Nonabelle G.

Manjares
BSEd Biology 3B

Detailed Lesson Plan in Microbiology

I.

Objectives:
At the end of the two- hour session at least 85% of students should be able to:
1. Identify the parts of the respiratory tract and its defenses
2. Describe the normal flora of the respiratory tract
3. List down diseases caused by microorganisms affecting the upper and lower
respiratory tract.

II.

Subject Matter
A. Topic: Infectious Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System
B. Reference: Cowan, Kelly Margorie and Lalaro, Kathleen Dark; Copyright
2006; Microbiology, A System Approach, Mcgraw Hill Companies, Inc.
Avenue of the American, NY 10020. Pages 653-686.
C. Instructional Materials:
Laptop
Projector
Powerpoint presentation
D. Concept:
The lower respiratory tract is divided into upper and lower portions.
The lungs, in the lower, are the sites for oxygen exchange. Anatomical
features provide protection, including nasal hair, the ciliary escalator,
and mucus. There are macrophages in the alveoli of the lungs and
secretory IgA on the epithelial surfaces.
The upper respiratory tract has a diverse normal flora, dominated by
gram-positive bacteria. The lower respiratory tract has no normal flora.
Upper respiratory tract (URT) infections are extremely common and
generally (but not always) milder than lower respiratory tract
infections.
Sore throats, ear infections, sinusitis are common URT infections that
can be caused by multiple microorganisms.
Diphtheria is a serious URT that has a single causative organism; it is
controlled by the DTaP vaccination.
Whooping cough respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza
affect the lower URT and the lower respiratory tract (LRT).

 Tuberculosis and pneumonia are two major LRT infections.

Many different organisms can cause pneumonia, including the newly
discovered SARS virus.
E. Teaching Strategy/ Values Integration
Teacher
- Discussion/ Lecture Method
- Art of Questioning

Student
- Listening
- Participating

Values Integration

III.

Students will be aware concerning respiratory diseases and its cure

and prevention.
Students will be curious about the other infectious diseases caused
by microorganisms.

Lesson Proper:

Teachers Activity

Students Activity

Good Morning Class

Goodmorning maam!

Let us pray first

(One student will lead the

Prayer)

(Checking of Attendance)
whos absent today?
(Introduce the topic)
Our lesson for today, Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory
system..
Motivation: Why is it that the respiratory tract is the most common
place for infectious agents to gain access to the body?.
Introduction:
The respiratory tract is the most common place for infectious diseases
to gain access to the body because of its constant contact to the body..

(Presentation of the lesson)

The Respiratory tract and its defenses

Most common place for infectious agents to gain access to the

body
Upper respiratory tract: mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses,
pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs,
alveoli
Defenses
-Nasal hair
-Cilia
-Mucus
-Involuntary responses such as coughing, sneezing, and
swallowing
-Macrophages
-Secretory IgA against specific pathogens

Normal Flora of the Respiratory tract

Generally limited to the upper respiratory tract

Gram-positive bacteria (streptococci and staphylococci) very
common
Disease-causing bact4eria are present as normal biota; can
cause disease if their host becomes immunocompromised or if
they are transferred to other hosts (Streptococcus pyogenes,
Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumonia, Neisseria
meningitides, Staphylococcus aureus)
Normal biota perform microbial antagonism

Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases caused by Microorganisms

Rhinitis, or the Common Cold

-Symptoms: sneezing, scratchy throat, runny nose (rhinorrhea)
-Symptoms begin 2-3 days after infection
-Generally not accompanied by fever

Sinusitis
-Commonly called a sinus infection
-Most commonly caused by allergy
-Can also be caused by infections or structural problems
-Generally follows a bout with the common cold
-Symptoms: nasal congestion, pressure above the nose or in the
forehead, feeling of headache or toothache
-Facial swelling and tenderness common
-Discharge appears opaque with a green or yellow color in case
of bacterial infection
-Discharge caused by allergy is clear and may be accompanied
by itchy, watery eyes

Acute Otitis Media (Ear Infection)

Also a common sequel of rhinitis

Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract lead to

inflammation of the Eustachian tubes and buildup of fluid in the

middle ear- can lead to bacterial multiplication in the fluids
Bacteria can migrate along the eustachian tube from the upper
respiratory tract, multiply rapidly, leads to pu production and
continued fluid secretion (effusion)
Chronic otitis media: when fluid remains in the middle ear for
indefinite periods of time (may be caused by biofilm bacteria)
Symptoms: sensation of fullness or pain in the ear, loss of
hearing
Untreated or severe infections can lead to eardrum rupture

Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat
Pain and swelling, reddened mucosa, swollen tonsils, sometime
white packets of inflammatory products
Mucous membranes may swell, affecting speech and
swallowing
Often results in foul-smelling breath
Incubation period: 2-5 days

Diphtheria
Symptoms initially experienced in the upper respiratory tract
Sore throat, lack of appetite, low-grade fever
Pseudomembrane forms on the tonsils or pharynx

Diseases Caused by Microorganisms Affecting the Upper and Lower

Respiratory Tract

A number of infectious agents affect both the upper and lower

respiratory tract regions
Most well-known: whopping cough, respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV), and influenza

