippe
skimp rs
skimp slit
y
sloth
skin slob
skink slop
skinny slot
skip slough
skipja slow
ck
slug
skippe slum
r
slump
skirmi
sh
skirt
skit
skittis
h
skittle
skivvy
skiwea
r
skull
skullc
ap
skulld
uggery
skulk
skunk
sky
skydiv
e
skylar
k
skylin
e

smirk
smite
smith
smitte
n
smock
smog
smoke
smoke
screen
smold
er
smooc
h
smoot
h
smoot
hie
smorg
asbord
smoth
er
smudg
e
smug
smugg
le
smush

er spare stale swarm they're

sneer spare stalk swash thick
sneez ribs stall buckle thief
e spark stalli
r
thigh
snicke spark on swat thimbl
r
le stam sway
e
snide spark p swear thin
sniff ler stand sweat thing
sniffle sparr stapl sweate think
snip ow
er
r
third
snipe spars star sweats thirsty
sniper e static hirt thirtee
snippe sparta steak sweep
n
rs
n
stea sweeps thirty
snipp spas m
take
this
y
m stem sweet thorax
snit spat step swell thorn
snivel spatia steep swelter thorou
snob
l stick ing
gh
snood spatte stick swept those
snook r
er swerve thoug
er spatul sting swift
h
snoop a stom swim thoug
snoot spaw ach swims ht
y
n stone uit thousa
snooz speak stool swindl nd
e spear stoop
e
thud
snore speci stop swine thumb
snork al store swing thump
el speci stor swings thunde
snort es
m
et
r
snot specif story swipe Thurs
snout ic stove swirl day
snow specif stude swish thus
snowb y
nt Swiss
all speci stub switch
snowb men stud swivel
oard speck stum swizzl
snowc le
p
e
ap spect stun swolle
snowf acle
n
lake spect
swoon
snow acula
swoop
mobil r
swoos
e
spect
h
snowp ator
sword

traile
r
train
trait
traito
r
tram
tramp
tramp
le
tranc
e
tranq
uil
transf
er
transf
orm
transi
t
transl
ate
trans
mit
trans
paren
t
trans
port
trap
trape
ze
trash
travel
tray
tread
treas
ure
treat
treble
tree
trek
triang
le
trim
trinke

fth ithal wrenc

twel whet
h
ve whetsto wrestl
twe
ne
e
nty whether wretc
twer whew hed
p
whey wrigg
twic which
le
e
whiff wring
twid whig wrink
dle while
le
twig whim wrist
twili whimpe wrist
ght
r
watch
twill whimsic writ
twin
al
write
twin whine writhe
e whinny writin
twin whip
g
ge whiplas writte
twin
h
n
kle whipper wrong
twir snapper wrong
l whippet ful
twis whippo wrote
t
orwill wroug
twis whir
ht
ter whirl wrung
twit whirligi wry
twitt
g
er whirlpo
twix
ol
t whirlwi
nd
whisk
whisker
whiskey
whisper
whist
whistle
whistleb
lower
whit
white
whitebo
ard

t skylig
shut ht
skyroc
ket
skyscr
aper
skywri
ting

low
snows
hoe
snub
snuck
snuff
snug
snugg
le
snugl
y

specu
late
sped
speec
h
speed
spell
spend
spew
spice
spide
r
spiffy
spigo
t
spike
spill
spin
spina
ch
spinal
spine
spiral
spire
spirit
spit
spite
spoil
spoke
spong
e
spons
or
spoof
spook
y
spool
spoon
spore
sports
spot
spotli
ght
spous
e
spout

swordf
ish
sworn
swum
swung

t
trip
triple
ts
trod
troll
trolle
y
trom
bone
trot
trout
truck
trum
pet
trunk

whiteca
p
whiteou
t
whitewa
sh
whittle
whiz
whoa
whoopi
ng
whoosh
whorl
why

spud
spun
spunk
spur
spurn
spurt
sputn
ik
sputte
r
spy

Some words that begin with common trigraphs:

sch

scr

shr

schedule
schematic
scheme
scherzo
schism
schizophren
ic
schlep
schlock
schmooze
scholar
scholarship
scholastic
school
schoolroom
schooner
schwa

scram
scramble
scrap
scrapbook
scrape
scrappy
scratch
scrawl
scrawny
scream
screech
screen
screenwrit
er
screw
screwball
screwdriv
er
scribble
scribe
scrimmag
e
scrimp
scrimshaw
scrip
script
scripture
scroll
scrooge
scrounge

shrank
shrapn
el
shred
shrew
shrewd
shriek
shrift
shrill
shrimp
shrine
shrink
shrivel
shroud
shrub
shrug
shrunk

sph

spl

spr

squ

str

sphagnu splash
sprain
squab straight
m
splashdo sprang squabble strain
sphere
wn
sprawl
squad
strait
spherical splat
spray squadron strand
spheroid splatter
spread squalid strange
sphincte splay spreadshe squall
strap
r
spleen
et
squalor straw
sphinx splendid
spree squander strawber
splendor
sprig
square
ry
splice
spring
squash
stray
splint springboa squat
streak
splinter
rd
squawk stream
split
springbok squeak
street
splotchy springtim squeal strength
splurge
e
squeami stress
splurt
sprinkle
sh
stretch
splutter sprinkler squeegee stress
sprint
squeeze stretch
sprite
squelch strict
spritz
squib
stride
spritzer
squid
string
sprocket squiggle stripe
sprout
squint
strobe
spruce
squire
stroke
sprung squirm
stroll
spry
squirrel strong
squirt
struck
squish
strum
strung
strut

thr
thrash
thread
threat
three
thresh
er
threw
thrice
thrift
thriller
thrive
throat
throb
throne
throng
throttl
e
throug
h
throw
thrush
thrust

scrub
scruffy
scrunch
scruples
scrutinize
scrutiny

PRINTABLE ACTIVITIES USING BLENDS, DIGRAPHS, TRIGRAPHS

AND OTHER LETTER COMBINATIONS