The Modulus of Elasticity can be determined from the following

equation (Eq. 2):

Ebend = ((L^3)(F))/(4wh^3)()
Eq. 2
Where,
- is the deflection of the beam
This work was done to find the structure analysis and material
properties identification of samples that was chosen. The
sample that were tested on was two pine wood and one pork rib
bone. This work was done with three experiment to gather data.
The three experiment were: Compression test, 3-points bending
test, and microstructure. Two of the pine wood was used for the
compression and 3-points bending to determine the materials
properties and one pine wood and the pork rib bone was used
for etching to see the microstructure of the sample. The stress
and strain was founded after putting all the data into an excel
and inputting the equation. The sample was put on a

microscope to get the image of magnification x10 to x40. Each

has a scale of one micrometer for each magnification for finding
the grain size.
Force-Displacement for Compression Test
600
400

Force (lb) 200

0

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Displacement (in.)

The purpose of this lab was to

determine the microstructure of three samples as well as the
amount of force needed to break one of these samples. The
samples chosen were bone, bone marrow and a piece of
wood(pine). The bone is a cow rib. A bone is made up of
collagen(protein), calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate.
The bone marrow tissue is where red marrow produces blood
cells. Pine belongs to the family Pinaceae. They usually reach
maturity in 10-12 years and can be used for carpentry in homes
for floors or roofing. Pine resin is also used for turpentine. The
pine was chosen to be used for the three point bending test and
compression test. In many brittle materials, tensile tests are not
often used due to surface flaws and inconsistencies in the
material. The bending test is more resourceful in this case. By
applying load in the center of the material between two
supports, a tensile force takes place in the material.

Stress-Strain for Compression Test Stress-Strain For 3 Point Bending

6000

800
600

Stress (psi) 400

Stress (psi)

200
0

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Strain (in/in)

600

4000

400

2000

Force (lb) 200

0.02 0.04 0.06

Strain (in/in)

In the
final lab we looked at the microstructure of two specimens of
different materials; one being a bone and the other being a
piece of pine wood. The first step in this lab was to cut each
specimen into one inch samples so they can fit under the
microscope to be analyzed. The specimens were polished using
the grinding stone. When smooth edges and faces were
obtained all specimens were washed and then taken to the Roll
grinder. Next the specimens were taken to the grinder/polisher.
Here the specimens were polished until all the marks that were
previously put on the specimens from the Roll grinder were
removed and a smooth surface was seen. Then the specimens
were polished on the final grinding/polishing. After this was
complete the specimens were placed in a solution then heat was
applied to them to dry in the form of a hair dryer. The
specimens were then looked at under a microscope. This was
repeated for both specimens at different magnifications for
detailed results. In the final lab we took two pieces of pine and
used them for the three point bending and compression test. For
these tests the samples needed to have smooth outer surfaces
so they would sit flush on the testing machines. This was a very
key element for these tests because without a flush surface the
compression test results would be incorrect. The machine used
for the compression test. The three point bending test also
needed the sample to have an evenly flat testing surface. The
sample was placed in the three point bending machine. The
start button on the computer was pressed and the machine
calculated the results.

Where;
- F is the fracture load
- L is the distance between the two supports
- w is the width and h is the height

0.1

0.2

0.3

Displacement (in.)

In this experiment, the

compression test and the three point bending test were used to
help determine certain properties of the sample of pine. The
three point bending test recorded data of the amount of load
being applied in pounds and the displacement was measure in
inches. The compression test recorded data of the amount of
load being applied in pounds and the displacement in inches.
Table I and Table II shows each set of data required from the
two tests and can be found in the appendix. From the two
tables, graphs of each set of data was constructed. Figure 1
shows the force-displacement curve of the three point bending
test and Figure 2 shows the force-displacement curve of the
compression test.
Figure 1:Force-Displacement Curve
for 3 Point Bending Test

From the two graphs constructed from the data, a stress-strain

curve of each test can be constructed. The stress for both tests
was measure in psi and strain does not have any units. First
Table III and Table IV shows the stress and strain of each test
and these two tables can be found in the appendix. A sample
calculation of how the stress and strain of each test was found.
First for the compression test:
Stress=2.723/(7/8*7/8)= 2.32 psi
Strain=.00342/(3+6/8)= .000457
For the three point bending test:
Stress=(3*56.96*5.75)/(2*(7/8)3)=594.60 psi
Strain=(6*.00678*7/8)/(5.752)=.0011
From these two tables, the stress-strain curves of each test was
constructed and shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
Figure 3: Stress-Strain Curve
Curve for
For 3 Point Bending Test

The flexural strength can be determined from the following

formula (Eq. 1):
= (3FL)/(2wh^2)

Force-Displacement For 3 Point Bending

Eq. 1
Figure 2: Force-Displacement
Curve
for Compression Test

Figure 4: Stress-Strain
For Compression Test

From the two graphs constructed, a series of values could be

obtained about the piece of wood. The values that were
obtained were the flexural strength, the Youngs Modulus of
elasticity, and the ultimate tensile strength. The flexural
strength was found by taking the slope of the linear portion of
the curve for the three point bending test. The slope of that line
was found to be roughly 4.597(106) psi which falls within the
range of the different kinds of pine. The yield strength was
calculated by using the .2% offset method on Figure 4. By
drawing a line that is .002 away from the origin and is parallel to
the curve, the yield strength was found to be 550 psi. The
Youngs Modulus was found by using change in stress over

change in strain and came out to be 2.59(104) psi. The ultimate

tensile strength (U.T.S) can be found by looking at the maximum
value of the stress-strain curve of the compression test. The
U.T.S is 700 psi. The overall results for the data is as expected.