Whooping Cough

Also known as pertussis

Two distinct symptom phases
*Catarrhal stage
-After incubation from 3 to 21 days
-Bacteria in the respiratory tract cause what appear to be
cold symptoms (runny nose)
-Lasts 1 to 2 weeks
*Paroxysmal stage
-Severe and uncontrollable coughing

-Violent coughing spasms can result in burst blood vessels

in the eyes or even vomiting
Followed by a long recovery (convalescent) phase
- Complete recovery requires weeks or even months
-Other microorganisms can more easily cause secondary
infection

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Produces giant multinucleated cells (synctia) in the respiratory

tract
Most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in the newborn
age group
First symptoms: fever that lasts approximately 3 days, rhinitis,
pharyngitis, and otitis
More serious infections give rise to symptoms of croup:
coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, rales

Influenza
Begins in the upper respiratory tract; serious cases may also
affect the lower respiratory tract
1- to 4-day incubation period
Symptoms begin very quickly: headache, chills, dry cough,
body aches, fever, stuffy nose, and sore throat
Extreme fatigue can last a few days or a few weeks

Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Caused by Microorganisms

Diseases that affect the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

Tuberculosis and pneumonia

Tuberculosis
Humans are easily infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
but are resistant to the disease

Only about 5% of infected people actually develop a clinical

case of TB
Untreated TB progresses slowly
Clinical TB is divided into primary tuberculosis, secondary
tuberculosis, and disseminated tuberculosis

Primary Tuberculosis
Period of hidden infection- asymptomatic or accompanied by
mild fever
After 3 to 4 weeks, immune system mounts a cell-mediated
assault- large influx of mononuclear cells into lungs
Tubercles form
Frequently the centers of tubercles break down into necrotic
caseous lesions that gradually heal by calcification
Tuberculin reaction
Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis
Live bacteria can remain dormant and become reactivated
weeks, months, or years later
Chronic tuberculosis: tubercles filled with bacteria expand and
drain into bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract; severe
symptoms such as violent coughing, greenish or bloody
sputum, low-grade fever, anorexia, weight loss, extreme
fatigue, night sweats, chest pain
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Outside of the lungs
More common in immunosuppressed patients and young
children
Regional lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, brain,
and meninges
Complications are usually grave

Pneumonia
Anatomical diagnosis
Inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the
alveoli
Can be caused by a wide variety of different microorganisms
Viral pneumonias are usually milder than bacterial
Community-acquired vs. nosocomial pneumonias
Begin with upper respiratory tract symptoms, including runny
nose and congestion
Headache common
Fever is often present
Onset of lung symptoms follows: chest pain, fever, cough,
discolored sputum

Obstructive Respiratory Disorders

Bronchial asthma
**Some Potential Asthma Triggers**
Allergens Pollen, pet dander, fungi, dust mites
Cold air
Pollutants
Cigarette smoke
Strong emotions
Exercise
Respiratory tract infections
Why asthma makes it hard to breath?
-Air enters the respiratory system from the nose and mouth and
travels througgh the bronchial tubes.
Im an asthmatic person the muscles of the bronchial tubes
-Tighten snd thicken, and the air passages become inflamed and
mucus filled, making it difficult for air to move.
-In a non asthmatic person the m usclews around the bronchial
tubes are relaxed ant the tissue thin, allowing for easy airflow.

~~~END~~~

Generalization:
Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting
the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes
conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural
cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and selflimiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia,

pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer. Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system.
They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract
infections.
Upper respiratory tract infection
The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold. However,
infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis
media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.
Lower respiratory tract infection
The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia, an infection of the lungs
which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries.
Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses
and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and
pneumocystis pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a
round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity.
IV.

Assessment:
Answer in a half sheet of paper.

A. Multiple Choice. (3 points)

1. The causative agent of whooping cough is
a. Corneybacterium diphtheria
b. Bordetalla pertussis
c. Clostridium tetani
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Which of th following techniques are used to diagnosed tuberculosis?
a. Tuberculosis testing
b. Chest Xrays
c. Cultural isolation and antimicrobial testing
d. All of the above
3. The DTaP vaccine provides protection against the following disease except
a. Dipththeria
b. Pertussis
c. Pnuemonia
d. Tetanus
B. Identification. (4 points)
1. The most common place for infectious diseases to gain access to the body.

2. It includes the mouth the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses above it, the throat the epiglottis
and the larynx.
3. It begins with the trachea, which feds into the bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs.
4. Attached to the bronchioles are small balloon-like structures, which inflate and deflate
with inhalation and exhalation.
C. Enumeration. (3 points)
*Give 3 examples of bacteria that can cause serious deseases, frequntly present in the upper
respiratory tract as normal flora.

V.

Assignment:
Search and surf the web to find some possible answers to these mysteries:
a. What is the origin of SARS Corona virus?
b. Research about the Ebola Virus, what its origin and how it affects the respiratory
system?

Checked By:
Ms. Airish B. Bellen
Instructor