NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS

ASSIGNMENT 1
INTRODUCTION
Virtualization
Virtualization refers to create a virtual version of something such as
framework, system resources. Virtualization has begun in the years
1960 as a process of dividing the system resources. These were
started in order to help the administrators decrease the cost of the
unnecessary things. OS virtualization, it helps in supporting the use
of various OS at a single instance of time in a hardware system. In
the system host is the main OS and guest will be the virtual system
installed in the hardware on the host which also shares the
hardware. In some of the OS we see some softwares are not been
supported in and in that case virtualization helps using the software
creating the virtual model of the software using the original
software. Virtualization helps solving several problems in relating the
software and as well a hardware issues. We find many virtualization
softwares available as a free source and also some are not in the
internet which helps in creating the virtual models.

Numbering Systems
The number system we use in our daily life is decimal system. Its
base is represented by 10 and ranges from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
It has a positioning system where the right most digit represents
least unit value and as the number moves to left, the value
increases 10 times. The other system is binary which consists of
only 0s and 1s. Decimal value 1 is represented as 001, 2 as 010, 3
as 011 and so on. The octal system is represented with a base of 8
and ranges from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Whereas the hexadecimal
system ranges from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. where
A is equal to 10, B to 11, C to 12, D to 13, E to 14 and F to 15.

Decimal to Binary
To convert a decimal to binary, the value can be divide by two and
the remainder represents the binary value. For example, lets
consider a decimal number 230 and convert it into binary
When 230 is divided with 2, the remainder will be 0, and divisor will
be 115. So divide 115 by 2 again and we get 57 as divisor and 1 as
remainder. If we do the same process till the end, the output we get
will be 11100110.

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS

ASSIGNMENT 1
Binary to Octal
To convert binary to octal, we need to break the binary number into
blocks and find the octal value of individual blocks. For example,
lets take 11100110 and convert it to octal. So we will break it into
011 | 100 | 110 and convert the individual blocks into octals where
the output is 346.

Binary to Hexadecimal
Conversion of binary to hexadecimal is similar to binary to octal but
the only difference is that we break the set into four digits and then
convert the individual blocks into hexadecimal numbers. For
example, lets take 11100110 and convert it to hexadecimal. So we
will break it into 1110| 0110 and convert the individual blocks into
hexadecimals where the output is E6.

Hexadecimal to Decimal
To convert a hex number to decimal, we need to use the powers of
16 and multiply them with respective hexadecimal number and ass
the results to get the decimal value with base 10. For example, lets
consider E6, so 16^1 x E + 16^0 x 6 = 230.

IP Addressing
IP(Internet Protocol )addressing is the label that has been assigned
for the devices which use the network using Internet Protocol. In
simple it is a numerical label assigned to each device which will be
consisting two blocks of data that are node, network portions.IPv4
and IPv6 are two different versions if IP addressing whereas IPv4 is
32-bit and as increase of technology new versions using 128 bits has
been introduced. The present standardized version has been
ongoing since 2000s is the IPv6. CIDR is a notation that identifies
network bits. For example, if an IP address is denoted as
192.168.0.4/16, the /16 means that the first 3 bytes of this IP
address refers to network whereas the remaining 1 byte is for the
node part.